2022届高考英语三轮复习考前冲刺特训3.阅读理解说明文

这是一份2022届高考英语三轮复习考前冲刺特训3.阅读理解说明文，共11页。试卷主要包含了有选择地略读或跳读， D文章作者判断题等内容，欢迎下载使用。
2022届高考英语三轮复习考前冲刺特训 阅读理解说明文◎命题特点及解题技巧说明文是用平实的语言客观地解说事物、现象，阐明道理，给人以知识的文体。选材主题主要涉及科普知识、自然人文现象等。说明文是高考阅读理解的重点。说明文生僻词汇多、句式复杂，相对其他文体的材料来说难度更大一些。高考说明文的阅读理解题型主要包括细节理解、判断推理为主，主旨大意和词义猜测为辅。主旨大意题一般要放在该篇文章所有题目之后做，这样有助于对整篇文章的理解。就高考英语说明文的阅读而言，其阅读流程在于：针对说明文，一般我们采用的方法有三种：细读、略读和跳读。 细读重点。重点，就原文而言，就是文章的基本结构、主要内容和态度；就答题而言，就是问题所对应的题源句。以此判断，需要重点阅读的原文词句就不会很多。宏观方面：文章结构、文章主体句、各段首尾句、体现作者观点态度的词句。微观方面：有转折处、重点标点、句子主干2.有选择地略读或跳读。在快速浏览了题干，初步把握了文章大意及结构的基础上，可大胆地有选择性地略读或跳读，这样不仅可以加快阅读速度，还可以更容易地把握全文。在阅读中可略读或跳读的地方有：繁琐地例证、并列多项列举、无关大局的生僻词汇、较长的人名或地名。在略读或跳读的过程中，要特别注意和问题题干相关的词、句、段并进行标注，以免回头查看时费时费力。 ◎典型高考真题体悟【2021·全国乙卷，B】When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline (座机).These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only on their smartphones, according to a survey （调查）.Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it's not really necessary and they're keeping it as a security blanket - 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor （因素）-only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who've perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn't the only factor; I'd say it's also to do with the makeup of your household.Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone （using Caller ID would take the fun out of it）.How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries?1. What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?A. Their target users.       B. Their wide popularity.C. Their major functions.    D. Their complex design.2. What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?A. Admit.        B. Argue.        C. Remember.      D. Remark.3. What can we say about Baby Boomers?A. They like smartphone games.      B. They enjoy guessing callers’ identity.C. They keep using landline phones.    D. They are attached to their family.4. What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?A. It remains a family necessity.      B. It will fall out of use some day.C. It may increase daily expenses.     D. It is as important as the gas light.◎真题解析【语篇解读】：本文是一篇说明文。当今世界上几乎所有人都有手机，但一半以上澳大利亚家庭仍然拥有座机，本文说明了出现这一现象的原因。B主旨大意题。根据题干中的关键词paragraph 2定位到第二段。理解可知，如今，在澳大利亚，你很难找到一个15岁以上的人没有手机。事实上，很多小孩子都有一部机。几乎每个人都可以在任何时间、任何地点接打电话。由此可知，本段主要谈论手机受欢迎度，答案为B项。2. A词义猜测题。根据第三段中的according to a survey和 a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket可知，根据一项调查，在澳大利亚仍使用座机的人中，三分之一的人承认座机并不是必须的，他们将其作为一种安全保障。故正确答案为A项。3. C观点态度题。根据题干关键词Baby Boomers定位到第四段的84 percent of Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years，理解可知84%的婴儿潮时代出生的人仍然选择使用座机。故答案为C项（他们坚持用固定电话）。4. B。隐含意义推断题。根据最后一段中的How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries?可知，它们还要多久就会重蹈煤气路灯和早晨送奶到户的覆辙呢？由此可判断出，座机总有一天也会像煤气路灯和早晨送奶到户一样消失。故正确答案为B。 ◎高考真题及仿真题专项练习Passage A【2021·全国甲卷，C】You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Straw pocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source (来源)of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that' s part of Von Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate (说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled "Truckload of Plastic, "Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(倾倒)from a truck all at once.Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.1. What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for?A. Beautifying the city he lives in.B. Introducing eco-friendly products.C. Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D. Reducing garbage on the beach.2. Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?A. To show the difficulty of their recycling. B. To explain why they are useful.C. To voice his views on modern art.D. To find a substitute for them.3. What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers?A. Calming.     B. Disturbing     C Refreshing    D. Challenging.4. Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A. Artists' Opinions on Plastic SafetyB. Media Interest in Contemporary ArtC. Responsibility Demanded of Big CompaniesD. Ocean Plastics Transformed into SculpturesPassage B【2021·全国甲卷，D】During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction(干扰)in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street —so I can focus. "His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout (布局). But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach worksThe researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels(分贝),70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however,the participants in the 70 decibels group—those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop-significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise—not too loud and not total silence—may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of "distracted focus" appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can't stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions. 1. Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space? A. It helps him concentrate.        B. It blocks out background noise. C. It has a pleasant atmosphere.     D. It encourages face-to-face interactions. 2. Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability? A. Total silence.     B. 50 decibels.     C. 70 decibels.      D. 85 decibels. 3. What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?A. Personal privacy unprotected.       B. Limited working space. C. Restrictions on group discussion.    D. Constant interruptions.4.What can we infer about the author from the text?A. He’s a news reporter.        B. He’s on office manager.C. He’s a professional designer. D. He’s a published writer.Passage C【2020·全国卷I，C】Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.1. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?A. They must run long distances.      B. They are qualified for the marathon.C. They have to follow special rules.   D. They are good at swinging their legs.2. What advantage does race walking have over running?A. It’s more popular at the Olympics.    B. It’s less challenging physically.C. It’s more effective in body building.   D. It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.3. What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking?A. Getting experts’ opinions.      B. Having a medical checkup.C. Hiring an experienced coach.   D. Doing regular exercises.4. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?A. Skeptical.     B. Objective.    C. Tolerant. D. Conservative.Passage D【2022·河南省十所名校高三年级上学期期末考试，D】Plastics sustainability（可持续性）has come a long way in recent years in large part thanks to scientific advances. But even as plastics become more and more environmentally friendly, the world continues to be polluted as many industries rely on them for their widely-used products.    The latest research from Dr. Junpeng Wang, assistant professor in UA’ s School of Polymer Science and Polymer Engineering, has a method to reduce such waste and clear a scientific pathway to a more sustainable future that can appeal to the rubber, tyre, automobile and electronics industries.    The problem at hand: Synthetic polymers（合成聚合物）, including rubber and plastics, are used in nearly every aspect of daily life. The advantage of synthetic polymers lies largely in their excellent stability and various mechanical qualities.  However, due to their high durability, waste materials made of these polymers have accumulated in the land and oceans, causing serious concerns for the ecosystem.    A promising method to tackle the challenges in plastics sustainability is to replace current polymers with recyclable ones in order to achieve a circular use of materials.    The key in the design of chemically recyclable polymers is to identify the right monomer（单体）. Through careful computational calculation, the researchers identified a targeting monomer.  They then prepared the monomer and polymers through chemical synthesis, using abundantly available starting materials.    Wang’s research group, including polymer science graduate students and a postdoctoral scientist, aims to develop polymers that can be broken down into their components. When the element for breaking them down is absent or removed, the polymers will be highly stable and their thermal and mechanical qualities can be tuned to meet the needs of various applications.    “The chemically recyclable polymers we developed show excellent thermal stability and mechanical qualities and can be used to prepare both rubber and plastics,” says Wang. “We expect this material to be an attractive candidate to replace current polymers.”1. What do we know about Dr. Junpeng Wang’ s research?A. It helps improve the level of plastics stability.B. It shows plastics are more environmentally friendly.C. It offers more widely-used products to many industries.D. It tries to develop a way to recycle plastics scientifically.2. What’s the author’s attitude to the current synthetic polymers?A. Objective.     B. Favorable.        C. Unconcerned.       D. Doubtful.3. What does the underlined word “tackle” probably mean in paragraph 4? A. Talk about.     B. Deal with.        C. Figure out.         D. Write down.4. What does the text mainly focus on? A. A study conducted to make plastics last a longer period of time. B. A quality for plastics to satisfy the needs of various industries. C. A new method developed to solve the plastics sustainability problem. D. A research group devoted to plastics sustainability for the ecosystem.◎答案解析Passage A【【2021·全国甲卷，C】【文章大意】本文为说明文。讲述了艺术家Benjamin VonWong用回收到的废旧吸管创作艺术作品“吸管末日”，目的是提醒人们警惕所生产、消费的塑料垃圾，以及提高人们对改善环境问题的参与意识。C间接信息题。根据题干Von Wong’s artworks定位到第一段He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage和forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship  to single-use plastic products，理解可知，他用废旧吸管创作作品是为了迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料制品的关系。故选C项。2. A写作目的题。根据题干定位discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3定位到第三段Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled和Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled，理解可知，全球塑料废品回收率只有9%，人们喝饮料时不需要塑料管，而且由于它们的体积和重量，它们不能被回收利用。故选A项（来展示它们回收的困难）。3. B写作目的题。阅读第四段可知，在2018年的一篇文章中，Von Wong想要说明一个具体的统计数据：每60秒，一卡车的塑料就会进入海洋。为了拍摄这幅名为《一卡车的塑料》的作品，Von Wong和一群志愿者收集了超过10000块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，看起来就像是从卡车上一次性扔下来的，目的是让人们产生震撼不安的感觉，答案选B项。4. D标题判断题。本文主要介绍的是Benjamin Von Wong用回收到的废旧吸管创作雕塑作品，目的是提醒人们警惕所生产、消费的塑料垃圾，以及提高人们对改善环境问题的参与意识。故D项（海洋塑料变成雕塑）符合标题概括性、针对性、新颖性、简短性原则。Passage B【2021·全国甲卷，D】【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文，通过实验数据分析了过分办公室噪音对于办公效率的影响，但合伙办公有利于集中注意力，适量的声音有利于创新思维。1. A间接信息题。根据题干prefer定位到第一段第三句That’s why I havea membership at the coworking space across the street — so I can focus，理解可知，采访者之所以成为合伙办公空间的会员，是因为他认为这有于他集中精力，故选A。A项中的concentrate与focus是同义词。2. C间接信息题。根据题干定位到第二段the participants in the 70 decibels group— those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop—significantly outperformed the other groups，理解可知，70分贝测试组的参加者显然比其他测试组在创新思维测试方面成绩更好，而这个噪声水平与咖啡馆里的噪声背景相似。故答案选C项。3. D间接信息题。根据题干unwelcome定位到第四段第二句we can’t stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus可知，在开放办公区，人们在努力集中精力办公的时候不可控制会卷入其他人的交谈中，由此判断，他们的注意力不断受到干扰，故选D项。35. D文章作者判断题。根据第一段第一句During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often可知，作者曾出版过几本书，可以判断他是一位出版作家，故选D项。Passage C【2020·全国卷I，C】【文章大意】这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了竞走相比跑步有诸多的优势，但是之前受过伤的人，要想从事这样运动要谨慎，最好咨询专家的建议。1. C细节理解题。根据第二段“But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact with the ground at all times.”可知，但这项运动的规则要求竞走者的膝盖在摆动腿的大部分时间保持伸直，一只脚始终与地面接触。由此可知，竞走运动员是需要具备某些条件的运动员是因为运动员需要遵守特殊的规则。故选C项。2. D细节理解题。根据最后一段“As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers.”可知，一些与跑步有关的损伤，比如跑步者的膝盖，在竞走者中并不常见。由此可知，竞走与跑步相比的优势是不太可能导致膝盖受伤。故选D项。3. A细节理解题。根据最后一段Dr. Norberg说的话“In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique(事实上，任何想尝试竞走的人都应该首先咨询教练或有经验的竞走运动员，学习适当的技巧。)”可知，Dr. Norberg建议想尝试竞走的人征询专家的建议。故选A项。4. B推理判断题。根据第一段“Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.”可知，研究表明，竞走和跑步一样有很多健身益处，而且它还很少导致受伤。不过，它也有自己的问题。由此判断出作者对于竞走的态度是客观的。故选B项。Passage D【2022·河南省十所名校高三年级上学期期末考试，D】【文章大意】本文是一篇说明文。近年来，塑料的可持续性已经取得了长足的进步，这在很大程度上要归功于科学的进步。但是，即使塑料的环保性能越来越高，环境仍然受到污染，因为许多工业仍然依赖塑料来生产广泛使用的产品。本文介绍了解决塑料可持续性问题的新方法。  D 细节理解题。根据第二段中的“a method to reduce such waste and clear a scientific pathway for a more sustainable future” A推理判断题。第三段中作者一方面说明了现有合成聚合物的优点：优良的稳定性、各种各样的机械品质。另一方面，由于其高耐久性，由这些聚合物组成的废弃物在陆地和海洋中累积，对生态系统造成了严重的影响。因此可以推断，作者对现有的聚合物持客观的态度。 B词义猜测题。语境表示应对塑料可持续性挑战的一个有前途的解决方案是用可回收的聚合物取代目前的聚合物，以实现材料的循环利用。因此tackle与deal with同义，意为“处理，应对”。可知，该项研究是关于一个解决方案的，它可以减少这种浪费，并为更加可持续的未来扫清一条科学的道路。 C主旨大意题。通读文章可知，本文介绍了解决塑料可持续性问题的新方法。