第5讲 定语从句 精讲精练 2022届准高三高考英语语法暑假专练

定语可以由形容词、名词、代词、数词、分词、副词、不定式以及介词短语 等来担任，也可以由一个句子来担任。在句子中起定语作用的从句称为定语从句。定语从句在句中的作用相当于形容词，故又称为形容词性从句。被定语从句修饰的名词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。

二 关系词的用法 

关系词可分为关系代词和关系副词。关系词指代先行词，放在先行词与定语从句之间起连接作用，同时又充当定语从句中的某一种成分（主语、宾 语、状语等）。

引导定语从句的关系代词有that, who，whom，whose，which, as;关系副词有 when，where，why等。关系词在句子中的指代作用及成分如下表

1.关系代词的用法

(1)      who, whom的用法

二者都用于指人。who在定语从句中作主语、宾语;whom在定语从句中作宾语。在现代英语里，有时who也可代替whom在从句中作宾语。作宾语的关系代词who，whom可以省略(介词后作宾语的关系代词除外）。

 She was the one who did most of the talking。大部分时间都是她在说话。（作主语）

   The boy who I know studies best in his class.我认识的那个男孩在班上学习最好。（作宾语）

I happened to meet the professor (who/whom) I got to know at a party. 我碰巧遇见了那位在一次聚会上认识的教授。（作宾语，whom可用who 代替)

whom在从句中作介词的宾语，且介词提到whom前面时，不能用who代替。

Yesterday I came across a few friends with whom I went to the park.

昨天 我碰见了几个朋友，我和他们一起去了公园。（句中的whom不能用who代替）

(2)     whose的用法

whose可以指人也可以指物，在定语从句中作定语。

Is she a teacher whose hair is very short?她是位头发很短的老师吗？

He is the man whose car was stolen last night. 他就是昨晚被盗车辆的车主。

I like the room whose window looks out to the sea.我喜欢那间窗户面向大海的房间。

(3)     which的用法

which —般指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语。作宾语的关系代词which 可以省略(放在介词后时除外）。The train which has just left is for Shenzhen.刚开走的火车是驶往深圳的。（作主语）

The story (which) he told was very popular.他讲的那个故事很有名。（作宾语）

(1)     that的用法

that可以指人或物，在从句中可作主语、宾语或表语。作宾语或表语时可省略。作介词宾语时，介词不可以提到that之前，若介词提前，指物用which，指人用 whom。

E-mail English is a new kind of written English that/which is being used to save time.电子邮件英语是一种可以节约时间的新型书面英语。（作主语"指物)

Jack is no longer the person (that/who/whom) I met five years ago.

杰克不再是五年前我见到的杰克了。（作宾语，指人）  

 There's the book (that/which) you are looking for. 这正是你在找的书。（作宾语，指物）

2. 关系副词的用法

关系副词在定语从句中充当状语，一般不可省略。

(1)     when的用法

when指时间，在从句中作时间状语，它的先行词通常为time, day， morning，night，week ,year 等表示时间的名词。

I’ll never forget the day when I won the prize.我永远不会忘记我获奖的那天。

Do you remember the year when she went abroad?你记得她出国的那一年吗？

I still remember the time when I travelled by plane.我仍然记得坐飞机旅行的那个时候。

(2)     where的用法

指地点，在从句中作地点状语。它的先行词通常有village，room，building，town，country 等表地点的名词。

This is the mountain village where I stayed last year.这就是我去年待过的山村。

Keep the books in a place where you can find them easily.把书放在你容易找到的地方。

The building where we are working was built five years ago.我们的办公大楼是五年前修的。

(3)     why的用法

why指原因或理由，在定语从句中作原因状语，它的先行词通常为reason。

Tell me the reason why she was late.请告诉我她迟到的原因。

I don’t want to listen to any reason why you were absent.我不想听任何你缺席的理由。

三 定语从句的注意事项。

1. 用that不用which的情况

that和which都可指物，在定语从句中又都可作主语或宾语。通常情况下，二者可互换使用，但有时that和which却不宜互换。

(1) 当先行词是不定代词 all，little，few，much，something，anything，everything, nothing，none，some 等时，

He did everything that he could to help us. 他做了一切能做的事来帮助我们。In this factory I found little that was different from ours.在这家工厂，我们发现很少和我们工厂不同的地方

(2). 先行词被all，every，no，some，any，little，much，the only，the very，the right，the last, just 等词修饰时

All the things that we can do are to give you some advice.我们能做的就是给你提供一些建议！

This is the very book that I want.这正是我想要的那本书。

Music is the only thing that interests me.音乐是唯一令我感兴趣的东西。

(3) 先行词前有席数词或形容词最高级修饰或先行词本身就是席数词或形容词最高级时  

The first thing that we should do now is to find a local guide.我们现在要做的第一件事就是找一个当地的向导。

When people talk about Hangzhou, the first that  comes into mind is the West Lake.人们谈及杭州时，首先跃入脑海的就是西湖。

(4)当先行词既有人又有物时:He was watching the children and parcels that filled with the car.他望着满车的孩子和包裹。

She described in her composition the people and places that interested her most她在作文中描述了最让她感兴趣的一些人和地方。

(5)当主句是以或"which开头的特殊疑问句时

Who is the person that is standing at the gate?站在门 口 的那个人是谁？

Which of us that knows something about physics cannot join electric wires?我们中间懂物理的有谁不会接电线？

2. 用which不用that的情况

(1)    关系代词前有介词且指事物时 The house in which I used to live has become a clothes shop.   我过去住的房子现在变成了一家服装店。The pen with which you are writing is Jeff’s. 你正用来写字的那支笔是杰夫的。

(2)    先行词本身就是that时 "What’s that which flashed in the sky just now? 刚才天空中一闪而过的是什么东西？

I don’t like that which he did.我不喜欢他做的那件事。

3. 用who不用that的情况

(1)先行词是指人的不定代词时:先行词如果是指人的不定代词或指示代词，如one，anyone，everyone，no one, all，nobody，anybody，none, those等不宜用 that。

Congratulations to our winners and thanks to everyone who  entered the competition向我们的获胜者祝贺，也感谢参与比赛的每个人。

Those who have good manners will be respected.有良好礼节的人会受到人们的尊重。

(2)当先行词指人并含有较长的后置定语或在被分割的定语从句中时

The professor iscomingsoonwho will give us a talk on how to learn English.给我们作关于如何学英语讲座的教授快要来了。

The boy was crying hard who lost his way while looking for his mother.找妈妈时迷了路的那个小男孩正哭得厉害。

3. 定语从句中的主谓一致

一般来讲,定语从句中的动词在人称和数方面应该与它的先行词保持一致.定语从句前是“one of+可数名词复数”，从句的谓语动词用复数形式; 是“the only one of+可数名词复数”, 定语从句的谓语动词用单数形式。

I am not one who is afraid of difficulty.我是个不怕困难的人。

Anyone who has questions to ask，please come to my office this afternoon. 有问题要问的人，请今天下午到我办公室来。

That is one of the most expensive dictionaries that have come out in recent years.那本词典是近几年来所出版的最贵的词典之一。

He is the only one of those workers who is able to do this job.他是那些工人中唯一能做此项工作的人。

4. 定语从句中的时态:定语从句中的时态一般不受主句影响，主要根据具体的语境和意义而定。

 The professor who visited our school yesterday is from Canada. 昨天参观我们学校的教授来自加拿大。

The professor who is visiting our school now is from Canada.  现在正在参观我们学校的教授来自加拿大。

The professor who will visit our school tomorrow is from Canada. 明天要来参观我们学校的教授来自加拿大。

5. 先行词是way的定语从句

当先行词是way，关系词在从句中作状语时，定语从句的引导词用that或in which 引导，that和in which可以省略。

I don’t like the way (that/in which) he speaks to his mother.我不喜欢他跟他母亲讲话的方式。

但如果关系词在句子中作主语或宾语时，则可用which或that引导。

This is the way that/ which helps me a lot.这就是帮了我许多的方法

The way(that/which)he explained to us was quite simple.他给我们解释的方法非常简单。

真题感悟

一、单句语法填空

1．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)In ancient China lived an artist ________ paintings were almost lifelike.

答案：whose　句意：中国古代有一位画家，他的画几乎栩栩如生。此处为定语从句修饰先行词artist，且先行词在从句中作定语。

2．(2020·江苏高考)Many lessons are now available online, from ________ students can choose for free.

答案：which　句意：现在许多课程都可以在网上找到资源，学生们可以从中免费选择。此处是非限定性定语从句，先行词是many lessons，关系词在从句中作介词from的宾语，应使用关系代词which引导。

3．(2020·天津高考)Dr.  Rowan, ________ secretary resigned two weeks ago, has had to do all his own typing.

答案：whose　句意：罗文博士的秘书两周前辞职了，他现在只能自己打字。________ secretary resigned two weeks ago是非限制性定语从句，修饰Dr. Rowan，引导词在从句中作定语，应用关系代词whose。

4．(2018·天津高考)Kate, ________ sister I shared a room with when we were at college, has gone to work in Australia.

答案：whose　句意：凯特已经去澳大利亚工作了。我们在大学的时候，我和她的姐姐共住一室。句中先行词为Kate，在非限制性定语从句中作名词sister的定语，故用关系代词whose。

5．(2018·江苏高考)Self­driving is an area ________ China and the rest of the world are on the same starting line.

答案：where　句意：自动驾驶是一个中国和世界其他国家都在同一起跑线的领域。句中先行词为an area，在从句中作地点状语，故用关系副词where。

6．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)I arrived early at Byron Bay ________ we were supposed to meet.

答案：where　句意：我们早早地到达了Byron海湾，我们应该在那里相见。where指代先行词Byron Bay，在从句中作地点状语，引导定语从句。

7．(2018·浙江高考)Then I got to the point ________ I was staying up really late at night to get my work done.

答案：where　句意：接着我到达了这样的一个地步：我熬夜一直到深夜来完成任务。point在此表抽象地点，故用where引导定语从句，在从句中作地点状语。

8．(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)Because of our efforts, our daughter Georgia did decide to donate a large bag of toys to a little girl ________ mother was unable to pay for her holiday due to illness.

答案：whose　句意：因为我们的努力，我们的女儿乔治娅的确决定把一大袋子玩具捐献给一个女孩，她的母亲因为疾病没有钱让她度假。whose引导定语从句，修饰前面的先行词girl，作后面mother的定语。

9．(2018·北京高考)Now Mr Anderson has set up an online campaign to donate money for Mr Smith and other homeless people in the area, ________ by yesterday  had received ￡8,000.

答案：which　句意：现在安德森先生发起了一个网络运动给史密斯和本地区其他无家可归的人们捐款，到昨天为止已经收到了8,000英镑。which引导非限制性定语从句，修饰前面的an online campaign，故填which。

10．(2018·天津高考)One chilly night ________ I was hiking in the Rocky Mountains with some students, I mentioned that we were going to cross a mountain stream.

答案：when　前面的night是一个表时间的名词，设空后面的句子不缺主语或宾语，缺少时间状语，故填when。

11．(2018·浙江高考)Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.

答案：who/that　设空处引导定语从句，修饰先行词westerners，在从句中作主语，所以用who/that。

12．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 ________ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all  causes.

答案：that/which　此处引导定语从句，修饰前面的先行词a study，从句中缺少主语，所以用that/which。

13．(2019·江苏高考)We have entered into an age ________ dreams have the best chance of coming true.

答案：when　句意：我们已经进入了一个梦想最有可能实现的时代。设空处引导定语从句，先行词是表示时间的名词an age，在从句中作时间状语，故用关系副词when引导定语从句。

14．(2019·浙江高考)On the edge of the jacket, there is a piece of cloth ________ gives off light in the dark.

答案：that/which　此处引导定语从句，修饰先行词a piece of cloth，而且在从句中作主语，所以用that或which来引导。

15．(2019·天津高考)Their child is at the stage ________ she can say individual words but not full sentences.

答案：where　stage “阶段”，后接定语从句时，如果关系词在从句中作地点状语，则应该用关系副词where引导定语从句。

16．(2019·北京高考)The students benefitting most from college are those ________ are totally engaged (参与) in academic life, taking full advantage of the college's chances and resources (资源)．

答案：who　先行词为those，指大学生们，通常用who引导定语从句，而不用that。

17．(2018·全国卷Ⅱ)The Chinese Ministry of Agriculture finds that between 2005—when the government started a soil­testing program ________ gives specific fertilizer recommendations to farmers—and 2011, fertilizer use dropped by 7.7 million tons.

答案：that/which　设空处引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语，前面的“a soil­testing program”是指物的先行词，故填that/which。

18．(2018·北京高考)She and her family bicycle to work, ________ helps them keep fit.

答案：which　句意：她和家人骑自行车去上班，这帮助他们保持健康。设空处引导定语从句，且在从句中作主语，指代前面整个句子的内容，故用which。

19．(2019·天津高考)Mathematical models have also revealed that food webs may be unstable, ________ small changes of top predators can lead to big effects throughout entire ecosystems.

答案：where/in which　句意： 数学模型也揭示了食物网可能是不稳定的，在那里，顶部捕食者的微小变化可能导致整个生态系统的巨大影响。设空处引导非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词food webs，在从句中作地点状语，故填where或in which。

20．(2019·天津高考)The book turns out to be one ________ has appealed to the world for more than 350 years.

答案：that　设空处引导定语从句，先行词为不定代词one，设空处在从句中作主语，故用that引导。

21．(2019·浙江高考)________ you can imagine, the trip is no piece of cake.

答案：As　句意：正如你能想象的，这趟骑行之旅并不容易。此处引导非限制性定语从句，在从句中作宾语位于句首，故用as引导。

二、单句改错

22．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Thank you for your letter, what really made me happy.

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答案：what→which　逗号后的从句为非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词your letter，在从句中作主语，what不能引导非限制性定语从句。故将what改为which。

23．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)Understanding her good intentions, I eat all the food what is provided by Mom with appreciation.

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答案：what→that　此处含有一个定语从句，先行词是all the food，关系词在从句中作主语，指物，可用that或which；但当先行词被all修饰时，只能用that，不能用which，而what不能引导定语从句，所以将what改为that。

24．(2019·全国卷Ⅲ)This indicates that there is a certain way where quantity is represented in their brain.

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答案：去掉where或where→that/in which　当way作先行词，若定语从句中缺少方式状语，则用in which或that引导，也可省略引导词。故去掉where或将where改为that/in which。

25．(2019·江苏高考)But humans enjoyed all of these advantages for a full 2 million years during that they remained weak and marginal creatures.

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答案：that→which　句意：但在整整200万年的时间里，人类享受着所有这些优势，在这期间，他们仍然是弱小的边缘生物。在“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中，不能用关系代词that，此处修饰先行词2 million years，指物，故将that改为which。

26．(2019·江苏高考)Melissa, his daughter, felt it more than worthwhile to save his music, which she fell asleep each night when she was young.

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答案：which前加to　句意：他的女儿梅利莎觉得挽救他的音乐是非常值得的，因为她小时候每天晚上都是伴着音乐入睡的。本句是“介词＋关系代词”引导的非限制性定语从句，修饰先行词music，可理解为fall asleep to music “伴随音乐入睡”，将介词to提前，故在which前加to。

27．(2019·北京高考)A decade of data breaches (数据侵入) of personal information has led to a situation which scammers can easily learn your mother's name, and far more.

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答案：which→where　句意：十多年来个人信息的数据泄露导致诈骗者很容易就能知道你母亲的名字，甚至更多。当先行词是situation, point, case等词，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用where引导。

28．(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)They also had a small pond which they raised fish.

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答案：which→where或which前加in　本句是含有定语从句的复合句，先行词是pond，引导词在定语从句中作状语，故将which改为where或在其前加in。

29．(2018·北京高考)Imagine a future which most adults own individual self­driving vehicles.

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答案：which→where或which前加in　句意：想象一个未来，那里很多成年人拥有自己的无人驾驶汽车。which引导定语从句，在从句中作主语或宾语，而该从句中缺少地点状语，故将which改为where或在which前加in。