2022届新高考英语一轮复习 夯基提升 阅读理解题组2 主旨大意题

第三部分 高考题型突破

题型一 阅读理解

题组2  主旨大意题　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　　

Passage 7[2021 湖北部分重点中学联考]

　　A group of volunteers joined forces to form a human chain to free four dolphins which had been stranded(搁浅) in a canal for four days. The four dolphins were seen in the water near the Fossil Park neighborhood in St. Petersburg, Florida, US, on Sunday. Experts from the Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission(FWC) had monitored the dolphins’ activities in the past few days and hoped that they would swim out with the tide.

But when the dolphins struggled to leave the canal, the brave volunteers joined members of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration and the Clearwater Marine Aquarium to form a rescue team to free them. Dozens of people gathered to take videos and pictures of the kind act. A team of 14 volunteers held hands to act as a block to guide the dolphins out of the narrow channel. They shouted and patted the water with their hands to direct the dolphins to vast expanses of Riviera Bay. Dolphins find their way in the water through echolocation(回声定位). That means that they can recognize the echoes of sound waves that bounce off objects to find their way around.

Andy Garrett, a biologist of the FWC said, "We were able to keep that chain together. The dolphins were interested. They actually came over right away." He added that when the team reached a bridge, the dolphins appeared a bit nervous and started doing some spins. "They made one real hard pass at our team and then went under the bridge and took off," Garrett said. The operation lasted about 45 minutes and the rescue team did not use nets or any items that could stress the dolphins.

1.What can we know about the dolphins from Paragraph 1?

A. They formed a chain to protect themselves.

B. They lived in the water near the Fossil Park.

C. They were observed in secret by volunteers.

D. They were forced to stay in a canal for four days.

2.Why did volunteers shout and pat the water?

A. To make sounds to attract some people.

B. To guide the dolphins out to Riviera Bay.

C. To celebrate the success of saving dolphins.

D. To test the different reactions of the dolphins.

3.What words could best describe the volunteers?

A. Brave and caring.     B. Cautious and humorous.

C. Smart and ambitious.  D. Optimistic and energetic.

4.What’s the main idea of the text?

A. Dolphins swam to the canal to hunt for food.

B. Rescuers formed a human chain to save dolphins.

C. Volunteers helped four dolphins escape from nets.

D. Experts studied the ways of dolphins’ finding directions.

Passage 8[2021四川成都摸底测试]

　　When visitors to the Palace Museum feel a need to sit down for a cup of tea or find a bathroom without a long line, they soon will be able to turn to their smart phones for the information they need.

　　This modern-day solution comes thanks to an agreement signed on Friday by the museum and Huawei Technologies Co., the telecommunication giant, to build a "smart network" using 5G technology. Under the agreement, 5G Wi-Fi signals will cover the Palace Museum, China’s imperial palace from 1420 to 1924, and the branch museum of the institution under construction in northwestern Beijing.

　　"It’s essential to always stay close to the latest technology to better serve the public," said Shan Jixiang, former curator(馆长) of the Palace Museum. Shan said there is still much room for improvement in the handling of a huge number of cultural relics,such as when the priceless painting Along the River During the Qingming Festival is exhibited again in the future. When it was last exhibited in 2015, visitors stood in long lines until 3 a.m. to get a glimpse. The museum ended up preparing instant noodles to serve the hungry visitors. "I don’t want that scenario to reoccur," Shan said. "Our operation can be done in a more scientific way."

　　The new system will also make use of the closed-circuit television cameras that are set up all over the Palace Museum to safeguard the museum’s precious relics. More than 1.86 million of them are housed at the museum, which recorded nearly 20 million visits from the public last year, topping all museums worldwide. "How can we make sure no single visitor who might have evil ideas threatens these treasures?" Shan said. "After adopting the Internet of things, we can instantly detect any motion involving the artifacts to prevent such threats."

　　The 5G network will also be used to improve remote consultation through webcams, which will facilitate conversations with overseas scholars to jointly find the best answers to restoration and preservation issues.

1.What do we know about the Palace Museum?

A. Its visitors won’t have to queue up for the bathroom.

B. It served as China’s imperial palace for over 600 years.

C. It will cooperate with Huawei Technologies Co. to promote its management.

D. It will set up advanced television cameras for the purpose of safety.

2.What does the underlined word "scenario" in Paragraph 3 mean?

A. Disaster.          B. Situation.

C. Operation.          D. Exhibition.

3.What are the figures in Paragraph 4 intended to show about the Palace Museum?

A. It is better than any other museums.

B. It has a rich collection of cultural relics.

C. It enjoys great popularity all over the world.

D. It faces a tough challenge of protecting relics.

4.What can be a suitable title for the text?

A. A Feast for Museum Visitors

B. A Revolution in Exhibition

C. A Protector of Cultural Relics

D. A Connection Between Old and New

Passage 9[2021陕西部分学校摸底测试]

　　Want to get your package delivered via robots? Now there’s an app for that. If you live in Washington, D.C., or Redwood, you may have glimpsed a small, boxy robot rolling along a local sidewalk, minding its own business, but attracting the attention of many curious onlookers.

The autonomous machines were part of a pilot program last year by Starship Technologies focusing on delivering meals from local restaurants in dozens of cities around the world. This week, the company unveiled plans to broaden its delivery service beyond food to include packages, a move that led it to declare itself "the world’s first robot package delivery service". The next time you order food, this cute robot might roll up to deliver it. The package delivery service is not available to everyone yet.

The wheeled robots have a top speed of 4 mph and can detect obstacles from 30 feet away. "The robot can operate through anything," Nick Handrick, head of operations for Starship’s D.C. office, said, "If you have something in the way — a stick — it’s able to climb over it."

To sign up for the service, which costs a little more than $10 per month, customers need to download the company’s app. Customers then create a "Starship Delivery Address", a unique address inside a Starship facility, where they can have packages sent from some places. Once a package is delivered to the Starship address, customers receive a text notification that allows them to schedule a home delivery via robots. The robots are opened by customers via a mobile phone code.

Barriers exist for robotic ground delivery, with many states requiring that humans be in control of delivery robots. Those regulations haven’t stopped Starship Technologies from accumulating experience on streets around the globe ahead of the company’s latest launch. The company says its robots have covered more than 125,000 miles in more than 100 cities in 20 countries.

1. What can we know about the robotic delivery?

A. It is part of a trial project by Starship Technologies.

B. The robotic delivery is available to everyone at present.

C. You can use the service free of charge via smart phones.

D. The robots are opened by customers with a text notification.

2.What does the underlined word "unveiled"in Paragraph 2 probably mean?

A. Revised.              B. Released.

C. Restored.              D. Reset.

3.What is the last paragraph mainly about?

A. The good news of the service.

B. How the robotic delivery works.

C. The disadvantages of the robotic delivery.

D. Robotic delivery develops despite challenges.

4.What can be the best title for the text?

A. A New Robot Was Invented

B. Wheelless Robots Are on the Way

C. How Robots Deliver Packages

D. Packages Will Be Delivered by Robots

Passage 10[2021山东潍坊阶段性监测]

　　The food delivery industry now is a hotly competitive business, attracting the world’s biggest moneybags such as Alibaba and SoftBank. Balancing the needs of diners, cooks and couriers(快递公司) is complicated. Most new companies lose money. Yet they have received more than $30bn from venture capitalists (资本家) in the past five years. And they are likely to get more.

　　The food-delivery business can be divided into two camps: mostly profitable veterans(老手) and loss-making newcomers. The veterans, founded at the start of the century, are led by publicly traded Grubhub in America, and Just Eat and Takeaway in Europe. They account for the largest share of the market, offering customers online access to restaurants. Their relatively simple business model, in which they take a cut of the bill from the restaurants, has enabled Grubhub and Just Eat to turn a profit for years. Takeaway makes money in its home market of the Netherlands.

　　The newbies, born more recently, have turned a once-tidy business into a food fight. For most of them, delivery is their core business, so they share their cut of the bill with riders as well as restaurants. This substantially broadens the market to restaurants, but profit suffers.

　　The only mouth-watering aspect of the delivery business is its potential size. According to Bernstein, almost a third of the global restaurant industry is made up of home delivery, takeaways and drive-throughs, which could be worth $1 trn by 2023. In 2018, delivery amounted to $161bn, leaving plenty of room for online firms to expand.

　　Yet it is by no means clear if anyone can make money by delivering meals. In fact, the economics may be even worse. Delivery businesses have ways to cut their losses. One is to diversify further, by delivering groceries, flowers, booze, and even people, as well as meals. Another is to provide cheaper meals by centrally supplying ingredients to restaurants. In the dog-eat-dog world of food delivery, it will still be hard.

1.How can the veterans make a profit?

A. They get lots of support from capitalists.

B. They offer customers great convenience.

C. They draw a part of profit from restaurants.

D. They balance the complicated needs successfully.

2.What makes the delivery business attractive?

A. Massive profits.     B. Development prospects.

C. Satisfying service. D. Efficient management.

3.What is the author’s attitude towards making money by delivering meals?

A. Positive.          B. Definite.

C. Uncertain.         D. Confident.

4.Which can be a suitable title for the text?

A. Delivery businesses balance some complicated needs.

B. Meal delivery attracts the world’s biggest moneybags.

C. The two camps of delivery businesses compete fiercely.

D. The food-delivery business is anything but a tasty business.

Passage 11[2021陕西百校联盟第一次模拟]

　　A new study published this week in the journal Nature Communications has concluded that a 100 percent change to organic food production in England and Wales would actually lead to a great increase in greenhouse gas emissions. In turn, this would contribute to further climate change.

　　Although organic farming directly pours out fewer emissions than conventional farming — around 20 percent lower for crops and 4 percent lower for farm animals — it produces notably less food. As to this study’s findings, total organic agriculture in England and Wales would produce 40 percent less food. With less food in the market, the countries would need to increase food imports, which would produce more global greenhouse gas emissions.

　　Organic farming also increases the amount of absorbing carbon, a process where carbon dioxide (CO2) is "absorbed" out of the atmosphere and captured by plants and stored in the soil. However, even a total change to organic farming would only be equal to a tiny part of the higher emissions from overseas land use.

　　"We predict a drop in total food production of 40 percent under a fully organic farming process, compared to conventional farming, if we keep to the same national diet," Dr. Adrian Williams, the lead author and reader in Agri-Environmental Systems at Cranfield University, said in a statement. "This results from lower crop quantity, because output is limited by a lower supply of nitrogen, which is mainly from other crops or solid waste from cattle on the grassland."

　　Nevertheless, it is important to note that organic farming still holds some useful benefits for the environment, such as reducing exposure to chemicals and improving the varieties of creatures. In conclusion, the study suggests that organic farming will continue to play a key role in resolving the world’s environmental problems. However, it’s just one part of a much wider solution.

1.What will total organic agriculture bring to England?

A. More main food.          B. More food imports.

C. More species of crops.  D. More fresh oxygen.

2.How does organic farming increase the amount of absorbing carbon?

A. By taking in CO2.      B. By changing CO2.

C. By giving off CO2.      D. By producing CO2.

3.What is the last paragraph mainly about?

A. The ways to reduce organic farming.

B. The results caused by organic farming.

C. The solution to the environmental problems.

D. The advantages of organic farming.

4.Which of the following is the best title of the text?

A. Organic farming, green food

B. Organic farming, our hope in future

C. Organic farming, a mistake we made

D. Organic farming, a double-edged sword

Passage 12[2021辽宁六校协作体联考]

　　We’ve known that sitting for long periods of time every day has countless health consequences, like a higher risk of heart disease. But now a new study has found that sitting is also bad for your brain.

A study conducted by Dr. Prabha Siddarth at the University of California, showed that sedentary(久坐不动的) behavior is associated with reduced thickness of the medial temporal lobe(中颞叶), a brain area that is critical to learning and memory.

The researchers asked a group of 35 healthy people, aged 45 to 70, about their activity levels and the average number of hours each day spent sitting and then scanned their brains. They found that the subjects who reported sitting for longer periods had the thinnest medial temporal lobes. It means that the more time you spend in a chair, the worse it is for your brain health, resulting in possible damage to learning and memory.

What is also interesting is that this study did not find a significant association between the level of physical activity and thickness of this brain area, suggesting that exercise, even severe exercise, may not be enough to protect you from the harmful effects of sitting.

It then surprisingly turned out that you don’t even have to move much to enhance cognition; just standing will do the trick. For example, two groups of subjects were asked to complete a test while either sitting or standing. Participants were presented with conflicting stimuli(刺激), like the word "green" in blue ink, and asked to name the color. Subjects thinking on their feet beat those who sat by a 3-millisecond margin.

The cognitive effects of severe physical exercise are well known. But the possibility that standing more and sitting less improves brain health could lower the standard for everyone.

I know, this all runs counter to received ideas about deep thought, from our grade school teachers, who told us to sit down and focus, to Rodin’s famous "The Thinker", seated with the chin on his hand.

They were wrong. You can now all stand up.

1.What can we know from Paragraph 3 and Paragraph 4?

A. Severe exercise can lessen the damage of sitting.

B. Severe exercise can greatly improve our brain health.

C. Sedentary behavior will possibly damage our brain.

D. Brain health has nothing to do with sedentary behavior.

2.What does the underlined word "margin" in Paragraph 5 mean?

A. Blank.      B. Edge.      C. Decrease. 　　 D. Difference.

3.What is the received idea about deep thought?

A. Sitting more is good for our mental health.

B. Sitting is better when we think.

C. More exercise can improve our cognition.

D. We should stand while thinking.

4.The passage mainly tells us 　　　　. 

A. people tend to sit while thinking

B. standing more can make our brain healthier

C. physical exercise can improve our brain health

D. sedentary behavior leads to countless health problems

题组2　主旨大意题 答案

Passage 7

 本文主要讲的是志愿者帮助解救被困在运河里的四只海豚的故事。

1.D　考查细节理解。 根据文章第一段中的"four dolphins which had been stranded(搁浅) in a canal for four days"可知,D项正确。

2.B　考查细节理解。 根据文章第二段中的"They shouted and patted...to direct the dolphins to vast expanses of Riviera Bay"可知,志愿者们喊叫、拍打水面是为了引导海豚前往里维埃拉湾,故B项正确。

3.A　考查细节理解。 根据第二段第一句话中的"the brave volunteers",并结合文章讲述的志愿者帮助解救被困在运河里的海豚的故事可知,志愿者们是勇敢且乐于助人的,故A项正确。

4.B　考查主旨大意。 本文讲述志愿者帮助解救被困在运河里的四只海豚的故事,故B项正确。

Passage 8

文章介绍了故宫博物院与华为公司合作,意在应用5G最新技术提升故宫博物院管理水平的相关情况。

1.C　考查细节理解。根据文章第二段中的 "thanks to an agreement...to build a ‘smart network’ using 5G technology"及第三段中的 "Shan said there is still much room for improvement in the handling of a huge number of cultural relics"可知故宫博物院与华为公司合作是为了提升其管理水平,故选C。

2.B　考查词义猜测。根据画线词所在句可知,画线词指第三段中的 "The museum ended up preparing instant noodles to serve the hungry visitors"所描述的情况,因此画线词与B项的含义最为接近。

3.D　考查写作目的。根据文章第四段中的 "More than 1.86...worldwide"及"How can we make sure no single visitor who might have evil ideas threatens these treasures"可知,数字说明了文物保护的艰难。

4.D　考查最佳标题。通读文章可知, 本文讲述了故宫博物院与华为公司合作,应用5G技术提升故宫博物院管理水平的相关情况,这是有着悠久历史的故宫与先进的技术的结合,故选D。

Passage 9

本文主要介绍了Starship Technologies公司推出的机器人送包裹这一服务的相关内容。

1.A　考查细节理解。根据第二段中的"The autonomous machines were part of a pilot program last year by Starship Technologies"可知,机器人送包裹的服务是Starship Technologies公司试验项目的一部分,故选A。

2.B　考查词义猜测。根据画线词后的"plans to broaden...to include packages"并结合选项和语境可知,此处表示本周,该公司透露了他们会把快递服务从食品拓宽到包裹的计划,由此可知画线词unveiled的词义应该为"(首次)透露(新计划)",故B项Released的词义与其最为接近。

3.D　考查段落大意。通读最后一段可知,本段主要介绍了当前机器人送包裹这一服务仍存在一些障碍,但是该公司的机器人送包裹的服务一直在发展中,故D项正确。

4.D　考查最佳标题。通读全文可知,本文主要介绍了Starship Technologies公司推出的机器人送包裹的服务的相关内容,故D项适合作全文的标题。

Passage 10

外卖行业竞争激烈,吸引了阿里巴巴和软银等全球最大的富豪。但盈利的主要还是老公司,新公司往往亏损。快递行业潜在规模巨大,但是送餐业务是否能够获利并不能确定。

1.C　考查细节理解。根据第二段倒数第二句"Their relatively simple business model, in which they take a cut of the bill from the restaurants, has enabled Grubhub and Just Eat to turn a profit for years"可知,老公司是通过从餐馆中抽取利润来赚钱的,故C项正确。

2.B　考查细节理解。根据第四段内容尤其是第一句"The only mouth-watering aspect of the delivery business is its potential size"可知,快递业务唯一令人垂涎的是它潜在的规模,快递业务发展前景广阔,很有吸引力,故B项正确。

3.C　考查观点态度。根据尾段前两句可知,作者并不清楚是否任何人都能通过送餐赚钱,并认为经济情况可能更糟。据此可以推知,作者对送餐赚钱持不确定的态度,故C项正确。

4.D　考查最佳标题。结合全文内容可知,本文具体分析了送餐业务的现状及前景,送餐业务是否能够获利并不能确定,故D项最适合作本文的标题。

Passage 11

尽管有机农业能减少接触化学品并能改善生物的种类,减少环境污染,但是也导致粮食产量大幅下降,不得不增加粮食进口量,这又促使更多温室气体的排放,加剧气候变化。

1.B　考查细节理解。根据第二段,特别是该段尾句"With less food in the market, the countries would need to increase food imports, which would produce more global greenhouse gas emissions"可知,随着有机农业在英格兰的推广,其粮食产量将减少,从而导致粮食进口量的增加,故B项正确。

2.A　考查细节理解。根据第三段第一句可知,有机农业也会增加吸碳量,即二氧化碳被植物从大气中吸收并储存在土壤中,故A项正确。

3.D　考查段落大意。通读尾段可知,该段主要讲了有机农业对环境的益处,故D项正确。

4.D　考查最佳标题。通读全文可知,文章既介绍了有机农业带来的负面影响——导致粮食产量下降,粮食进口量增加,促使更多温室气体的排放,加剧气候变化,又说明了有机农业的好处——能减少接触化学品并能改善生物的种类等。故"有机农业是把双刃剑"最适合作为本文的标题。故D项正确。

Passage 12

本文主要介绍了一项研究发现,即久坐不动对大脑健康有伤害,而站立却可以通过提高大脑认知能力来让我们的大脑变得更健康。

1.C　考查细节理解。第三段讲到你在椅子上待的时间越长,对你的大脑健康越不利,可能会对学习和记忆造成损害。第四段讲到即使是剧烈的锻炼,可能也不足以保护你免受久坐的有害影响,由此可知C项正确。

2.D　考查词义猜测。画线词所在的第五段主题句为段首句,意为"结果令人惊讶的是,你甚至不需要多动就能提高认知能力;只要站着就行了",紧接着作者用了一个实验来佐证该论点,实验结果是站着的人以3毫秒的差额赢了坐着的人,因此推断画线词意为"差额",故D项正确。difference"差额"。

3.B　考查细节理解。根据题干中的"received idea about deep thought"定位到文章倒数第二段,可知"我们的小学老师告诉我们要坐下来集中注意力,罗丹著名的作品‘思想家’则手托下巴坐着",故B项正确。

4.B　考查文章大意。本文主要介绍了一项研究发现,即久坐不动对大脑健康有伤害,而站立却可以通过提高大脑认知能力来让我们的大脑变得更健康。故B项正确。