题号押题04 押全国卷32—35题 阅读理解D篇说明文或议论文-备战2022年高考英语临考题号押题（全国甲卷）

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题号押题04 解析版
押全国卷第32—34题阅读理解D篇说明文或议论文

阅读理解议论文
议论文是英语中的重要文体，在阅读理解中占有一定的比例。议论文就是说理性的文章，一般由论点、论据和论证过程组成。议论文都要提出论题、观点、提供充分的证据，使用一定的逻辑方法证明观点或得出结论。
议论文涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。从命题上看，议论文阅读理解以考查细节理解和推理判断为主，偶尔考查文章的主旨大意和作者的情感态度。考生在平时的阅读训练中要阅读一定数量的议论文，以了解和掌握议论文的结构和行文特征。
【考情分析】
议论文涉及的论题具有生活化的特征，与社会生活密切相关。从命题上看，议论文阅读理解以考查细节理解和推理判断为主，但不排除对观点态度的考查。考生在平时的阅读训练中要阅读一定数量的议论文，以了解和掌握议论文的结构和行文特征。
1. 语言与结构特点
议论文应该观点明确、论据充分、语言精练、论证合理、有严密的逻辑性。议论文通常采用三段论式的结构，即“提出问题（引论）—分析问题（本论）—解决问题（结论）”。由此可见，要理解议论文有两个关键点，一是要弄清文章的论点是什么、采用了哪些论据、如何论证；二是要理清其基本结构——三段论式结构。
2. 答题误区
议论文阅读理解题易错点往往在于事实与观点的区分以及观点本身。解题时，一要弄清哪些是所引述的事实，哪些是作者的观点以及引述中不同人物的观点；二要弄清作者真正的观点是什么，既要考虑全文，又要重视结论部分，谨防将文章中引述的某人的观点和作者的观点混为一谈。

一、抓住论点找主旨。
阅读议论文最重要的是抓住文章的论点，找到文章的论点也就把握了文章的主旨。一般来说，作者会在开头段落交代文章的论点，因此，细读文章首段尤为重要。
议论文多采用“倒三角形”结构，因此“首段”和“段首”就是做题最大的要领，据此可以做好写作意图题、主旨大意题和标题推断题。
二、理清文章结构。
议论文一般采用“总分总”的结构，作者先给出论点，然后从不同方面（正面，反面）进行论证，最后给出总结或者自己的观点。文章中会出现较为明显的转折，递进，并列或者归纳总结等的逻辑关系词。考生在阅读时，要理清文章结构，找到论点的基础上进而理解作者给出的论据，突破细节理解题和推理判断题。
三、 体会语言特点。
能否正确把握作者的观点和态度是体现阅读能力的重要方面。一般来说，对作者的总的态度和倾向，必须在通读全文，掌握了论点和论据后，方能做出判断。在判断作者观点态度时，我们应注意，有时候作者的观点和态度并不是明确地表达出来的，需要我们认真体察。做推理判断时，一定要遵循逻辑规律，以事实为依据进行合理的推理。
四、注意干扰项特点。
①包含项原则
在答案选项分析中，假如对A选项的理解概括了对其他三项 (或其中某一项)的理解，那么我们就说选项A与其他三项是包含或概括关系，包含项A往往就是正确答案。如在＂花＂与＂玫瑰＂两选项中，正确答案肯定是＂花＂，花包含了玫瑰。
②正反项原则
所谓正反项，是指两选项陈述的命题完全相矛盾。两个相互矛盾的陈述不能都是假的，其中必有一真。所以，假如四选项中A、B互为正反项，那我们通常先排除C、D项，正确答案一般在A、B项当中。
③委婉项原则
所谓委婉，这里是指说话不能说死，要留有余地。阅读理解选项中语气平和、委婉的往往是正确答案。这些选项一般含有不十分肯定或试探性语气的表达，如：probably, possibly, may, usually, might, most of, more or less, relatively, be likely to, not necessary, although, yet, in addition, tend to等等，而含有绝对语气的表达往往不是正确答案，如：must, always, never, all, every, any, merely, only, completely, none, hardly, already等等。
④同形项原则
命题者往往先将正确答案设置在一个大命题范围，然后通过语言形式的细微变化来考查考生的理解能力与分析能力。同形项原则告诉我们：词汇与句法结构相似的选项中有正确答案的存在。
⑤常识项原则
议论文中，那些符合一般常识、意义深刻富有哲理、符合一般规律、属于普遍现象的往往是正确答案。
⑥因果项原则
阅读理解的逻辑推理基本都是通过因果链进行的，前因后果，一步步循序渐进。然而，在推理题的选项中，有的选项会推理不到位(止于前因)，或者推理过头(止于后果)，这就是所谓的干扰项。因果项原则启示我们：假如四个选项中有两项互为同一事物推理过程中的因果关系，那么正确答案就是两个因果项中的其中之一。如果因项可产生几个结果，那么答案就是因；如果果项可以对应几个原因，那么答案就是果。

Passage 1（2021•全国甲卷•议论文）
体裁
话题
主题
建议时间
正确
议论文
人与自我
不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力
7分钟
_____/4
Who is a genius? This question has greatly interested humankind for centuries.
Let's state clearly: Einstein was a genius. His face is almost the international symbol for genius. But we want to go beyond one man and explore the nature of genius itself. Why is it that some people are so much more intelligent or creative than the rest of us? And who are they?
In the sciences and arts, those praised as geniuses were most often white men, of European origin. Perhaps this is not a surprise. It's said that history is written by the victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club—women, or people of a different color or belief—they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.
A study recently published by Science found that as young as age six, girls are less likely than boys to say that members of their gender(性别)are “really, really smart.” Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief: Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.” Can our planet afford to have any great thinkers become discouraged and give up? It doesn't take a genius to know the answer: absolutely not.
Here's the good news. In a wired world with constant global communication, we're all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear. And the more we look, the more we will see that social factors(因素)like gender, race, and class do not determine the appearance of genius. As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance(毅力), and simple good fortune, who are able to change the world.”
32. What does the author think of victors' standards for joining the genius club?
A. They're unfair. B. They're conservative.
C. They're objective. D. They're strict.
33. What can we infer about girls from the study in Science?
A. They think themselves smart.
B. They look up to great thinkers.
C. They see gender differences earlier than boys.
D. They are likely to be influenced by social beliefs
3. Why are more geniuses known to the public?
A. Improved global communication.
B. Less discrimination against women.
C. Acceptance of victors' concepts.
D. Changes in people's social positions.
35. What is the best title for the text?
A. Geniuses Think Alike B. Genius Takes Many Forms
C. Genius and Intelligence D. Genius and Luck
【参考答案】32. A 33. D 34. A 35. B
【解题导语】这是一篇议论文。文章由问题“谁是天才？”引入，论述了世人对天才的狭隘定义，提出事实上“天才”有很多种形式，不要让思维限制了我们的“天才”能力。
32. A。推理判断题。根据第三段的“It is said that history is written by victors, and those victors set the standards for admission to the genius club. When contributions were made by geniuses outside the club-women, or people of a different color or belief-they were unacknowledged and rejected by others.( 据说历史是由胜利者书写的，而那些胜利者为进入天才俱乐部设定了标准。当俱乐部以外的天才——女性或不同肤色或信仰的人——做出贡献时，他们不会被承认并且被其他人拒绝)”可推知，作者认为那些“胜利者”对进入“天才俱乐部”设置的标准是不公平的，因为女性或者不同肤色或信仰的人做出的成就是得不到承认的。故选A。
33. D。推理判断题。根据第四段的“Even worse, the study found that girls act on that belief. Around age six they start to avoid activities said to be for children who are “really, really smart.”(更糟糕的是，研究发现女孩们是按照这个信念行事的。六岁左右，她们开始避免那些据说是“非常非常聪明”的孩子参加的活动)”可推知，女孩容易受到社会信仰的影响，认为自己在六岁左右就不适合做“聪明孩子”做的事情。故选D。
34. A。细节理解题。根据最后一段的“In a wired world with constant global communication, we’re all positioned to see flashes of genius wherever they appear.( 在一个全球通讯不断的有线世界里，我们随时随地都能看到天才的闪现)”可知，进步的全球通讯让更多的天才被公众所知道。故选A。
35. B。主旨大意题。根据文章的主要内容，结合文章第一段提出问题“Who is a genius?（谁是天才）”和最后一段的“As a writer says, future geniuses come from those with “intelligence, creativity, perseverance, and simple geniuses, who are able to change the world.”(正如一位作家所说，未来的天才来自那些具有“智慧、创造力、毅力和那些能够改变世界的简单天才。”)”可知，天才不一定是那些有巨大贡献的人，他们也可以是某一方面比较突出的普通人。由此可知B项“天才有多种形式”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。
Passage 2（2019•全国III卷•说明文）
体裁
话题
主题
建议时间
正确
说明文
人与自我
研究团队发现猴子能进行基本的加法计算
7分钟
_____/4
Monkeys seem to have a way with numbers.
A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward. The researchers then tested how the monkeys combined—or added—the symbols to get the reward.
Here’s how Harvard Medical School scientist Margaret Livingstone, who led the team, described the experiment: In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.
After running hundreds of tests, the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.
When the team examined the results of the experiment more closely, they noticed that the monkeys tended to underestimate(低估) a sum compared with a single symbol when the two were close in value—sometimes choosing, for example, a 13 over the sum of 8 and 6. The underestimation was systematic: When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction(小部分) of the smaller number to it.
“This indicates that there is a certain way quantity is represented in their brains, ”Dr. Livingstone says. “But in this experiment what they’re doing is paying more attention to the big number than the little one.”
32. What did the researchers do to the monkeys before testing them?
A. They fed them. B. They named them.
C. They trained them. D. They measured them.
33. How did the monkeys get their reward in the experiment?
A. By drawing a circle. B. By touching a screen.
C. By watching videos. D. By mixing two drinks.
34. What did Livingstone’s team find about the monkeys?
A. They could perform basic addition.
B. They could understand simple words.
C. They could memorize numbers easily.
D. They could hold their attention for long.
35. In which section of a newspaper may this text appear?
A. Entertainment. B. Health. C. Education. D. Science.
【参考答案】32. C 33. B 34. A 35. D
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。哈佛医学院的一位科学家领导的研究团队发现猴子能进行基本的加法计算。
32. C。细节理解题。根据第二段中的A team of researchers trained three Rhesus monkeys to associate 26 clearly different symbols consisting of numbers and selective letters with 0-25 drops of water or juice as a reward.可知，在对这些猴子进行测试之前，研究人员对它们进行了培训。故选C。
33. B。细节理解题。根据第三段中的In their cages the monkeys were provided with touch screens. On one part of the screen, a symbol would appear, and on the other side two symbols inside a circle were shown. For example, the number 7 would flash on one side of the screen and the other end would have 9 and 8. If the monkeys touched the left side of the screen they would be rewarded with seven drops of water or juice; if they went for the circle, they would be rewarded with the sum of the numbers—17 in this example.可知，当猴子触摸屏幕左边时，它们会得到7滴水或者果汁的奖励；当它们触摸屏幕的另一端（即画着圆圈的部分）时，它们会得到17滴水或果汁的奖励。由此可知，猴子是通过触摸屏幕得到奖励的。故选B。
34. A。细节理解题。根据第四段“the researchers noted that the monkeys would go for the higher values more than half the time, indicating that they were performing a calculation, not just memorizing the value of each combination.和第五段中的When adding two numbers, the monkeys always paid attention to the larger of the two, and then added only a fraction(小部分) of the smaller number to it.可知，猴子会在超过一半的时间内选择更高的值，这意味着它们在进行计算，而不仅仅是记住每一个组合的值。所以猴子能够进行基本的加法计算。故选A。
35. D。推理判断题。通读整篇文章可知，该文介绍的是哈佛医学院的科学家Margaret Livingstone领导的一个研究团队对猴子进行实验得出的研究结果，这属于“科学研究”范畴，故该文应出现在报纸的“科学”版块。故选D。

Passage 1
体裁
话题
主题
建议时间
正确
说明文
人与社会
发明以海草为原料的包装从源头杜绝污染
7分钟
_____/4
After you finish your fries, eat the ketchup packet. When you add your pasta to boiling waler, put the bag into the pot, too. If these instructions sound confusing to you, it’s only because you haven’t yet heard of Notpla, a London-based startup company that is designing a seaweed-based replacement for single-use plastic packaging. Notpla design director Karlijn Sibbel says they look lo nature as inspiration for the ideal packaging like the skin on a fruit. “A peel will eventually be used as nutrients by nature, and disappear and become a part of the cycle.” she said.
According to the UN, 9.15 billion tons of plastic has been produced since the early 1950s, and about 60% has been land-filled or abandoned outdoors. Micro-plastics, which are often the result of larger plastics breaking down, pollute the ocean, the air and our bodies. Over the past few years, there has been a growing movement against single-use plastics as many experts have argued the products are unnecessary and harmful. In the US, some places have taken action: New York banned most plastic shopping bags, and in Miami Beach, plastic straws have been outlawed. “Overseas, the European Union put a broad ban on single-use plastics into effect this summer.” the government announced in August.
Notpla’s founders, Rodrigo Garoia González and Pierre Paslie, initially looked to seaweed as the solution to the world’s plastic problem because “it is abundant, grows quickly, doesn’t compete with land crops.” Sibbel explained. There are also many different seaweed species, and it can be harvested or farmed. Seaweed doesn’t use land; it doesn’t use pesticides. It can grow into the ocean and the sea, where it actually has a lot of positive benefits so it can create new ecosystems for other organisms to thrive in.
“As they scale up, Notpla’s team hopes seaweed could replace single-use plastic in the supply chain more broadly.” Sibbel said. But with the volume of plastics used around the world, she understands the enormity(巨大)of such a task. “I don’t think one material or one solution is going to solve everything, but we think that seaweed really ticks the right boxes.” she said.
32. What does the author mainly talk about in the first paragraph?
A. The tasty food made from seaweed such as pasta.
B. Common functions of seaweed.
C. The famous company called Notpla.
D. Plastic packaging made from seaweed.
33. What can be learned about plastic pollution and solutions from the passage?
A. Micro-plastics can only be found in the sea.
B. The single-use plastics are considered avoidable by many experts.
C. More than half of the plastic produced has been land-filled.
D. The European Union and the US have completely slopped using single-use plastics.
34. Which is not the reason for the company’s founders turning to seaweed?
A. It is pesticide-free. B. It is easily accessible.
C. It can grow on land. D. It can do good to the ocean.
35. Which word best describes Karlijn Sibbel’s attitude to the future use of seaweed?
A. Optimistic. B. Uncertain. C. Negative. D. Worried.
【答案】32. D 33. B 34. C 35. A
【解题导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了，随着塑料污染越来越严重，很多国家或地区已经采取措施应对。伦敦一家公司发明了以海草为原料的包装，从源头杜绝污染。
32. D。主旨大意题。根据第一段“If these instructions sound confusing to you, it’s only because you haven’t yet heard of Notpla, a London-based startup company that is designing a seaweed-based replacement for single-use plastic packaging.(如果这些说明让你感到困惑，那是因为你还没有听说过Notpla，这是一家位于伦敦的初创公司，正在设计一种以海草为原材料的一次性塑料包装的替代品。)”可知，第一段主要介绍了由海草制成的塑料包装。故选D。
33. B。推理判断题。根据第二段“Over the past few years, there has been a growing movement against single-use plastics as many experts have argued the products are unnecessary and harmful.(在过去的几年里，反对一次性塑料的运动越来越多，因为许多专家认为这些产品是不必要的，有害的。)”可推断，专家认为一次性塑料的使用是可以避免的。故选B。
34. C。细节理解题。根据第三段“Notpla’s founders, Rodrigo Garoia González and Pierre Paslie, initially looked to seaweed as the solution to the world’s plastic problem because “it is abundant, grows quickly, doesn’t compete with land crops.” There are also many different seaweed species, and it can be harvested or farmed. Seaweed doesn’t use land; it doesn’t use pesticides. It can grow into the ocean and the sea, where it actually has a lot of positive benefits so it can create new ecosystems for other organisms to thrive in. (Notpla的创始人Rodrigo Garoia González 和Pierre Paslie最初将海草视为世界塑料问题的解决方案，因为“海草丰富、生长迅速，不会与陆地作物竞争。”Sibbel解释道。还有许多不同种类的海草，它们可以被收获或养殖。海草不占用土地；它不使用杀虫剂。它可以在海洋中生长，在海洋中它有很多积极的好处，所以它可以创造新的生态系统，让其他生物茁壮成长。)”可知，海草不会生长在地面。故选C。
35. A。推理判断题。根据最后一段“I don’t think one material or one solution is going to solve everything， but we think that seaweed really ticks the right boxes.(我不认为一种材料或一种解决方案能解决所有问题，但我们认为海藻确实符合正确的标准。)”可推断，她对此抱有乐观的态度。故选A。
Passage 2
体裁
话题
主题
建议时间
正确
说明文
人与自然
中国科学家利用二氧化碳、氢和电制造出淀粉
7分钟
_____/4
Starch (淀粉) is the main component of flour, rice and corn among others, while carbon dioxide makes up the vast majority of greenhouse gases. One day, humans may be able to “eat” carbon dioxide, and global warming could be “eaten away” by carbon lovers. Although it sounds wild, the day is coming.
Chinese scientists have created starch using carbon dioxide, hydrogen and electricity, according to a study published in Science in September, 2021.
“Plants create starch through photosynthesis (光合作用), which is a complex and inefficient (效率低得) process,” Ma Yanhe, the director of the Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, told China Daily. He added that it would take a plant about 60 steps to turn carbon dioxide, water and sunlight into starch.
“Our breakthrough shows that making starch is achievable in a lab. This method makes it possible to produce food in factories and there are many industries that can benefit from this technology,” Ma told China Daily.
The team has been working on the process for 6 years. “The first step of the method is to convert carbon dioxide and hydrogen into methanol (甲醇), which is a molecule (分子) that contains a single carbon atom,” Cai Tao, one of the first authors of the study, told China Daily.
Scientists then piece these single-carbon molecules into bigger and more complex molecules. With the help of supercomputing, Chinese scientists have simplified the natural starch-making process from about 60 steps into 11.
“The new process has made it possible to turn starch production from traditional agricultural fanning to industrial production. And it may be possible to satisfy our needs without farming in the future. This will not only help save water, fertilizer and land but also help recycle carbon dioxide to deal with climate change,” a research fellow with the Chinese Academy of Sciences told the Global Times.
The study can also benefit space exploration in the future. The starch may provide a secure food source for astronauts as they travel long distances in space by simply turning the carbon dioxide they breathe out into food.
32. What does Ma Yanhe think of the new method of creating starch?
A. It’s extremely complex and inefficient.
B. It’s achievable through photosynthesis.
C. It’s a way of dealing with global warming.
D. It’s more efficient than the natural method.
33. The underlined word “convert” in Paragraph 5 probably means ________.
A. push B. change C. divide D. mix
34. What can be learned about the breakthrough?
A. It can help improve people’s health.
B. It can change the way of starch production.
C. It can provide astronauts with nutritious food.
D. It can save farmers from traditional agriculture.
35. What can be the best title of this passage?
A. Smart with starch B. Hungry for starch
C. Secure about food supply D. Beneficial to food diversity
【参考答案】32. D 33. B 34. B 35. A
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了根据2021年9月发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究，中国科学家已经利用二氧化碳、氢和电制造出了淀粉。
32. D。推理判断题。根据文章第三段““Plants create starch through photosynthesis, which is a complex and inefficient process,” Ma Yanhe, the director of the Tianjin Institute of Industrial Biotechnology of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, told China Daily.（“植物通过光合作用产生淀粉，这是一个复杂而低效的过程，”中国科学院天津工业生物技术研究所所长马延河在接受《中国日报》采访时表示）”可知，他认为自然界产生淀粉的过程复杂而低效，由此可推知，他认为新方法比自然方法更有效。故选D。
33. B。词句猜测题。根据后文“which is a molecule (分子) that contains a single carbon atom（这是一个只有一个碳原子的分子）”可知，甲醇这种物质是由二氧化碳和氢气转化而成的。convert意为“转化，转变”。故选B。
34. B。细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段“The new process has made it possible to turn starch production from traditional agricultural fanning to industrial production.（这种新工艺使淀粉生产从传统的农业生产转向工业生产成为可能）”可知，这项突破改变了淀粉生产的方式。故选B。
35. A。主旨大意题。根据文章第二段“Chinese scientists have created starch using carbon dioxide, hydrogen and electricity, according to a study published in Science in September, 2021.（根据2021年9月发表在《科学》杂志上的一项研究，中国科学家已经利用二氧化碳、氢和电制造出了淀粉）”可知，文章主要讲述了中国科学家成功把二氧化碳合成淀粉。故“智能与淀粉”可以作为最佳标题。故选A。

Passage 1
体裁
话题
主题
建议时间
正确
说明文
人与社会
控制人体生物钟的基因对男性和女性的作用
7分钟
_____/4
New research suggests that a gene that governs the body's biological (circadian) clock acts differently in males versus females and may protect females from heart disease. The study is the first to analyze circadian blood pressure rhythms (节奏) in female mice.
The body's circadian clock-the biological clock that organizes bodily activities over a 24-hour period-contributes to normal variations in blood pressure and heart function over the course of the day. In most healthy humans, blood pressure dips (下降) at night. People who do not experience this temporary drop, called “non-dippers”, are more likely to develop heart disease. The circadian clock is made up of four main proteins (encoded by “clock genes”) that regulate close to half of all genes in the body, including those important for blood pressure regulation.
Previous research has shown that male mice that are missing one of the four clock genes (PER1) become non-dippers and have a higher risk for heart and kidney disease. A research team studied the circadian response and blood pressure of female mice that lack PER1 and compared them with a healthy female control group. On both low-and high-salt diets, both groups “retained an apparent circadian rhythm” of blood pressure, the researchers explained. Unlike the male mice in previous research, the females without PER1 showed normal dips in blood pressure overnight.
These results suggest that the lack of PER1 acts differently in males and females. The findings are consistent with research showing that women are less likely to be non-dippers than men of the same age. "This study represents an important step in understanding sex differences in the regulation of cardiovascular (心血管) function by the circadian clock," the researchers wrote.
32. What does the new research find?
A. Biological clock may protect males from heart disease.
B. Biological blood pressure rhythms in female mice acts normally.
C. Biological clock organizes bodily activities over a 24-hour period.
D. A gene controlling biological clock works differently between sexes.
33. What role can circadian clock play according to the text?
A. Helping males cure heart disease.
B. Helping blood pressure vary normally.
C. Contributing to abnormal variations in blood pressure.
D. Making up four main proteins regulating almost half of all genes.
34. Which word can best replace the underlined word “retained” in paragraph 3?
A. treated. B. warned. C. kept. D. watched.
35. What would be a suitable title for the text?
A. One clock gene is important B. Women may benefit from body clock
C. New study analyzes blood pressure rhythms D. Blood pressure of healthy humans dips at night
【答案】32. D 33. B 34. C 35. B
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了控制人体生物钟的基因在男性和女性中的作用不同，女性可能受益于生物钟。
32. D。细节理解题。根据第一段“New research suggests that a gene that governs the body’s biological (circadian) clock acts differently in males versus females and may protect females from heart disease.”（新的研究表明，控制人体生物钟（昼夜节律）的基因在男性和女性中的作用不同，可能保护女性免受心脏病的侵害。）可知，新的研究发现，控制生物钟的基因对于男性和女性的作用是不同的。故选D。
33. B。细节理解题。根据第二段“The body’s circadian clock-the biological clock that organizes bodily activities over a 24-hour period-contributes to normal variations in blood pressure and heart function over the course of the day.”（人体昼夜节律的在24小时内组织身体活动的生物钟有助于一天中血压和心脏功能的正常变化。）可知，生物钟有助于血压和心脏功能正常变化。故选B。
34. C。词句猜测题。根据第三段“Unlike the male mice in previous research, the females without PER1 showed normal dips in blood pressure overnight.”（与先前研究中的雄性小鼠不同，没有PER1的雌性小鼠在一夜之间血压正常下降。）可知，此句研究结果与前句表示对比，前句表示在低盐和高盐的饮食中，两组小鼠的血压保持明显的昼夜节律，推测划线单词表示“保持”，与kept同义。故选C。
35. B。主旨大意题。根据第一段“New research suggests that a gene that governs the body’s biological （circadian）clock acts differently in males versus females and may protect females from heart disease.”（新的研究表明，控制人体生物钟（昼夜节律）的基因在男性和女性中的作用不同，可能保护女性免受心脏病的侵害。）可知，生物钟可能保护女性免受心脏病的侵害，以及最后一段“The findings are consistent with research showing that women are less likely to be non-dippers than men of the same age.”（研究表明，女性比同龄男性更不可能成为非杓型。）可知，女性受到生物钟的影响，心脏和肾脏疾病风险可能更低，所以“女性可能受益于生物钟”可以作为文章标题。故选B。
Passage 2
体裁
话题
主题
建议时间
正确
说明文
人与自然
恢复鲸鱼数量有助于恢复海洋生态系统
7分钟
_____/4
By being able to nail for belle food, cuttlefish showed self-control that's linked to the higher intelligence. It was part of an experiment by Alex Schnell from the University of Cambridge and colleagues. “What surprised me most was the level of self-control shown by cuttlefish. ” she tells Weekend Edition.
The experiment was essentially a take on the classic “marshmallow” experiment from the1960s. In that experiment, young children were presented with one marshmallow and told that if they can resist eating it for several minutes, they will get two marshmallows. But if they eat it, that's all they get. The children who are able to delay gratification do better on tests and are more successful later in life.
To adapt the experiment for cuttlefish, the researchers first figured out the cuttlefish's favorite food: live grass shrimp; and their second-favorite food: a piece of king prawn. Instead of choosing one or two marshmallows, the cuttlefish had to choose either their favorite food or second-favorite food. Each of the food items were placed in clear chambers within their tank. One chamber would open immediately, while the other chamber would only open after a delay. It essentially tested whether they could resist the temptation （诱惑） of their second preference food and wait for their preferred food.
The cuttlefish learned to wait. “Animals like rats and pigeons find it difficult to resist temptation, only waiting for several seconds, ” Schnell says, “while animals such as chimpanzees and parrots show more advanced self-control and wail up to several minutes. And the cuttlefish in our study waited up to between 50 to 130 seconds. ”
Animals that are able to exercise self-control in this way have advantages. For example, animals can hide food to eat later. In cuttlefish, Schnell thinks the delayed gratification relates to their lifestyle. “Individuals who wait for better-quality prey could find food more efficiently and limit their exposure to predators. ”Schnell writes.
32. Why does the writer mention the experiment conducted in the 1960s?
A. To highlight the intelligence of humans.
B. To offer statistics to the experiment for cuttlefish.
C. To show the differences between humans and animals.
D. To provide supporting background information for the following experiment.
33. What can we learn about the experiment for cuttlefish from the passage?
A. The chamber with cuttlefish's favorite food wouldn’t open instantly.
B. The cuttlefish had to choose between the food they liked and the food they disliked.
C. Cuttlefish could not wait to eat their favourite food immediately.
D. The food were put at the same place for cuttlefish to choose from.
34. What can be inferred from the passage?
A. Cuttlefish is probably born with the ability to resist temptation.
B. It is a disadvantage for animals to exercise too much self-control.
C. Cuttlefish may be less intelligent than Chimpanzees.
D. We must take immediate measures to protect cuttlefish.
35. Where can we most probably read this text?
A. In a personal diary. B. In a travel magazine.
C. In a science report. D. In a geography textbook.
【参考答案】32. D 33. A 34. A 35. C
【解题导语】这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了乌贼在实验中所表现的与高智商相关的自我控制能力以及这种控制能力所具有的优势。
32.推理判断题。根据第三段“To adapt the experiment for cuttlefish, the researchers first figured out the cuttlefish's favorite food: live grass shrimp; and their second-favorite food: a piece of king prawn. Instead of choosing one or two marshmallows, the cuttlefish had to choose either their favorite food or second-favorite food. Each of the food items were placed in clear chambers within their tank. One chamber would open immediately, while the other chamber would only open after a delay. It essentially tested whether they could resist the temptation （诱惑） of their second preference food and wait for their preferred food.”(为了适应乌贼的实验，研究人员首先找出了乌贼最喜欢的食物:活草虾;他们第二喜欢的食物是：一片王虾。不是选择一两个棉花糖，墨鱼必须选择他们最喜欢的食物或第二喜欢的食物。每种食物都被放置在鱼缸内的透明容器中。一个容器将立即打开，而另一个容器则要经过一段时间才会打开。它测试它们是否可以抵制它们第二偏好的食物的诱惑，等待他们的首选食物。)可知，作者提到20世纪六十年代的“棉花糖”实验，是为了接下来介绍针对乌贼的实验，这个实验是基于“棉花糖”实验的一种演绎，所以作者是为了交代乌贼实验的背景。故选D项。
33.推理判断题题。根据第三段“Each of the food items were placed in clear chambers within their tank. One chamber would open immediately, while the other chamber would only open after a delay. It essentially tested whether they could resist the temptation （诱惑） of their second preference food and wait for their preferred food.”(每种食物都被放置在鱼缸内的透明容器中。一个容器将立即打开，而另一个容器则要经过一段时间才会打开。它测试他们是否可以抵制它们第二偏好的食物的诱惑，等待他们的首选食物。)可知，实验测试乌贼能否抵制其第二偏好的食物，去等待它们最喜欢的食物，可推断装有乌贼最喜欢食物的容器不会马上打开，而是需要等待。故选A项。
34.推理判断题。根据第三段“To adapt the experiment for cuttlefish, the researchers first figured out the cuttlefish's favorite food: live grass shrimp; and their second-favorite food: a piece of king prawn. Instead of choosing one or two marshmallows, the cuttlefish had to choose either their favorite food or second-favorite food. Each of the food items were placed in clear chambers within their tank. One chamber would open immediately, while the other chamber would only open after a delay. It essentially tested whether they could resist the temptation （诱惑） of their second preference food and wait for their preferred food.”(为了适应乌贼的实验，研究人员首先找出了乌贼最喜欢的食物:活草虾;他们第二喜欢的食物是：一片王虾。不是选择一两个棉花糖，墨鱼必须选择他们最喜欢的食物或第二喜欢的食物。每种食物都被放置在鱼缸内的透明容器中。一个容器将立即打开，而另一个容器则要经过一段时间才会打开。它测试他们是否可以抵制它们第二偏好的食物的诱惑，等待他们的首选食物。)可知，在测试乌贼的控制力的实验中，科学家们并没有针对乌贼做任何的训练，可推断乌贼在实验中所表现出的自我控制能力是乌贼本身所具备的，很大可能是与生俱来的。故选A项。
35.推理判断题。根据第一段“By being able to nail for belle food, cuttlefish showed self-control that's linked to the higher intelligence. It was part of an experiment by Alex Schnell from the University of Cambridge and colleagues. “What surprised me most was the level of self-control shown by cuttlefish. ” she tells Weekend Edition.”(通过捕捉到美丽的食物，乌贼表现出了与高智商相关的自我控制能力。这是剑桥大学的Alex Schnell和他的同事进行的实验的一部分。“最让我惊讶的是墨鱼表现出来的自我控制水平。她告诉《周末版》。)及后文的说明可知，文章主要通过科学家的实验，包括实验过程的把控及实验数据的分析，得出了乌贼具有良好的自控能力这样一个实验结果，可推断这篇文章来源于一份科学报告。故选C项。
Passage 3
体裁
话题
主题
建议时间
正确
议论文
人与社会
论述怀疑和科学的密切关系
7分钟
_____/4
The confidence people place in science is frequently based not on what it really is, but on what people would like it to be. When I asked my students how they would define science, many of them replied that it’s an objective way of discovering certainties about the world. But science cannot provide certainties.
Actually, doubt and science often go hand in hand. Science, when properly functioning, questions accepted understandings and brings both new knowledge and new questions —not certainty. Doubt does not create trust, nor does it help public understanding. So why should people trust a process that seems to require a troublesome state of uncertainty without always providing solid solutions?
As a historian of science, I would argue that it’s the responsibility of scientists and historians of science to show that the real power of science lies precisely in what is often regarded as its weakness: its drive to question and challenge accepted understandings. Indeed, the scientific approach requires changing our understanding of the natural world whenever new evidence arises from either experimentation or observation. Scientific findings are temporary understandings that involve the state of knowledge at a given moment. In the long run, many of them are challenged and even overturned. Doubt might be troubling, but it pushes us towards a better understanding. Certainties, reassuringas they may seem, prevent the scientific process.
Scientists understand this, but in the dynamic between the public and science, there are two opposite misconceptions (误解). The first is a form of blind scientism—a belief that science is unquestionable and has the capacity to solve all problems. Such an idealized representation actually ignores the universal existence of controversy, conflict and error at the very heart of the scientific world.
32. What’s the real power of science according to the author?
A. It provides solid solutions. B. It defends accepted understandings.
C. It discovers certainties about the world. D. It keeps bringing questions and challenges.
33. What does the underlined word “reassuring” probably mean?
A. Disappointing. B. Surprising. C. Comforting. D. Challenging.
34. What may be the belief of the second misconception?
A. Science is unchallengeable and a cure-all. B. Science is unreliable and of little use.
C. Science is objective but impractical. D. Science is doubtful but useful.
35. What can be the best title for the text?
A. Why Is Doubt Vital to Science? B. Why Should We Trust Scientists?
C. What Is the Weakness of Science? D. What Is Scientists’ Responsibility?
【答案】32. D 33. C 34. B 35. A
【解题导语】本文是一篇议论文，主要论述的是怀疑和科学的密切关系。
32. D。细节理解题。根据第三段的“As a historian of science, I would argue that it’s the responsibility of scientists and historians of science to show that the real power of science lies precisely in what is often regarded as its weakness: its drive to question and challenge accepted understandings.(作为一名科学历史学家，我认为，科学家和科学历史学家有责任证明，科学的真正力量恰恰在于通常被认为是它的弱点的东西：它对已被接受的认识提出质疑和挑战的动力。)”可知，作者认为科学的真正力量是它不断带来问题和挑战。故选D。
33. C。词句猜测题。根据第三段的“Doubt might be troubling, but it pushes us towards a better understanding.(怀疑可能令人不安，但它推动我们更好地理解。)”可知，怀疑令人不安，那么确定性就让人放心，划线词reassuring的意思是“令人安心的”，和comforting意思相近，故选C。
34. B。推理判断题。根据最后一段的“Scientists understand this, but in the dynamic between the public and science, there are two opposite misconceptions (误解). The first is a form of blind scientism—a belief that science is unquestionable and has the capacity to solve all problems.(科学家们理解这一点，但在公众和科学之间的动态中，存在两种相反的误解。第一种是一种盲目的科学家主义——相信科学是不容置疑的，并且有能力解决所有问题。)”可知，第一种误解是科学能解决所有问题，那么第二种和第一种完全相反，因此第二种是认为科学完全没有用，不可靠，即Science is unreliable and of little use。故选B。
35. A。主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其是第二段的“Actually, doubt and science often go hand in hand.(事实上，怀疑和科学经常结伴而行。)”可知，本文主要讲的是怀疑对科学很关键，A选项“Why Is Doubt Vital to Science?(为什么怀疑对科学至关重要？)”概括了本文内容，是最好的标题，故选A。
Passage 4
体裁
话题
主题
建议时间
正确
议论文
人与社会
论述怀疑和科学的密切关系
7分钟
_____/4
Even when communing with nature we depend on technology for help — but then, so did Thoreau (梭罗) at Walden Pond (瓦尔登湖).
Walking in the same woods yesterday, I let myself wander at random, communing with nature.
I took in beautiful scenery near and far thanks to my progressive-lens eyeglasses. Occasionally I’d pull out my smartphone to take pictures on anything interesting. I recorded an inner monologue with a background of all sounds of the forest. At times, I consulted my smart watch to check on my heartbeat, mileage and calorie burn. Eventually I realized I was quite lost. Not a problem of course. Online maps came to my rescue.
But something bothered me. In what I’d intended as a nature experience, here I was using very high technology to help myself out. This insight triggered a reconsideration of everything that happened during my “nature walk,” which had been technologically enhanced every step of the way. I’d been functioning as a man-machine combination: a cyborg.
What would the true naturalist Thoreau think of that? My first thought was that he’d be shocked. But later I did some research. Thoreau enjoyed what his spyglass discovered, like this eagle from his journal:
Lying on the ground with my glass, I could watch him very easily … till I almost lost him in the clouds … I think I have got the worth of my glass now that it has revealed to me the white-headed eagle.
Famously, Thoreau always set out equipped with a walking stick, which he used not only for support but also to take measurements of water and snow levels. His hat was also a tool, which he called his “botany-box.” And he was prepared even with needles and thread, so when coming out of the woods, he was “the best dressed.” Clearly, Thoreau was a bit of a cyborg himself.
Thinking more deeply, I realized we’ve come a long way from our hunter-gatherer ancestors, who walked from necessity and relied on nature’s gift. Cyborgs are us.
32. What is the purpose of the text?
A. To recommend Thoreau’s book Walden Pond.
B. To argue that humans have developed into cyborgs.
C. To share the reflections on man’s reliance on nature.
D. To question whether people are technology-dependent.
33. Which picture best illustrates a cyborg in the author’s eye?
A. B.
C. D.
34. Why does the author quote Thoreau’s journal?
A. To introduce a literary work on nature.
B. To explain how to prepare for a nature walk.
C. To prove that even naturalists use technology.
D. To describe the natural beauty Thoreau enjoyed.
35. What is the author’s attitude towards being a cyborg?
A. Favorable. B. Intolerant. C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.
【参考答案】32. B 33. C 34. C 35. A
【解题导语】这是一篇议论文。作者通过分析我们人类对技术的依赖，并引用自然学家梭罗的事例，说明了我们人类已进化成半机械人。
32. B。推理判断题。根据文章第一段“Even when communing with nature we depend on technology for help — but then, so did Thoreau (梭罗) at Walden Pond (瓦尔登湖).(即使在与自然交流时，我们也依赖技术来帮助——但是，沃尔登湖的梭罗也是如此)”可知，我们都是依赖技术的，自然学家梭罗也是如此；再根据文章最后一段“Thinking more deeply, I realized we’ve come a long way from our hunter-gatherer ancestors, who walked from necessity and relied on nature’s gift. Cyborgs are us.(更深入地思考，我意识到我们已经从狩猎采集的祖先那里走了很长一段路，他们从需要出发，依靠大自然的恩赐。半机械人就是我们)”可推知，本文的目的是为了说明人类已经进化为半机械人。故选B。
33. C。推理判断题。根据文章第四段“This insight triggered a reconsideration of everything that happened during my “nature walk”，which had been technologically enhanced every step of the way. I’d been functioning as a man-machine combination: a cyborg.(这一见解引发了我对“自然漫步”中发生的一切的重新思考，“自然漫步”的每一步都得到了技术的强化。我一直扮演着人机结合的角色:一个半机械人)”可知，作者眼中的半机械人应该是人机结合，选项C的图片中即有人又有机器，符合题意。故选C。
34. C。推理判断题。根据文章第五段“But later I did some research. Thoreau enjoyed what his spyglass discovered, like this eagle from his journal(但后来我做了一些研究。梭罗喜欢望远镜的发现，就像日记里的这只鹰)”和第六段“I think I have got the worth of my glass now that it has revealed to me the white-headed eagle.(我想我已经得到了我的望远镜的价值，因为它让我看到了白头鹰)”可知，自然学家梭罗是肯定了望远镜的作用，所以作者引用梭罗的日记是为了证明即使是自然学家也会使用科技。故选C。
35. A。推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“Thinking more deeply, I realized we’ve come a long way from our hunter-gatherer ancestors, who walked from necessity and relied on nature’s gift. Cyborgs are us.(更深入地思考，我意识到我们已经从狩猎采集的祖先那里走了很长一段路，他们从需要出发，依靠大自然的恩赐。半机械人就是我们)”可知，作者对半机械化人的态度是赞成的。故选A。
Passage 5
体裁
话题
主题
建议时间
正确
议论文
人与社会
论述怀疑和科学的密切关系
7分钟
_____/4
To persist, life must reproduce. Scientists at the University of Vermont, Tufts University, and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University have discovered an entirely new form of biological reproduction and applied their discovery to create the first-ever, self-replicating (自我复制的) living robots.
Named Xenobots after the African clawed frog from which scientists take their stem cells, the machines are less than 0.04 inches wide-small enough to travel inside human bodies. They can walk and swim, survive for weeks without food,and work together in groups. They even have regenerative capabilities; when the scientists sliced into one robot, it healed by itself and kept moving.
The Xenobots could potentially be used toward a host of tasks. Xenobots could be used to clean up radioactive waste and collect microplastics in the oceans. Some Xenobots had holes in their center, which could potentially be used to transport drugs or medicines. Traditional robots “degrade (降解) over time and can produce harmful ecological and health side effects,” researchers said in the study, which was published in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences. As biological machines, Xenobots are more environmentally friendly and safer for human health. Aside from these immediate practical tasks, Xenobots could also help researchers to learn more about cell biology — opening the doors to future advancement in human health and longevity.
While the prospect of self-replicating biotechnology could spark concern, the researchers said that the living machines were entirely contained in a lab and easily destroyed, as they are biodegradable and regulated by experts. “There are many things that are possible if we take advantage of this kind of plasticity (可塑性) and ability of cells to solve problems,” said Joshua Bongard, one of the lead researchers at the University of Vermont.
32. Which of the following best explains “regenerative” underlined in paragraph 2?
A. Fighting disease. B. Replacing old cells.
C. Self-cleaning regularly. D. Recovering and growing again.
33. What can we learn about Xenobots from paragraph 3?
A. They can be widely applied to curing diseases.
B. They can serve well the research on human health.
C. They are specially designed to collect radioactive waste.
D. They are harmless to the environment by degrading plastics.
34. What is Bongar’s attitude towards the self-replicating biotechnology?
A. Positive. B. Doubtful.
C. Indifferent. D. Ambiguous.
35. What does the text mainly talk about?
A. An experiment on African clawed frogs.
B. The trend of developing biotechnology.
C. An application of a machine in medicine.
D. The invention of the first self-reproduction robots.
【答案】32. D 33. B 34. A 35. D
【解题导语】这是一篇议论文。文章主要介绍有史以来第一个可以自我复制、有生命的机器人。
32. D。词句猜测题。根据第二段“when the scientists sliced into one robot, it healed by itself and kept moving.”(当科学家切开一个机器人时，它会自动愈合并继续成长。)可知，机器人有自我愈合和修复功能，根据“heal itself”可猜测regenerative的意思是“再生的”，因此，D项“恢复后再次生长”，符合题意。故选D。
33. B。细节理解题。根据第三段“Aside from these immediate practical tasks, Xenobots could also help researchers to learn more about cell biology-- opening the doors to future advancement in human health and longevity.”(除了这些直接的实际任务外，Xenobots还可以帮助研究人员更多地了解细胞生物学，为人类健康和长寿的未来进步打开大门。)以及上文提到Xenobots是环境友好型机器人，有利于保护人类健康，可知，Xenobots可以很好地服务于人类健康的研究。故选B。
34. A。推理判断题。根据最后一段“ “There are many things that are possible if we take advantage of this kind of plasticity (可塑性) and ability of cells to solve problems’, said Joshua Bongard, one of the lead researchers at the university of Vermont. ”(佛蒙特大学的首席研究员之一的Joshua Bongard说：“如果我们利用这种可塑性和细胞解决问题的能力，有很多事情是可能的”。)可知，Joshua Bongard对自我复制生物技术是积极乐观的态度，故选A。
35. D。主旨大意题。根据第一段“Scientists at the University of Vermont, Tufts University, and the Wyss Institute for Biologically Inspired Engineering at Harvard University have discovered an entirely new form of biological reproduction and applied their discovery to create the first-ever, self-replicating (自我复制的) living robots. ”(佛蒙特大学、塔夫茨大学和哈佛大学怀斯生物启发工程研究所的科学家们发现了一种全新的生物繁殖形式，并运用他们的发现创造了有史以来第一个可以自我复制的，有生命的机器人。)”以及通过阅读文章第一二段可知，科学家利用青蛙的干细胞创造了一个有生命的、自我修复的机器人。由此文章的主题是第一个可以自我复制的机器人的发明，故选D。