第3讲 动词时态和语态 精讲精练 2022届准高三高考英语语法暑假专练

动词时态和语态

一.一般现在时态：

1.一般用法:

1〕表示现在经常性或习惯性的动作,常与表示频度的时间状语连用. 时间状语: every…, sometimes,　at…,    on Sunday。    e.g.

    He often goes to the cinema.

2〕表示现在的能力、特征、职业等 , e.g.

    He sings well.（能力）

3〕表示客观真理、科学事实 、格言以及不受时间限制的客观存在的事实 , e.g.

    Knowledge is power. （客观真理）

2.特别用法:

1〕主句是将来时态或表示将来意义,时间状语从句和条件状语从句须用一般现在时表将来,e.g.

    I’ll write to her when I have time

2〕让步状语从句和方式状语从句用一般现在时表将来,e.g.

    ① Whether you help him or not, he will fail.

    ② Next time I’ll do as he says.

3〕表示按规定、时间表 、计划或安排要发生的动作,用一般现在时表将来,e.g.

    The train leaves at 12:00.

二.一般过去时态（did式）:

1.基本用法:

1〕表示过去发生的动作或存在的状态:时间状语有：yesterday, last week, an hour ago, the other day, in 1982等

   He bought the computer five years ago.

2) 表示过去经常性或习惯性的动作,e.g.

   We often played together when we were children.

注:表示过去习惯性的动作,可用would, used to, e.g. He used to go to work by bus.

         

        2.特别用法:

           过去时表示现在，表示委婉语气:

        1) 动词want, hope, wonder, think, intend 等:

              I wondered if you could help me.

              能不能帮我一下。

        2) 情态动词 could, would。 e.g.

              Could you lend me your bike?

              能借用一下你的自行车吗？

三.一般将来时（will/shall＋do）:

1.will表示没有经过事先考虑,而是在说话的时候才决定做某事,e.g.

       --You forget to close the door.

       --Oh, I’ll close it at once.

   will表意愿

   Now if you will take off your clothes, we will fit the new clothes on you in front of the mirror.

        2. be going to +不定式，表示将来。

        主语的意图，即将做某事。 e.g.

              What are you going to do tomorrow? 明天打算作什么呢？

        b. 计划，安排要发生的事。 e.g.

             The play is going to be produced next month。这出戏下月开播。

        c. 有迹象要发生的事。 e.g.

             Look at the dark clouds; there is going to be a storm. 看那乌云，快要下雨了。

3. be +不定式表将来，按计划或安排将发生的事; 命中注定的事; 命令。 e.g.

   We are to discuss the report next Saturday.我们下星期六讨论这份报告。

4. be about to +不定式，意为马上做某事。 e.g.

    He is about to leave for Beijing. 他马上要去北京。

注意：be about to do 不能与tomorrow, next week 等表示明确将来的时间状语连用。

5. be due to与时间表,旅行计划等有关。 e.g.

     The train is due to leave at 7:00.

四.现在完成时（have/has＋p.p.）

1.基本用法:

1〕影响性用法:表示一个动作发生在过去,已经完成,且对现在造成影响或结果, e.g.

   ①He has left the city.（结果:他不在这个城市）

   ②Someone has broken the window.（结果: 窗户仍破着）

2〕持续性用法:表示一个动作从过去持续到现在,且可能继续持续下去或可能到此结束,e.g.

    We have been busy this afternoon.

2.用现在完成时的典型场合:

1〕“since＋过去时间”或“since接that从句（从句中用一般过去时）”则句中用现在完成时,e.g.

    ①I haven’t seen her since last week.

    ②Where have you been since I last saw you?

2〕句中有so far/in （for/during）the past （last）years（months… ）/up to now/until now   e.g.

①So far there has been no news.

3〕“It/This/That is the first （second/third…）time＋that从句”

或“It/This/That is the only…＋that从句”

或“It/This/That is the ＋最高级… ＋ that从句” e.g.

         

        ①It/This/That is the first time that I have come to Zhejiang.

        ②It/This/That is the only party that I have ever really  enjoyed in my life.

        ③It/This/That is the most interesting book that I have ever read.

        （注:以上句型把is改为was,则从句时态相应改为过去完成时态）

         

        3.现在完成时与一般过去时态的区别:

        1)现在完成时强调对现在的影响或结果,而一般过去时态强调这一个动作发生的时间是过去。

        2）一般过去时常与具体的时间状语连用，而现在完成时通常与模糊的时间状语连用，或无时间状语。

        一般过去时的时间状语：yesterday, last week，…ago, in1980, in October, just now等，皆为具体的时间状语。

        现在完成时的时间状语：for, since, so far, ever, never, just, yet, till/until, up to now, in past years, always等，皆不确定的时间状语。

        共同的时间状语：this morning, tonight, this April, now, already, recently, lately 等

   e.g.

①I’ve lived here for ten years. （现在仍住在这儿 ）

② I lived here for ten years. （现在不住在这儿 ）

③He has bought a house. （现在已拥有这房子）

④ He  bought a house. （现在拥不拥有这房子,不知道,只是知道买了房子,现在可能拥有也可能卖掉了）

五.现在完成进行时（have/has been v--ing）

1.一般用法:表示现在以前一段时间里一直在进行的动作,

这一动作可能仍在进行,也可能已停止,e.g.

    It has been raining since two days ago.

六.过去完成时（had ＋ p.p.）

1.表示过去的过去   时间状语before, by, until , when, after, once…   e.g.

①I had hardly opened the door when  he hit me.

用好过去完成时,关键在于理解它的时间是“过去的过去”。

2.want /think/hope/plan/mean/expect/intend/suppose等动词的过去完成时＋不定式的一般式（等于这些动词的一般过去式后接不定式的完成式）,表示过去未曾实现的愿望、打算、想法等e.g.

①I had meant to come, but something happened.（＝ I  meant to have come, but something happened. ）

②I had intended to speak at the meeting, but time didn’t permit. （＝ I  intended to have spoken at the meeting, but time didn’t permit. ）

3.一些特殊句型中的过去完成时:

1〕“It/This/That was the first （second/third…）time＋that从句”或“It/This/That was the only…＋that从句”或“It/This/That was the ＋最高级… ＋ that从句”

2〕by（ the end of ) /   by the time ＋过去时间,  e.g.

    We had learnt 3,000 words by the end of last term.

    By the time he came back, we had repaired the machine.

3〕no sooner …than  ; hardly /scarcely … when

   ①No sooner had he gone to the garden than his son went  to play with his classmates.

   ②Hardly had he heard the news when he cried.

七.将来完成时（will/shall＋have ＋ p.p.）

1.表示到将来某一时间为止会完成的动作,e.g.

   When we get there, she’ll have gone to work.

2.by（ the end of ）＋将来时间,  e.g.

  ①We will have learnt 3,000 words by the end of next term.

  ②By the time he comes back, we will have repaired the machine.

3.与用一般现在时态表示将来一样,时间状语从句和条件状语从句须用现在完成时表将来,e.g.

   I’ll go with you when I have finished my work.等我完成工作以后我就同你去。

八.现在进行时（ be＋v--ing ）:

1. 表示现在（指说话人说话时）正在发生的事情。e.g.

   We’re having a meeting. （说话时正在进行的动作）

2. 表示现阶段正在进行的动作或表示长期的或重复性的动作，说话时动作未必正在进行。

   He is teaching in a school. （目前这个阶段正在进行的动作）

3. 现在进行时表示将来, 表示按计划或安排要发生的动作,e.g.

   I’m leaving tomorrow.

4.现在进行时与always/forever/constantly /

continuously等连用,表示满意、称赞、惊讶、厌恶等感情色彩,e.g.

①She’s always helping others.

5.动词be的现在进行时,表示一时的表现或暂时的状态,e.g.

①She is foolish.（生性如此）

②She is being foolish.（一时的表现）

能这样用的形容词多为angry, careful, clever, stupid, kind, brave, friendly, rude, polite等动态形容词。

        不用进行时的动词

        1）表示事实状态的动词，如have, belong, possess, cost, owe, exist, include, contain, matter, weigh, measure, continue等。例如：I have two brothers. 我有两兄弟。

        　　  This house belongs to my sister. 这房子是我姐的。

        2）表示心理状态,情感的动词，如know, realize, think, see, believe, suppose, imagine, agree, recognize, remember, want, need, forget, prefer, mean, understand, love, hate等。例如：

                      I need your help. 我需要你的帮助。

        　　  He loves her very much. 他爱她很深。

        3）瞬间动词，如accept, receive, complete, finish, give, allow, decide, refuse等。例如：

        　　  I accept your advice. 我接受你的劝告。

        4）系动词，如seem, remain, lie, see, hear, smell, feel, taste, 等。例如：

        　　  You seem a little tired. 你看上去有点累。。

九.过去进行时（was/were ＋v--ing ）

1. 表示过去某一时间正在进行的动作,

    He was playing while I was studying.

---Hey, look where you are going!

---Oh, I’m terribly sorry._____.

A. I’m not noticing

B. I wasn’t noticing

C. I haven’t notice

D. I don’t notice

十.将来进行时（will/shall＋be ＋ v--ing）

1.基本用法:表示将来某一时间正在进行的动作,e.g.

   When I get home at 9:00 tomorrow, my son will be watching TV.

语态

被动语态的构成方式

常考的各种时态的主动和被动语态(以do为例)

注意1. 主动变被动时，宾补成主补（位置不变）；（作补语的）不定式前需加to。

The boss made him work all day long.

He was made to work all day long(by the boss)

2. 短语动词变被动语态时，勿要掉“尾巴”。

Your pronunciation should be paid attention to.

3. 当句子的谓语为say、believe、expect、think、know、write、consider、report等时，被动语态有两种形式:（A）谓语动词用被动语态，动词不定式作主补。（B）用it作形式主语，真正的主语在后面用从句来表示。如：

He is said to be a smart boy. 

It is said that he is a smart boy.

.

不用被动语态的情况

1.  不及物动词或不及物动词短语无被动语态。 例如：

（错） The price has been risen.

（对） The price has risen.

（错） The price has raised.　　　　　　　　　　

（对） The price has been raised.

（错） Please seat.　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

（对） Please be seated.

   要想正确地使用被动语态，就须注意哪些动词是及物的，哪些是不及物的。

2. 系动词无被动语态，如appear, be,  become, fall, feel, get, grow, keep, look, remain, seem, smell, sound, stay, taste, turn等。例如：

   It sounds good. 听上去不错。

主动形式表示被动意义

1.表示主语特征、状态的动词wash, clean, cook, iron, look, cut, sell, read, wear, feel, draw, write, sell等。例如：

     The book sells well.　　这本书销路好。

2.be to blame(受谴责)，be to rent（出租）也用主动形式表被动。例如：

      I was to blame for the accident. 事故发生  了，我该受指责。

3.在need, require, want, worth （形容词）, deserve后  例如：

      The door needs repairing.

   = The door needs to be repaired. 门该修了。

4.  在“be + 形容词 + to do”中，不定式的逻辑宾语是句子的主语，用主动代被动。

     This kind of water isn’t fit to drink.

     The girl isn’t easy to get along with.

5. 用来做定语和被修饰的名词有动宾关系，又和另一名词或代词有主谓关系的动词不定式。

     I have something to tell you.

真题速递

1．(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)The unmanned Chang'e­4 probe (探测器)—the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess ________ (touch) down last week in the South Pole­Aitken basin.

答案：touched　句意：无人月球探测器嫦娥四号——名字的灵感来源于中国古代的月亮女神——上周在南极艾特肯盆地着陆。此处是句子的谓语，根据时间状语last week可知，应使用一般过去时。

2．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)The artist was sure he would ________ (choose), but when he presented his masterpiece to the emperor's chief minister, the old man laughed.

答案：be chosen　句意：画家确信他会被选中，但是当他把他的杰作送给皇帝的宰相时，这位老人笑了。本句中主语he与谓语动词choose构成被动关系，且would后跟动词原形。

3．(2020·浙江高考)And, as more children were born，more food ________ (need)．

答案：was needed　句意：随着越多的小孩出生，更多的食物被需要。逻辑主语和need之间为被动关系。同时此处描述的是过去的事情，所以应用过去时。故用一般过去时的被动语态，且food为不可数名词，谓语应用单数。

4．(2020·浙江高考)New methods ________ (mean) that fewer people worked in farming.

答案：meant　句意：新方法意味着更少的人从事农业。主句部分无谓语，根据后句中的“worked”可知，此处应用一般过去时。

5．(2019·江苏高考)They are trying to make sure that 5G terminals ________ (install) by 2022 for the Beijing Winter Olympics.

答案：will have been installed　句意：他们正努力确保在2022年北京冬奥会之前安装5G终端。根据时间状语by 2022可知，句子要用将来完成时；5G terminals与install (安装)之间是被动关系，故用将来完成时的被动语态。

6．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)When the light ________ (appear), Rjukan residents gathered together.

答案：appeared　句意：当光出现的时候，尤坎居民就聚集到一起。根据主句中的gathered可知，从句也应用一般过去时，故填appeared。

7．(2020·天津高考)—You are a great swimmer.

—Thanks. It's because I ________ (practise) a lot these days.

答案：have been practicing　句意：——你游泳很棒。——谢谢。这是因为这些天我一直在练习。根据时间状语these days (这些天)可知，“练习游泳”从数天前开始，一直持续到现在，因此该句应用现在完成进行时。

8．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)While running regularly can't make you live forever, the review says it ________ (be) more effective at lengthening life than walking, cycling or swimming.

答案：is　根据空白处前面的“can't make”和“says”可知，此处讲述的是客观事实，因此用一般现在时，故填is。

9．(2018·北京高考)China's high­speed railways _______ (grow) from 9,000 to 25,000 kilometers in the past few years.

答案：have grown　句意：在过去的几年里，中国高铁的里程已经从9,000公里上升到25,000公里了。根据时间状语“in the past few years”可知，本句使用现在完成时。

10．(2018·北京高考)A rescue worker risked his life saving two tourists who ________ (trap) in the mountains for two days.

答案：had been trapped　句意：一个救援者冒着生命危险拯救了两个已经被困在大山里两天的游客。主句的谓语risked是一般过去时，trap “困”应该是发生在risked之前的动作，故使用过去完成时；同时这些游客是被困在大山里，故使用被动语态。

11．(2018·天津高考)My washing machine ________ (repair) this week, so I have to wash my clothes by hand.

答案：is being repaired　句意：这周我的洗衣机正在修理中，所以我不得不手洗衣服。根据后句“so I have to wash my clothes by hand”可知，洗衣机正在修理中，且My washing machine与repair之间为被动关系，故用现在进行时的被动语态。

12．(2018·江苏高考)I was sent to the village last month to see how the development plan ________ (carry) out in the past two years.

答案：had been carried　句意：上个月我被派到村里去看看在过去的两年里发展计划是如何被执行的。根据句中时间状语“last month”和“in the past two years”可知用过去完成时，又因plan与carry out之间为被动关系，故用被动语态。

13．(2020·江苏高考)Instead of getting down to a new task as I ________ (expect), he examined the previous work again.

答案：had expected　句意：他没有像我所期望的那样着手做新工作，而是又检查了一遍以前的工作。此处描述的动作发生在examined之前，属于“过去的过去”，应用过去完成时。

14．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)Since 2011, the country ________ (grow) more corn than rice.

答案：has grown　由since可知，此处应用现在完成时。

15．(2018·北京高考)Susan had quit her well­paid job and ________ (work) as a volunteer in the neighbourhood when I visited her last year.

答案：was working　句意：当我去年拜访她的时候，苏珊辞掉了薪资优厚的工作并且正在社区担任志愿者。因为拜访这一动作发生在过去而那时苏珊正在做社区志愿者，故用过去进行时。

二、单句改错

16．(2020·浙江高考)Those who held mentally stimulating (刺激), demanding jobs before retirement tended to do the best on the tests.

________________________________________________________________

答案：held前加had　此处动作发生在tended to do之前，所以为过去的过去，应用过去完成时。

17．(2020·浙江高考)I start reading books on my own before age 5 and my mother took me to the public library once a week to borrow several books.

________________________________________________________________

答案：start→started　句意：我5岁以前就开始自己看书，妈妈每周会带我去公共图书馆借几本书。根据后面的took可知，start也应用一般过去时。

18．(2019·北京高考)A retired engineer, 76­year­old Wilson has been offered free rides to college students for the past eight years.

________________________________________________________________

答案：offered→offering　此处表示“在过去八年中他自愿开车搭载学生”，这个动作从过去持续到现在并仍在进行，故用现在完成进行时，无被动含义，故将offered改为offering。

19．(2019·天津高考)I hoped to send Peter a gift to congratulate him on his marriage, but I couldn't manage it.

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答案：hoped前加had　由couldn't manage用的是一般过去时可知，动词hope发生在couldn't manage之前，表示过去本打算做某事而没有做成，用过去完成时，故填hade hoped。

20．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)I didn't realize how right my parents are until I entered high school.

________________________________________________________________

答案：are→were　根据前后时态一致性原则可知，应将are改为were。

21．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)During my second year at the city college, I told that the education department was offering a “free” course, called Thinking Chess, for three credits.

________________________________________________________________

答案：told前加was　根据语意可知，此处表示“我”被告知，同时结合“was offering”和前面的时间状语“During my second year at the city college”可知，使用一般过去时的被动语态，故told前加was。

22．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)I found the pre­holidays a good time to encourage young children to donate less­used things, and it works.

________________________________________________________________

答案：works→worked　and连接的是并列句，结合前面的found可知，使用一般过去时。

23．(2018·北京高考)Anger seems simple when we were feeling it, but the causes of anger are various.

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答案：were→are　根据前面的seems和but分句中的谓语are可知，此处描述现在的情况，故将were改为are。

24．(2018·天津高考)The global population expected to grow to 9.6 billion by 2050, and some analysts estimate that food production will need to be raised by 50 percent to maintain current levels.

________________________________________________________________

答案：expected前加is　此处意为“预计全球人口在2050年前达到96亿”，主语“The global population”是被预计的对象，故使用一般现在时的被动语态；同时population是单数，故expected前加is。

25．(2018·浙江高考)In America the demand for oil had grown by 22 percent since 1990.

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答案：had→has　根据后面的“since 1990”可知，前面的谓语动词应该使用现在完成时。

26．(2018·江苏高考)When a dark­colored cake was served on a black plate rather than a white one, customers recognize it as sweeter and more tasty.

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答案：recognize→recognized　根据前面的从句中谓语动词“was served”可知，主句中的时态也应该为一般过去时，故将recognize改为recognized。