39 科学新知3-2022年高考英语最新热点时文阅读

这是一份39 科学新知3-2022年高考英语最新热点时文阅读，共13页。
（2022·湖南·雅礼中学高三阶段练习）阅读下面短文，在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
Wikipedia，the nline encyclpedia(百科全书), is the largest encyclpedia ever. An encyclpedia is a cllectin f infrmative articles abut____1____ (variety) things. Encyclpedias used t be printed____2____ bks. Nw, they are mstly fund nline.
“Wiki” is an Internet term____3____ (mean) “a website that can be edited by the public”. It cmes frm “wikiwiki”, a Hawaiian wrd fr “quick”. Tw Americans, Jimmy Wales and Larry Sanger, created Wikipedia in 2001. It is nw the fifth-mst____4____ (visit) website n the Internet. It has abut 6 millin articles in 300 languages and is visited by billins f peple each day,______5______ want t find infrmatin n just abut anything science, math, languages, art, culture, and cmpany histries.
Wikipedia emplys____6____ pen editing mdel. Except fr a small number f pages， anyne can edit articles， annymusly(匿名地) r with a user accunt. Editing is unpaid, althugh Wikipedia des emply a small staff. Wikipedia is ____7____ (free) available t anyne with an Internet cnnectin.
Hwever, critics have raised dubts abut the accuracy and authrity Wikipedia’s cntent since its editrs are mstly amateurs rather than prfessinals. There is n dubt that many Wikipedia pages cntain errrs althugh the____8____ (rganize) des attempt t slve prblems with its cntent review system. Hwever, several studies have cncluded that Wikipedia is as accurate as mst print encyclpedias. Indeed, a 2005 reprt in the jurnal Nature____9____ (find) it t be nly slightly less reliable than Encyclpedia Britannica. It is true that Wikipedia faces challenges. It carries n ads and its funds cme frm dnatins. Perhaps mre imprtantly, the number f its vlunteer editrs is shrinking.
Despite these____10____ (difficulty), Jimmy Wales says he will still stick t his aspiratin—“t d smething useful fr the wrld”.
02
（2022·湖北·一模）The reasns skiers and snwbarders wear gggles r glasses might seem a little bvius, especially if yu’ve ever hit the slpes yurself. Sunlight reflected ff the snw can make it hard t see, and UV rays can even damage yur eyesight. Special clred lenses als create cntrast, s yur whle path wn’t lk like ne flat expanse f whiteness.____11____
Olympic speed skaters, meanwhile, are racing inside n smth ice. ____12____
Accrding t NBC Olympics, glasses can increase visibility n indr tracks, t. ____13____ And while the ice may lk smth frm a distance, thse sharp blades can kick up ice chips that culd pse prblems if they end up in yur eyes. In the event f a crash, shatter-prf glasses als prtect skaters’ eyes frm errant blades and bdy parts.
____14____ Sht-track speed skaters (wh race arund a rughly 11-meter track) can g as fast as 30 miles per hur r mre, and lng-track speed skaters (whse track is 400 meters lng) smetimes hit abut 35 miles per hur. The wind resistance generated by such speed- in a chilly arena—is enugh t make any skater’s eyes start streaming with tears. Picture leaning yur head ut the windw f a car that’s ging arund 35 miles per hur n a cld day: Yu’d prbably want t be wearing glasses, t.
That said, glasses aren’t a requirement. ____15____ Belgium’s Stijn Desmet, fr example, has raced in Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games withut eyewear, as has China’s Zhang Chutng.
A．Hw d they wear glasses?
B．S why d they wear glasses?
C．Sme skiers are afraid f the sunlight.
D．Sme skaters’ lenses are tinted t help with that.
E．Yu’ll ccasinally see speed skaters with uncvered visages.
F．Nt t mentin that eyewear shields yur eyes frm any snw yu displace.
G．But the biggest reasn speed skaters pt fr eyewear just might be their speed.
03
（2021·重庆巴蜀中学高二期末）It was a methd favured by the inventr Thmas Edisn and the artist Salvadr Dali. Waking frm a nap exactly at the pint befre deep sleep in an effrt t inspire creativity.
Edisn held a metal ball in his hand s that if he ndded ff he wuld drp it and the sund wuld wake him. Fr Dali, it was a key landing n a plate. Nw scientists have fund that they might have been nt smething.
Researchers at the Paris Brain Institute studied peple’s ability t find a hidden rule in a maths puzzle. Identifying the trick wuld make slving the prblem far simpler but t d s required thinking creatively. The scientists fund that participants wh had been wken just befre falling int a deep sleep, using a technique like that used by Edisn and Dali, were mre likely t find the shrtcut.
This “twilight zne” is knwn as nn-rapid eye mvement sleep stage 1, r N1. Scientists described it like an exaggerated frm f mind-wandering, where dream-like thughts fill the mind. It is thught that as peple start t disengage (脱离) frm their envirnment they can “freely watch their minds wander, while maintaining their ability t identify creative sparks (火花)”.
Fr the study 103 peple were given a maths prblem t slve. T reach the final answer they had t apply the rules step by step but, unknwn t them, a “hidden rule” wuld allw them t bypass mst f the steps and get t the slutin much mre quickly. The results shwed that 83 percent f thse in the N1 grup had fund the shrtcut, cmpared with 31 percent in the grup wh were awake and 14 percent f thse in a deep sleep.
Researchers cnclude that the brain activity cmmn t the twilight zne between sleep and wakefulness set ff creative sparks. “Althugh the neural mechanisms (神经机制) invlved are nt yet knwn, ur findings suggest that there is a creative sweet spt within the twilight zne,” said Dr Thmas Andrilln, c-authr f the study.
16．Why did the authr mentin “a metal ball” and “a key” in Paragraph 2?
A．T clarify a methd.B．T explain a thery.
C．T present a cncept.D．T make a cmparisn.
17．What can we learn abut “the twilight zne” frm the text?
A．It prevents yur mind frm wandering.
B．It determines what yur dreams will be like.
C．It is knwn as rapid eye mvement sleep stage.
D．It is a state f being half asleep and half awake.
18．What des “the shrtcut” in Paragraph 5 refer t?
A．The maths prblem.B．The final answer.
C．The hidden rule.D．The added step.
19．What attitude may Dr Thmas Andrilln hld t the technique used by Edisn and Dali?
A．Dubtful.B．Critical.
C．Indifferent.D．Favrable.
04
（2022·重庆巴蜀中学高三阶段练习）Sme bees seem t be able t chse whether t becme a wrker r a queen — but thusands f cmpetitrs fr the thrne (王位) are killed in each hive (蜂巢).
Abut ne-fifth f all Melipna beecheii bee larvae (幼虫) start t develp as queens, but the clny accepts nly ne. The rest are attacked by strng-jawed wrkers.
Bilgists suspected that clnies f this species verprduce queens as an evlutinary strategy t take ver ther hives. But it nw seems that it is simply a result f the “selfishness” f individual larvae, t the detriment f the whle clny, says Caliari Oliveira at KU Leuven in Belgium.
Unlike mst bee clnies where wrkers select ne larva t becme the nly queen by feeding it a special diet, the M. beecheii clny is spending a lt f resurces t prduce new individuals, and then all they d afterwards is waste thse resurces and kill the queens. “This is a very gd example f the tragedy f the cmmns, when a chase fr persnal gain harms sciety,” says Caliari Oliveira.
In the past, researchers suggested that M. beecheii wrkers were feeding a chemical called geranil (香叶醇) t the future queens. Oliveira and his clleagues wndered if the bees chse s many queens in rder t spread the clny’s DNA int ther hives.
T investigate further, they tk genetic samples f queens and wrkers frm 25 free -ranging M. beecheii clnies. In the lab, they als gave higher dses f geranil t mre than 600 larvae. T their surprise, they discvered that extra geranil didn’t affect larval develpment, s wrkers weren’t cntrlling queen prductin after all. Genetic analysis revealed that the DNA f each hive remained 100 per cent cnsistent.
The new study “settles a bit f a cntrversy” abut Melipna bees, says Christph Grueter at the University f Bristl, UK. But it desn’t ffer a new explanatin fr hw the larvae “decide” t becme queens. “Fr me, this is still ne f the biggest puzzles in bilgy.”
20．What des the underlined phrase “t the detriment f” mean in Paragraph 3?
A．Taking charge f.B．Falling victim t.
C．Prviding supprt fr.D．Causing damage t.
21．Why did the researchers feed extra geranil t the larvae?
A．T test their assumptin.B．T simplify their research.
C．T apply new techniques.D．T cnfirm previus findings.
22．What des Christph Grueter think f the new study?
A．It is fruitless.B．It is innvative.
C．It is insufficient.D．It is satisfactry.
23．What is the main idea f the text?
A．Sme bee clnies adpt effective evlutinary strategies.
B．Sme bee clnies have t kill thusands f wannabe queens.
C．Sme bee species verprduce queens t cnquer ther hives.
D．Sme bee species rely n a chemical t spread the clny’s DNA．
05
（2022·江苏南通·二模）Peple wh regularly sleep fr six hurs r less each night in middle age are mre likely t develp dementia than thse wh rutinely manage seven hurs, accrding t a majr study int the disease.
Researchers fund a 30% greater risk f dementia in thse wh during their 50s, 60s and 70s cnsistently had a shrt night's sleep, regardless f ther risk factrs such as heart cnditin and pr mental health.
Sabia, an authr f the study at the university f Paris and her clleagues analyzed survey data frm University Cllege Lndn's Whitehall study, which launched in 1985 and fllwed the health and lifestyles f mre than 10,000 British vlunteers. The French team fcused n nearly 8,000 participants wh self-reprted their sleep patterns.
During 25 years f fllw-up. 521 participants develped dementia, with mst diagnsed in their late 70s. Writing in Nature Cmmunicatins, the scientists described hw thse wh rutinely gt six hurs f sleep r less each night in their 50s and 60s were 30% mre likely t develp dementia than thse wh typically managed seven hurs.
The study des nt prve that sleeping t little causes dementia, since sleep lss itself may be ne f the earliest symptms f the disease. But sme scientists believe the results strengthen evidence that cntinuus pr sleep may at least cntribute t the disease.
The first pathlgical changes that lead t dementia ccur ne t tw decades befre the disease becmes bvius, as sticky prteins called amylid build up in the brain. When the 1985 Whitehall study first assessed the sleep f vlunteers wh later develped dementia, this prcess had prbably nt started. This meant that if they were sleeping t little, it was unlikely t have been caused by dementia-related brain changes.
“It strengthens the evidence that pr sleep in middle age culd cause r wrsen dementia in later life,” said Dr. Liz Culthard, a cnsultant senir lecturer in dementia neurlgy. “It makes sense t take measures t imprve sleep such as ging utside during daylight hurs t help maintain the natural rhythms that prmte gd sleep, aviding t much alchl r caffeine, particularly befre bed, and finding a bedtime rutine that wrks fr yu.”
24．What risk factr fr dementia des the passage fcus n?
A．Sleep lss.B．Age.C．Pr mental health.D．Heart cnditin.
25．Hw did French scientists get the research findings?
A．By making a cmparisn.B．By mnitring sleep patterns.
C．By interviewing British vlunteers.D．By analyzing previus survey data.
26．In what tne d the scientists talk abut the research?
A．Casual.B．Dubtful.C．Negative.D．Cautius.
27．What is the purpse f the last paragraph?
A．T give examples.B．T cllect prfs.
C．T ffer suggestins.D．T present arguments.
参考答案：
1．varius
2．as
3．meaning
4．visited
5．wh
6．an
7．freely
8．rganizatin
9．fund
10．difficulties
【解析】
这是一篇说明文，本文介绍了维基百科的创办历程、现状以及面临的一些挑战。
1．
考查形容词。句意：百科全书是关于各种事物的翔实文章的集合。空处修饰名词things，应用形容词作定语，varius各种各样的。故填varius。
2．
考查介词。句意：百科全书过去是以书籍的形式印刷的。结合句意可知，此处指“作为”，应用介词as。故填as。
3．
考查现在分词。句意：Wiki是一个网络术语，意思是“公众可以编辑的网站”。动词mean和逻辑主语term之间是主谓关系，应用现在分词作定语。故填meaning。
4．
考查过去分词。句意：它现在是互联网上访问量第五大的网站。visit和名词website之间是动宾关系，应用过去分词作定语。故填visited。
5．
考查定语从句。句意：它有300种语言的600万篇文章，每天有数十亿人访问它，他们想要找到关于任何科学、数学、语言、艺术、文化和公司历史的信息。分析句子可知，空处引导一个非限制性定语从句，先行词是peple，指人，关系词在从句中作主语，应用wh引导，故填wh。
6．
考查不定冠词。句意：维基百科采用开放编辑模式。mdel是可数名词，此处泛指“一个开放的编辑模式”，应用不定冠词，pen是以元音音素开头，故填an。
7．
考查副词。句意：只要能上网，任何人都可以免费使用维基百科。修饰形容词available应用副词，故填freely。
8．
考查名词。句意：毫无疑问，许多维基百科页面包含错误，尽管该组织试图解决其内容审查系统的问题。分析句子及空前的the可知，空处应填名词作从句的主语，rganizatin组织，根据助动词 des可知应用名词单数。故填rganizatin。
9．
考查一般过去时。句意：事实上，《自然》杂志2005年的一份报告发现，它的可靠性仅略低于大英百科全书。由a 2005 reprt可知，此处讲述过去发生的事情，应用一般过去时。故填fund。
10．
考查名词复数。句意：尽管困难重重，吉米·威尔士说他仍将坚持自己的愿望——“为世界做一些有用的事情。”此处应填名词作介词Despite的宾语，difficulty困难，是可数名词，由these可知应用复数形式。故填difficulties。
11．F
12．B
13．D
14．G
15．E
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要解释了为什么速滑运动员要佩戴眼镜的问题。
11．
根据上文“The reasns skiers and snwbarders wear gggles r glasses might seem a little bvius, especially if yu’ve ever hit the slpes yurself. Sunlight reflected ff the snw can make it hard t see, and UV rays can even damage yur eyesight. Special clred lenses als create cntrast, s yur whle path wn’t lk like ne flat expanse f whiteness.(如果你自己也玩过滑雪，滑雪和滑板运动员戴眼镜的原因应该是显而易见的。雪面上反射的阳光会让你睁不开眼，强烈的紫外线甚至可能损害你的视力。此外，特殊的有色眼镜会让你眼中看到的颜色出现反差，整个雪道不会看起来一片白茫茫)”可知，上文提到了有色眼镜的作用，本句为本段最后一句，应承接上文继续说明有色眼镜的作用。故F选项“更不用说眼镜可以帮你遮风挡雪，防止运动过程中飞溅起的雪跑进你的眼睛里了”符合语境，故选F。
12．
根据上文“Olympic speed skaters, meanwhile, are racing inside n smth ice. (然而，奥运会的速滑选手是在室内的平滑冰面上比赛的)”可知，上文提到了室内的速滑选手也要佩戴眼镜，且下一段中进行了解释，可知本句为过渡句，提出他们为什么要佩戴眼镜的问题。故B选项“为什么他们也要佩戴眼镜呢？”符合语境，故选B。
13．
根据上文“Accrding t NBC Olympics, glasses can increase visibility n indr tracks, t.(据NBC奥运频道报道，佩戴眼镜也可以增强在室内冰场的可视性)”可知，上文提到了佩戴眼镜也可以增强在室内冰场的可视性，故本句继续解释上文，戴眼镜是为了看得更清楚。故D选项“为了看得更清楚，一些速滑选手佩戴的还是有色眼镜”符合语境，故选D。
14．
根据后文“Sht-track speed skaters (wh race arund a rughly 11-meter track) can g as fast as 30 miles per hur r mre, and lng-track speed skaters (whse track is 400 meters lng) smetimes hit abut 35 miles per hur. The wind resistance generated by such speed- in a chilly arena—is enugh t make any skater’s eyes start streaming with tears. Picture leaning yur head ut the windw f a car that’s ging arund 35 miles per hur n a cld day: Yu’d prbably want t be wearing glasses, t.(短道速滑（冰道周长约为111米）选手时速可达30英里（48千米）甚至更高，而速度滑冰（冰道周长为400米）选手时速可达近35英里。在寒冷的场馆内，这样的速度产生的强大风阻足以把运动员的眼睛冻到眼泪汪汪。想象一下大冷天里在一辆行驶时速35英里的汽车内，如果你要把头伸出车窗外，你应该也想戴一副眼镜)”可知，本段的主旨主要是说明佩戴眼镜主要跟速滑时速度过快，风阻过强，所以需要戴眼镜来保护眼睛有关。故G选项“但是速滑选手选择佩戴眼镜最主要的原因可能是与速度有关”符合语境，故选G。
15．
根据上文“That said, glasses aren’t a requirement.(尽管如此，速滑比赛并不强制选手佩戴眼镜)”以及后文“Belgium’s Stijn Desmet, fr example, has raced in Beijing 2022 Olympic Winter Games withut eyewear, as has China’s Zhang Chutng. (举个例子，比利时选手斯泰恩·德梅和中国选手张楚桐在北京冬奥会上就没有佩戴眼镜)”可知，后文的例子说明了也有选手不佩戴眼镜的情况，故E选项“所以你偶尔也会看到不戴眼镜的速滑选手”符合语境，故选E。
16．A
17．D
18．C
19．D
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍来自爱迪生和达利的启示：临睡状态可激发创造力。
16．
推理判断题。根据第一段提到了爱迪生和达利偏爱的一个激发创造力的方法“Waking frm a nap exactly at the pint befre deep sleep in an effrt t inspire creativity.(在深度睡眠前从午睡中醒来，以激发创造力)”和第二段“Edisn held a metal ball in his hand s that if he ndded ff he wuld drp it and the sund wuld wake him. Fr Dali, it was a key landing n a plate.(爱迪生手里拿着金属球为了当他低头时，金属球掉在地上的声音唤醒他。对于达利来说，他拿的是掉在盘子的钥匙)”可知，通过“金属球”和“钥匙”更直观地介绍了这种方法的操作方式，故选A。
17．
细节理解题。由最后一段第一句话“…the twilight zne between sleep and wakefulness…”可知“the twilight zne”为半睡半醒状态。故选D。
18．
词义猜测题。由上文“a “hidden rule” wuld allw them t bypass mst f the steps and get t the slutin much mre quickly.”可知， “隐藏规则”可使他们绕过大多数步骤，更快地找到答案。再结合划线单词所在句“The results shwed that 83 percent f thse in the N1 grup had fund the shrtcut(结果显示，在N1组中，83%的人找到了the shrtcut)”可知，此处划线单词the shrtcut指代前文的the hidden rule“隐藏规则”。 故选C。
19．
推理判断题。最后一段“Researchers cnclude that the brain activity cmmn t the twilight zne between sleep and wakefulness set ff creative sparks.（研究人员得出结论，睡眠和清醒之间的模糊地带的大脑活动会激发创造力的火花）”可知，研究结果证实临睡状态可激发创造力火花，同时博士的话“ur findings suggest that there is a creative sweet spt within the twilight zne（我们的发现表明临睡状态确实存在创造力的最有效点）”推知，博士对爱迪生和达利使用的技术的态度是肯定的。故选D。
20．D
21．A
22．C
23．B
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了蜜蜂幼虫中，大约有五分之一成长为蜂王，但蜂群只接受一只蜂王，所以一些蜂群必须杀死数千个想成为蜂王的蜜蜂。短文对此现象进行了研究和介绍。
20．
词义猜测题。根据文章第三段划线词前半句“But it nw seems that it is simply a result f the “selfishness” f individual larvae,(但现在看来，这仅仅是单个幼虫“自私”的结果，)”可知，这种“自私”的结果损害了整个群体。所以t the detriment f为“对……造成损害”。故选D。
21．
推理判断题。根据文章第五段“Oliveira and his clleagues wndered if the bees chse s many queens in rder t spread the clny’s DNA int ther hives. (Oliveira和他的同事想知道，蜜蜂是否选择了这么多蜂王，以便将蜂群的DNA传播到其他蜂巢。)”可推断，研究人员要给幼蜂喂食额外的香叶醇是为了验证他们的假设。故选A。
22．
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“The new study “settles a bit f a cntrversy” abut Melipna bees, says Christph Grueter at the University f Bristl, UK. But it desn’t ffer a new explanatin fr hw the larvae “decide” t becme queens. “Fr me, this is still ne f the biggest puzzles in bilgy.”(英国布里斯托尔大学的Christph Grueter说，这项新的研究“解决了一些关于无刺蜜蜂的争议”。但这并没有为幼虫如何“决定”成为蜂王提供新的解释。“对我来说，这仍然是生物学中最大的谜题之一。”)”可推断，Christph Grueter认为这项新研究是不充分的。故选C。
23．
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段“Sme bees seem t be able t chse whether t becme a wrker r a queen — but thusands f cmpetitrs fr the thrne (王位) are killed in each hive (蜂巢).(一些蜜蜂似乎能够选择是成为工蜂还是蜂王——但是在每个蜂巢中，成千上万的竞争对手被杀死。)”及全文可知，文章主要介绍了蜜蜂幼虫中，大约有五分之一成长为蜂王，但蜂群只接受一只蜂王，所以一些蜂群必须杀死数千个想成为蜂王的蜜蜂。故选B。
24．A
25．D
26．D
27．C
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。一项针对老年痴呆症的重大研究表明，中年时每晚经常睡6小时或更少的人比那些每天睡7小时的人更容易患痴呆症。文章介绍了研究开展的过程以及研究人员对此的看法和建议。
24．
主旨大意题。根据第二段“Researchers fund a 30% greater risk f dementia in thse wh during their 50s, 60s and 70s cnsistently had a shrt night's sleep, regardless f ther risk factrs such as heart cnditin and pr mental health.(研究人员发现，无论是否存在心脏病和心理健康状况不佳等其他风险因素，那些在五六十岁和七十岁时夜间睡眠持续不足的人患痴呆症的风险要高出30%)”可知，这篇文章关注的是痴呆的风险因素是睡眠不足。故选A。
25．
细节理解题。根据第三段中“Sabia, an authr f the study at the university f Paris and her clleagues analyzed survey data frm University Cllege Lndn's Whitehall study, which launched in 1985 and fllwed the health and lifestyles f mre than 10,000 British vlunteers. (巴黎大学研究报告的作者之一Sabia和她的同事分析了伦敦大学学院白厅研究的调查数据。该研究于1985年启动，跟踪调查了1万多名英国志愿者的健康和生活方式)”可知，法国科学家通过分析以前的调查数据得到研究结果。故选D。
26．
推理判断题。根据第五段“The study des nt prve that sleeping t little causes dementia, since sleep lss itself may be ne f the earliest symptms f the disease. But sme scientists believe the results strengthen evidence that cntinuus pr sleep may at least cntribute t the disease.(这项研究并没有证明睡眠太少会导致痴呆，因为睡眠不足本身可能是这种疾病的早期症状之一。但一些科学家认为，该研究结果进一步证明，持续睡眠不佳至少可能导致这种疾病)”可推知，科学家们用谨慎的语气谈论这项研究。故选D。
27．
推理判断题。根据最后一段““It strengthens the evidence that pr sleep in middle age culd cause r wrsen dementia in later life,” said Dr Liz Culthard, a cnsultant senir lecturer in dementia neurlgy. “It makes sense t take measures t imprve sleep such as ging utside during daylight hurs t help maintain the natural rhythms that prmte gd sleep, aviding t much alchl r caffeine, particularly befre bed, and finding a bedtime rutine that wrks fr yu.”(老年痴呆症神经学高级顾问讲师Liz Culthard博士说：“这进一步证明了中年睡眠不佳可能导致或恶化老年痴呆症。采取措施改善睡眠是有道理的，比如白天外出以保持促进良好睡眠的自然节奏，避免过多的酒精或咖啡因，尤其是在睡前，找到适合自己的就寝时间。”)”可推知，最后一段的目的是提供建议。故选C。题型
主要内容
1
语法填空
介绍了维基百科的创办历程、现状以及面临的一些挑战
2
七选五
解释了为什么速滑运动员要佩戴眼镜的问题
3
阅读理解
介绍来自爱迪生和达利的启示：临睡状态可激发创造力
4
阅读理解
介绍了蜜蜂幼虫中，大约有五分之一成长为蜂王，但蜂群只接受一只蜂王，所以一些蜂群必须杀死数千个想成为蜂王的蜜蜂。
5
阅读理解
一项针对老年痴呆症的重大研究表明，中年时每晚经常睡6小时或更少的人比那些每天睡7小时的人更容易患痴呆症