押全国乙卷第28--31题：阅读理解C篇说明文-备战2022年高考英语临考题号押题（全国乙卷）

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押全国卷（乙卷）第28—31题
阅读理解C篇说明文

一．命题特点
1.文体上，A篇基本固定为应用文，另外三篇以说明文和记叙文为主，议论文为辅；
2.题型上，以细节理解题和推理判断题为主，兼顾词义猜测题和主旨大意题。其中细节理解题相对简单，而其他三种题型相对较难，且推理判断题难度会适当加大。
二．命题规律
阅读理解具有英语语言独有的文化特征，选材体裁多样、内容丰富、贴近生活、时代性强，包含信息量大，要求考生快速阅读并能从中获取有用信息并加以处理做出正确选择。

说明文阅读方式
一．读文方式
(一)问题→文章→问题　先看问题，然后带着问题去读文章，再答题。这种方式能够节省答题时间，针对性强，适用于解答细节性和事实性的题目。
(二)文章→问题→文章　粗读文章，然后看题目，再精读来答题。这种方式有利于把握文章主旨及作者的观点意图，对文章理解度较深，但速度较慢。
上面两种读文方式无优劣之别，一旦选择了适合考生自身的方式，就要持之以恒。
二．化解生词
在此，我们首先强调考生必须要注意词汇的积累，因为它是提高阅读水平最基础也是最重要的一步。但一般来说，在文章中总会碰到一些生词，这也符合《考试大纲》(允许出现3%的超纲词)的要求。对于生词我们一般可通过以下三种方式来破解：
1．跳过无关紧要的词
高考的阅读理解中出现的生词有相当大的一部分是没必要精准知道词义的，它的具体含义对文章或基本句意的理解不会有什么影响。如，同时出现的几个首字母大写的单词，很可能是专有名词，只需知道它是某个名称即可；再如，斜体的单词很可能是某书、电影等的名称或某个专业术语，只需知道它代表何物即可。对于类似这样的词汇，考生不必过多纠缠，跳过便是。我们建议考生在平时练习时，要加强对生词的容忍度并进行跳过技巧的训练，这样临场时才能保证做题的速度和准确率。
2．猜测有影响的词
阅读中有些生词对文章理解至关重要，必须要知道它的准确含义，这类词通常是“词义猜测”类试题的设题重点。对于它的破解我们会在下文“第4讲 词义猜测类”中具体阐述。
3．拆分长难句
阅读中出现的长难句经常是考生对文章理解的障碍，这是因为它一方面结构复杂，经常多种从句套用，另一方面是因为它分隔现象比较普遍，常将从句隔离开，有时还出现省略、倒装、虚拟等特殊句式用法，这些无疑都增加了理解的难度。长难句的破解关键在于要能找出句子的主干成分，分清从属成分。即将“枝叶”——介词短语、插入语、定语(从句)、状语(从句)、同位语(从句)、非谓语等去掉，留下的便是“主干”。
[典例]　Rachel Liang (梁文音), a Taiwanese singer, who once competed in a series of Taiwanese singing contests, such as the Blackie Show (《我爱黑涩会》), and One Million Stars (《超级星光大道》), rose to fame while playing Kojima Tomoko (友子) in the Taiwanese block Cape No.7 (《海角七号》)．
：同位语(a Taiwanese singer)，定语从句(who once competed in a series of Taiwanese singing contests, such as the Blackie Show, and One Million Stars)，状语从句的省略(while playing Kojima Tomoko in the Taiwanese block Cape No.7)；
：Rachel Liang rose to fame. (S＋V)梁文音成名了。
梁文音何许人也(同位语)，经历如何(定语从句)，什么节目中成名(状语从句的省略)。
三．阅读侧重点
1．首尾处
高考中的阅读理解尤其是说明文和议论文，文章的结构层次都非常规范，逻辑性都很强，这类文章的首尾段经常是文章的主旨要义，而每段的首尾句经常又是该段落的主题句。正因如此这些地方也就理所当然地成为了命题的重点所在。
2．转折处
文章中的转折处经常是体现作者观点或文章主题的地方，考生看到这些地方要重点关注并做上标记，以便做题时查找。常见的转折词语有：but, however, yet, still, in fact, as a matter of fact, on the contrary等。
3．对比处
文章中作者经常将两个事物、事实或观点进行对比，以论证自己观点的正确性，而命题者常将针对双方的属性进行设题，此类试题多是推理判断题。常见的表示对比的标志性词语有：unlike, by contrast, (be) compared with, in comparison等。
4．举例处
一般情况下在议论文和说明文中，作者都会通过例证的方式来说明某事物的功能作用或论证某种观点，这些地方通常是设题的热点区域。考生要牢记一般举例的前后处即为该例子的论点，找到了论点也就找到了根源，做题也就有了依据。常见的标志性词语有：like, such as, for example, for instance, take ... as an example等。
5．因果处
因果关系阐明了两事物的内在联系，是作者进行分析或得出结论的地方。正因如此，命题者对这些地方非常青睐，通常命题者会将因果颠倒去迷惑考生。常见的词语有：because, for, since, as, so, thus, therefore, consequently, cause, because of, due to, thanks to, as a result (of), result in/from, lead to等。需要注意的是，有时候文章中虽未出现表示因果关系的词语，但在逻辑上存在此种关系，此时考生就要根据实际情况去进行推理判断，理清逻辑。
6．特殊标点处
文章的特殊标点符号处通常是作者表达特殊意图的地方，也是命题者经常设题处。因此，考生要对下列特殊标点符号格外留心：①破折号，其后的内容通常为对前面内容的解释说明或补充，用来表明此处信息至关重要。但两个破折号的作用通常为插入语，一般不会是重点信息所在；②冒号，主要用来对前面内容进行解释或总结。一般情况下，出现冒号考生重点关注冒号后的内容即可；③括号，考生需要注意的是英文中的括号不同于中文的用法，中文里可跳过，但英文必须要认真阅读。因为英文括号里的内容通常用来解释或强调括号前的内容，是重点信息所在处。
7．结论处
当文章中出现the research/study indicates, the report suggests等结论性表达时，考生要格外注意。因为命题者通常不考查实验或研究的过程，却关注其结果或结论，而这些地方恰恰是表达结果或结论的所在。
8．观点处
文章的作者及文章中提到的相关人员对某人或事物表达的观点态度通常会是命题的重点区域。做题时要注意doubt, appreciate, hate, be against/for, in favor of等词语。
说明文常见题型破解
1 文体特点推断写作意图
解题指导　
1.记叙文：通常会在首段或尾段出现高度概括性语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有叙述都围绕该哲理展开；
2.应用文：文章常对某事物或服务进行详细介绍，使用具有明显倾向性的语言；3.说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，故应找准主题句；
4.议论文：一般开头提出某论点，中间进行论证，最后得出结论，写作意图常隐含于最后一部分中。
[典例]　（2021年全国高考乙卷英语试题） You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
11．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety
B．Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C．Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D．Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
解析 D 标题判断题。通读全文，结合第一段“But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.(但一根塑料吸管或一个塑料杯真的有什么区别吗？艺术家本杰明·冯·王(Benjamin Von Wong)想让你知道，它确实如此。他用塑料垃圾建造巨大的雕塑，迫使观众重新审视他们与一次性塑料产品的关系。)”和倒数第二段“In a piece form 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate(说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped(倾倒) from a truck all at once.(在2018年的一个作品中，冯·王(Von Wong)想要说明一个具体的统计数字：每60秒，就有一卡车塑料进入海洋。这项名为“一卡车塑料”的作品，冯·王和一组志愿者收集了一万多块塑料，然后把它们绑在一起，让它们看起来像是同时从卡车上倾倒下来的。)”可知艺术家本杰明·冯·王(Benjamin Von Wong)通过利用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑的方法来提示人们重新思考与一次性塑料的关系，唤醒和提高人们循环利用的意识，促进环保的发展。由此可知，D项“海洋塑料变成雕塑”符合文章主旨，适合作为标题。故选D项。
2 逻辑分析推断隐含意义
解题指导　
1.抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围后，要善于抓住关键信息去分析判断；
2.整合全文/段信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文或全段的基础上，整合与题目相关的有效信息去进行综合推断，才能确定最佳选项。无论哪种推断形式必须以文章所提供的事实内容为依据，切忌凭空想象。
[典例]　(2019·全国卷Ⅰ·C篇)
As data and identity theft becomes more and more common, the market is growing for biometric (生物测量) technologies—like fingerprint scans—to keep others out of private e－spaces. At present, these technologies are still expensive, though.
Researchers from Georgia Tech say that they have come up with a low－cost device (装置) that gets around this problem：a smart keyboard. This smart keyboard precisely measures the cadence (节奏) with which one types and the pressure fingers apply to each key. The keyboard could offer a strong layer of security by analyzing things like the force of a user's typing and the time between key presses. These patterns are unique to each person. Thus, the keyboard can determine people's identities, and by extension, whether they should be given access to the computer it's connected to—regardless of whether someone gets the password right.
It also doesn't require a new type of technology that people aren't already familiar with. Everybody uses a keyboard and everybody types differently.
In a study describing the technology, the researchers had 100 volunteers type the word “touch” four times using the smart keyboard. Data collected from the device could be used to recognize different participants based on how they typed, with very low error rates. The researchers say that the keyboard should be pretty straightforward to commercialize and is mostly made of inexpensive, plastic－like parts. The team hopes to make it to market in the near future.
28．Why do the researchers develop the smart keyboard?
A．To reduce pressure on keys.
B．To improve accuracy in typing.
C．To replace the password system.
D．To cut the cost of e－space protection.
29．What makes the invention of the smart keyboard possible?
A．Computers are much easier to operate.
B．Fingerprint scanning techniques develop fast.
C．Typing patterns vary from person to person.
D．Data security measures are guaranteed.
3 忠于措辞推断观点态度
解题指导　
1.注意作者或文中人物的措辞：①分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点；②留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中；③结合英语国家的文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断；
2.牢记观点态度的常见词语：①支持肯定：positive(积极的)、supportive(支持的)、optimistic(乐观的)、humorous(幽默的)、enthusiastic(热情的)、pleasant(愉快的)；②中立：neutral(中立的)、objective(客观的)、not mentioned(未提及的)、uninterested(不感兴趣的)、indifferent(漠不关心的)；③否定反对：negative(否定消极的)、suspicious/skeptical(怀疑的)、disgusted(憎恶的)、critical(批评的)、disappointed(失望的)、disapproving(不赞成的)。
[典例]　（2021年全国高考新高考I卷英语试题）
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
1．What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A．Favorable. B．Intolerant.
C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.
4 语言特色推断出处
解题指导
1.广告：语言简洁鲜明，有亮点；
2.报刊：时事性强，分不同板块，高考中常以政治、生活为主；
3.杂志：覆盖生活各个层面，更贴近幕后，更贴近生活；
4.产品说明书：对某产品的功能特色及操作方式等做出介绍；
5.药品说明：说明药品的服用时间、次数、药量、禁忌等；
6.网络：文体不限，找到click here, download, upload, link, mouse, surf等网络标志语。
[典例]　 (2021·安徽皖北高三联考·C篇)
About 1.5 billion people speak English around the world. But for more than 1.1 billion of them, English is their second language—often with a noticeable accent.
“Someone's accent really reveals a lot about who they are and their identity. It will tell people what their native language is and probably where they come from，” says Marc Pell, a communications professor at McGill University in Montreal. And according to Pell, one reaction to it can be a bias (偏见) against that person.
Previous research that has been done elsewhere showed that people who have an accent tend to be trusted less, simply because they have an accent. But accents aren't the only thing we listen for when we have to decide if we trust another person. Tone of voice also plays a role. Pell and his team wanted to know if people would trust a confident tone, even if it came from someone with an accent.
The researchers had Canadian English speakers listen to different versions of people saying neutral (无明显特性的) statements like “she has access to the building” while they were getting a brain scan in an MRI (磁共振成像) machine. Subjects heard someone say it with a confident tone with a Canadian English accent, an Australian accent or a French accent. Participants also heard the sentence with the three accents spoken in a doubtful or neutral tone.
The MRI scans showed that the participants had to use more brain power to decide if they could trust the statements said with the non­native accents. When the study participants heard the Australian or French accents, blood flow increased to the part of the brain that we use to process sound. They seemed to have to analyze that perhaps more carefully, or for a longer period of time to make this decision about whether they truly believed the speaker, especially when the speaker sounded doubtful. When asked, the participants reported not trusting either Australian or French accents—except when the statements were said confidently. It seems that confidence speaks for itself.
31．Where does this text most probably come from?
A．A research plan.
B．A health magazine.
C．An academic journal.
D．A language­learning guide.
5 写作思路推断文章结构
解题指导　
1.了解常见写作手法：按事件发展的顺序；按时间顺序；按地点或空间顺序；按内容总分关系；按人物活动内容；
2.把握写作思路：在理解全文的基础上对所描述的事件的发展顺序、所说明事物的结构层次或论证过程中使用的论证方法进行推理判断和分析总结时，准确把握作者的写作思路尤为重要。
[典例]　(2016·四川高考·D篇)
A warm drink of milk before bed has long been the best choice for those wanting a good night's sleep. But now a study has found it really does help people nod off—if it is milked from a cow at night.
Researchers have discovered that “night milk” contains more melatonin (褪黑激素), which has been proven to help people feel sleepy and reduce anxiety.
The study, by researchers from Seoul, South Korea, involved mice being fed with dried milk powder made from cows milked both during the day and at night.
...
Previous studies have also indicated that milk can be excellent for helping sleep because of the calcium content, which helps people to relax.
35．How does the author support the theme of the text?
A．By giving examples.
B．By stating arguments.
C．By explaining statistical data.
D．By providing research results.

Passage 1（2021 •全国乙卷•第24—27题）
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了澳大利亚使用固定电话的情况，并且表达了固定电话是非必需品的观点。
When almost everyone has a mobile phone, why are more than half of Australian homes still paying for a landline（座机）?
These days you’d be hard pressed to find anyone in Australia over the age of 15 who doesn’t own a mobile phone. In fact plenty of younger kids have one in their pocket. Practically everyone can make and receive calls anywhere, anytime.
Still, 55 percent of Australians have a landline phone at home and only just over a quarter （29%） rely only on their smartphones according to a survey （调查）. Of those Australians who still have a landline, a third concede that it’s not really necessary and they’re keeping it as a security blanket — 19 percent say they never use it while a further 13 percent keep it in case of emergencies. I think my home falls into that category.
More than half of Australian homes are still choosing to stick with their home phone. Age is naturally a factor（因素）— only 58 percent of Generation Ys still use landlines now and then, compared to 84 percent of Baby Boomers who’ve perhaps had the same home number for 50 years. Age isn’t the only factor; I’d say it’s also to do with the makeup of your household.
Generation Xers with young families, like my wife and I, can still find it convenient to have a home phone rather than providing a mobile phone for every family member. That said, to be honest the only people who ever ring our home phone are our Baby Boomers parents, to the point where we play a game and guess who is calling before we pick up the phone（using Caller ID would take the fun out of it）.
How attached are you to your landline? How long until they go the way of gas street lamps and morning milk deliveries?
24．What does paragraph 2 mainly tell us about mobile phones?
A．Their target users. B．Their wide popularity.
C．Their major functions. D．Their complex design.
25．What does the underlined word “concede” in paragraph 3 mean?
A．Admit. B．Argue.
C．Remember. D．Remark.
26．What can we say about Baby Boomers?
A．They like smartphone games. B．They enjoy guessing callers’ identity.
C．They keep using landline phones. D．They are attached to their family.
27．What can be inferred about the landline from the last paragraph?
A．It remains a family necessity.
B．It will fall out of use some day.
C．It may increase daily expenses.
D．It is as important as the gas light.
Passage2（2021 •全国乙卷•第28—31题）
这是一篇说明文。短文介绍了重新阅读的意义和益处并向读者介绍了作者每年重读的三本书。作者鼓励读者去重新阅读书籍。
You’ve heard that plastic is polluting the oceans — between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re-examine their relationship to single-use plastic products.
At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse,” a pair of 10-foot-tall plastic waves, frozen mid-crash. Made of 168,000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.
Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source（来源）of plastic pollution, but they’ve recently come under fire because most people don’t need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that’s part of Von Wong’s artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.
In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate（说明） a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload’s worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic,” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10,000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they’d been dumped（倾倒） from a truck all at once.
Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.
28．What are Von Wong’s artworks intended for?
A．Beautifying the city he lives in. B．Introducing eco-friendly products.
C．Drawing public attention to plastic waste. D．Reducing garbage on the beach.
29．Why does the author discuss plastic straws in paragraph 3?
A．To show the difficulty of their recycling.
B．To explain why they are useful.
C．To voice his views on modern art.
D．To find a substitute for them.
30．What effect would “Truckload of Plastic” have on viewers?
A．Calming. B．Disturbing.
C．Refreshing. D．Challenging.
31．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Artists’ Opinions on Plastic Safety
B．Media Interest in Contemporary Art
C．Responsibility Demanded of Big Companies
D．Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures
Passage 3（2021 •全国乙卷•第32—35题）
During an interview for one of my books, my interviewer said something I still think about often. Annoyed by the level of distraction（干扰）in his open office, he said, “That’s why I have a membership at the coworking space across the street — so I can focus”. His comment struck me as strange. After all, coworking spaces also typically use an open office layout（布局）. But I recently came across a study that shows why his approach works.
The researchers examined various levels of noise on participants as they completed tests of creative thinking. They were randomly divided into four groups and exposed to various noise levels in the background, from total silence to 50 decibels（分贝）, 70 decibels, and 85 decibels. The differences between most of the groups were statistically insignificant; however, the participants in the 70 decibels group — those exposed to a level of noise similar to background chatter in a coffee shop — significantly outperformed the other groups. Since the effects were small, this may suggest that our creative thinking does not differ that much in response to total silence and 85 decibels of background noise.
But since the results at 70 decibels were significant, the study also suggests that the right level of background noise — not too loud and not total silence — may actually improve one’s creative thinking ability. The right level of background noise may interrupt our normal patterns of thinking just enough to allow our imaginations to wander, without making it impossible to focus. This kind of “distracted focus” appears to be the best state for working on creative tasks.
So why do so many of us hate our open offices? The problem may be that, in our offices, we can’t stop ourselves from getting drawn into others’ conversations while we’re trying to focus. Indeed, the researchers found that face-to-face interactions and conversations affect the creative process, and yet a coworking space or a coffee shop provides a certain level of noise while also providing freedom from interruptions.
32．Why does the interviewer prefer a coworking space?
A．It helps him concentrate. B．It blocks out background noise.
C．It has a pleasant atmosphere. D．It encourages face-to-face interactions.
33．Which level of background noise may promote creative thinking ability?
A．Total silence. B．50 decibels C．70 decibels. D．8 5 decibels.
34．What makes an open office unwelcome to many people?
A．Personal privacy unprotected. B．Limited working space.
C．Restrictions on group discussion. D．Constant interruptions.
35．What can we infer about the author from the text?
A．He’s a news reporter.
B．He’s an office manager.
C．He’s a professional designer.
D．He’s a published writer.
Passage 4（2021 •全国新高考全国Ⅰ卷•第32—35题）
Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional (情感的) intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.
We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.
Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis (重视) on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.
Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.
32．What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?
A．It can be measured by an IQ test. B．It helps to exercise a person’s mind.
C．It includes a set of emotional skills. D．It refers to a person’s positive qualities.
33．Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?
A．To explain a rule. B．To clarify a concept.
C．To present a fact. D．To make a prediction.
34．What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?
A．Favorable. B．Intolerant.
C．Doubtful. D．Unclear.
35．What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?
A．Its appeal to the public. B．Expectations for future studies.
C．Its practical application. D．Scientists with new perspectives.
Passage 5（2021 •全国新高考全国Ⅱ卷•第32—35题）
An Australian professor is developing a robot to monitor the health of grazing cattle, a development that could bring big changes to a profession that's relied largely on a low-tech approach for decades but is facing a labor shortage.
Salah Sukkarieh, a professor at the University of Sydney, sees robots as necessary given how cattlemen are aging. He is building a four-wheeled robot that will run on solar and electric power. It will use cameras and sensors to monitor the animals. A computer system will analyze the video to determine whether a cow is sick. Radio tags (标签) on the animals will measure temperature changes. The quality of grassland will be tracked by monitoring the shape, color and texture (质地) of grass. That way, cattlemen will know whether they need to move their cattle to another field for nutrition purposes.
Machines have largely taken over planting, watering and harvesting crops such as com and wheat, but the monitoring of cattle has gone through fewer changes.
For Texas cattleman Pete Bonds, it's increasingly difficult to find workers interested in watching cattle. But Bonds doesn't believe a robot is right for the job. Years of experience in the industry - and failed attempts to use technology - have convinced him that the best way to check cattle is with a man on a horse. Bonds, who bought his first cattle almost 50 years ago, still has each of his cowboys inspect 300 or 400 cattle daily and look for signs that an animal is getting sick.
Other cattlemen see more promise in robots. Michael Kelsey Paris, vice president of the Oklahoma Cattlemen's Association, said a robot could be extremely useful given rising concerns about cattle theft. Cattle tend to be kept in remote places and their value has risen, making them appealing targets.
32．What is a problem with the cattle-raising industry?
A．Soil pollution. B．Lack of workers.
C．Aging machines. D．Low profitability.
33．What will Sukkarieh's robot be able to do?
A．Monitor the quality of grass. B．Cure the diseased cattle.
C．Move cattle to another field. D．Predict weather changes.
34．Why does Pete Bonds still hire cowboys to watch cattle?
A．He wants to help them earn a living. B．He thinks men can do the job better.
C．He is inexperienced in using robots. D．He enjoys the traditional way of life.
35．How may robots help with cattle watching according to Michael Kelsey?
A．Increase the value of cattle. B．Bring down the cost of labor.
C．Make the job more appealing. D．Keep cattle from being stolen.
Passage 6（2020 •全国Ⅰ卷•第28—31题）
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
28．Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?
A．They must run long distances.
B．They are qualified for the marathon.
C．They have to follow special rules.
D．They are good at swinging their legs.
29．What advantage does race walking have over running?
A．It’s more popular at the Olympics.
B．It’s less challenging physically.
C．It’s more effective in body building.
D．It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
30．What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking?
A．Getting experts’ opinions.
B．Having a medical checkup.
C．Hiring an experienced coach.
D．Doing regular exercises.
31．Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?
A．Skeptical. B．Objective.
C．Tolerant. D．Conservative.
Passage 1（2020 •全国Ⅰ卷•第24—27题）
Returning to a book you’ve read many times can feel like drinks with an old friend. There’s a welcome familiarity - but also sometimes a slight suspicion that time has changed you both, and thus the relationship. But books don’t change, people do. And that’s what makes the act of rereading so rich and transformative.
The beauty of rereading lies in the idea that our bond with the work is based on our present mental register. It’s true, the older I get, the more I feel time has wings. But with reading, it’s all about the present. It’s about the now and what one contributes to the now, because reading is a give and take between author and reader. Each has to pull their own weight.
There are three books I reread annually .The first, which I take to reading every spring is Emest Hemningway’s A Moveable Feast. Published in 1964, it’s his classic memoir of 1920s Paris. The language is almost intoxicating (令人陶醉的)，an aging writer looking back on an ambitious yet simpler time. Another is Annie Dillard’s Holy the Firm, her poetic 1975 ramble (随笔) about everything and nothing. The third book is Julio Cortazar’s Save Twilight: Selected Poems, because poetry. And because Cortazar.
While I tend to buy a lot of books, these three were given to me as gifs, which might add to the meaning I attach to them. But I imagine that, while money is indeed wonderful and necessary, rereading an author’s work is the highest currency a reader can pay them. The best books are the ones that open further as time passes. But remember, it’s you that has to grow and read and reread in order to better understand your friends.
24．Why does the author like rereading?
A．It evaluates the writer-reader relationship.
B．It’s a window to a whole new world.
C．It’s a substitute for drinking with a friend.
D．It extends the understanding of oneself.
25．What do we know about the book A Moveable Feast?
A．It’s a brief account of a trip.
B．It’s about Hemingway’s life as a young man.
C．It’s a record of a historic event.
D．It’s about Hemingway’s friends in Paris.
26．What does the underlined word ＂currency＂ in paragraph 4 refer to?
A．Debt
B．Reward.
C．Allowance.
D．Face value.
27．What can we infer about the author from the text?
A．He loves poetry.
B．He’s an editor.
C．He’s very ambitious.
D．He teaches reading.

A
[2021·贵阳市高三适应性考试]Audiences may be ready to return. Will they have anything to watch? It is turning out to be a long pause.
Cinemas across the West closed in March and, despite attempts to reopen in the summer, the box office has not recovered. From October 9th Cineworld, the world's second largest chain, will temporarily shut its 536 Regal theaters in America and its 127 British ones. AMC, the biggest, will cut the opening hours at some Odeon cinemas in Britain.
Early in the pandemic the problem was audiences. In March Disney's “Onward” closed as people refused to breathe the air with a crowd of strangers. Business got harder when governments ordered theaters to shut.
As countries have eased restrictions and audiences have prepared to return, cinemas are finding little to show them. In China, where COVID­19 has been effectively brought under control, studios have resumed pumping out hits. But Hollywood will not risk premiering (首次上映) costly blockbusters (大片) while many markets, including New York and California, remain closed, and cinema­goers remain cautious. Most big titles have been postponed. Nine months without income would be disastrous (灾难性的). America's National Association of Theatre Owners predicts that seven out of ten small or medium­sized cinema companies will go bust (破产), which it has urged Congress to approve.
Both AMC and Cineworld are likely to stop a contract or file for going bust, believes Moody's, a ratings agency; AMC could run out of cash by January. Share prices of Western operators have dropped sharply this year, and are now worth a fifth as much as five years ago. Chinese ones have done better.
8．Which company will reduce the opening hours in Britain?
A．Cineworld. B．Odeon.
C．AMC. D．Hollywood.
9．What made the cinema business get harder?
A．Governments' restriction.
B．Films' attraction.
C．Audiences' attitude.
D．Operators' signing contracts.
10．What is the situation in Hollywood?
A．They are applying for going bust.
B．They are complained by the audiences.
C．They will offer the audience more big titles.
D．They put off premiering most blockbusters.
11．What does the text mainly talk about?
A．A few famous film companies.
B．COVID­19's effect on cinemas.
C．The global economic situation.
D．Audiences' desiring for films.
B
[2021·太原市高三年级模拟考试]Wearing a caveman mask, Dr. John Marzluff walks across the campus at the University of Washington in Seattle. Crows (乌鸦) circle and squawk (尖叫), diving at him and going away.
Beneath the mask, he smiles. Days before he and his students, wearing caveman masks, rapped them and placed colored plastic bands on their legs. Then they released the unhappy birds. When the researchers wandered around campus without the masks, the crows they had caught and banded did not react to them. But when the same humans walked by while wearing the masks, the crows scolded loudly and dived at their “enemies”．
At first, only the banded birds reacted aggressively to the people in masks. But in later tests more and more crows joined in, and even when the banded birds were not around. “Crows think and dream, fight and play, reason and take risks，” he says. “Their antics confuse us.”
This led him to study how crows' brains work. He and his students wore one type of mask as they captured crows and brought them into the lab, training them to link that face with danger. Then a different kind of mask for more positive activities, such as feeding and caring. Then he worked with scientists at the university who scan animal brains to see which parts of a crow's brain do certain tasks. Surprisingly, the scientists found that when the crow saw the “danger” mask, one part of its brain became active. When the crow saw the “feeding and caring” mask, a different part of its brain lit up. The team has shown that crows use the same parts of their brains for recognizing what humans do—something that was not known before!
More than 10 years after the first mask experiment, campus crows still scold the “cavemen”. Crows also recognize people who are kind to them. Crows are always watching us and they remember.
12．Why does Dr. John Marzluff smile?
A．He intends to show his kindness.
B．He realizes his trick has worked.
C．He is amused by the happy crows.
D．He is embarrassed at the crows' response.
13．What does the underlined word “antics” in the third paragraph probably refer to?
A．Ways of behaving. B．Hunting types.
C．Flying models. D．Chances of survival.
14．Which of the following words can best describe the crows according to the text?
A．Sociable, intelligent and observant.
B．Noisy, dangerous and annoying.
C．Reasonable, cautious and aggressive.
D．Strong­headed, proud and popular.
15．What can we conclude about crows from the fourth paragraph?
A．They share the same wisdom as humans do.
B．They never forgive those who once hurt them.
C．They only recognize the people who are bad to them.
D．They perform tasks with different parts of their brains.
C
[2021·合肥市第三次质量检测]Sometime back, after a six­year­old lioness named Magigi repeatedly killed cattle, Botswana authorities caught and moved her into Central Kalahari Game Reserve, far from people. Magigi spent most of her time within the reserve's protective boundaries, but after a year she escaped outside and was shot dead by a farmer. New research Maude and his colleagues have conducted confirms that Magigi's unfortunate story is common for many relocated lions. For decades, wildlife managers in a number of African countries have used such a kind way to deal with lions that repeatedly kill livestock (牲畜). But the new research shows that after lions are moved, most continue to kill livestock and endanger villagers' living.
Across Africa, lion numbers have fallen by 43 percent in the past two decades, to as few as 23，000 animals today. About 3，000 remain in Botswana. The sharp declines are primarily driven by development — lions now occupy just 8 percent of their historic habitat. With less space set aside for conservation, lions are more frequently coming into contact with humans. These are usually farms, expanding around the edges of the protected areas. The lions eat livestock, which negatively impacts the livelihood of the farmers in these rural areas. Without a proper way to prevent these attacks, the farmers often turn to deadly force, shooting or poisoning the lions, which has resulted in the decrease in lion population.
“Rather than trying to move lions，” wildlife conservationist Glyn Maude says, “emphasis should be placed on reducing the chances of lions encountering and killing livestock in the first place.” Many preventative measures are being tested in various African countries, including hiring lion guardians (守卫者) to monitor these big eats, creating lion­proof fences, sending out lion text alerts, and teaching herders to keep livestock away from high­risk areas.
8．Why was Magigi moved to the reserve?
A．To stop her from being caught.
B．To prevent her from killing cattle.
C．To get her to stay with her family.
D．To train her to get along with people.
9．What is the major reason for the decline in the lion population in Africa?
A．Illegal wildlife trade.
B．Human­lion conflict.
C．A natural disaster.
D．The lack of food in their habitat.
10．What can we infer from Maude's words in the last paragraph?
A．Lions will be fenced in to avoid meeting people.
B．The relocation of lions has proven to be effective.
C．Prevention is the cure for lions' attacking livestock.
D．It's impossible for lions to live with humans in harmony.
11．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?
A．Big Cats' Relocation Proving Deadly
B．Lions Was Shot Dead after Attacking a Man
C．The Tragic Story of a Magical Lioness
D．Conservation Status of the African Lion
D
[2021·河北省高三六校联考]
An ageless question: When is someone “old”？
What does “old” really mean these days? This isn't a meaningless question — not only does the definition of “old” have an outsized impact on how we feel about ourselves (not to mention how others view us), it also matters to policymakers determining how to plan for aging populations.
The United Nations historically has defined older persons as people 60 years old or over (sometimes 65). It doesn't matter whether you live in the United States, China or Senegal, even though life expectancy is quite different in each of those countries. Everyone becomes old at 60.
Researchers Sergei Scherbov and Warren Sanderson, who study aging, are suggesting overturning the one­size­fits­all definition of “old”. Instead, they talk about “prospective__age”， which looks to the future. Everyone with the same prospective age has the same expected remaining years of life.
Scherbov explained that “young” and “old” are relative concepts, and their common reference point is life expectancy. And that “old” would vary between nations makes sense, especially between more and less developed countries, with differences in education, death rates, access to health care and life expectancy.
But who is “old” also varies — widely — between individuals. The point, says Scherbov, is that personal age is dependent on our “characteristics” — understanding abilities, disability, health history and even education levels. Those with more education tend not to smoke, exercise more frequently, have better diets and have regular checkups — and, therefore, live longer, meaning the beginning of their old age comes later, says Scherbov.
12．What is the first paragraph mainly about?
A．How we feel about ourselves.
B．The definition of “old”．
C．The importance of the definition of “old”．
D．The plan for aging populations.
13．What does the underlined phrase “prospective age” in Paragraph 3 refer to according to the text?
A．The expected remaining years of one's life.
B．The beginning of one's old age.
C．The differences of our “characteristics”．
D．The age when one becomes old.
14．What similarity does Scherbov think “young” and “old” have?
A．Understanding abilities.
B．Nations.
C．Education.
D．The reference point.
15．Which of the following helps one to live longer according to Scherbov?
A．Doing as much exercise as possible.
B．Losing weight.
C．Studying history.
D．Improving the education level.
E
[2022·太原市高三年级模拟考试(三)]
Wearing a caveman mask, Dr. John Marzluff walks across the campus at the University of Washington in Seattle. Crows (乌鸦) circle and squawk (尖叫), diving at him and going away.
Beneath the mask, he smiles. Days before he and his students, wearing caveman masks, rapped them and placed colored plastic bands on their legs. Then they released the unhappy birds. When the researchers wandered around campus without the masks, the crows they had caught and banded did not react to them. But when the same humans walked by while wearing the masks, the crows scolded loudly and dived at their “enemies” .
At first, only the banded birds reacted aggressively to the people in masks. But in later tests more and more crows joined in, and even when the banded birds were not around. “Crows think and dream, fight and play, reason and take risks，” he says. “Their antics confuse us. ”
This led him to study how crows' brains work. He and his students wore one type of mask as they captured crows and brought them into the lab, training them to link that face with danger. Then a different kind of mask for more positive activities, such as feeding and caring. Then he worked with scientists at the university who scan animal brains to see which parts of a crow's brain do certain tasks. Surprisingly, the scientists found that when the crow saw the “danger” mask, one part of its brain became active. When the crow saw the “feeding and caring” mask, a different part of its brain lit up. The team has shown that crows use the same parts of their brains for recognizing what humans do — something that was not known before!
More than 10 years after the first mask experiment, campus crows still scold the “cavemen”. Crows also recognize people who are kind to them. Crows are always watching us and they remember.
5．Why does Dr. John Marzluff smile?
A．He intends to show his kindness.
B．He realizes his trick has worked.
C．He is amused by the happy crows.
D．He is embarrassed at the crows' response.
6．What does the underlined word “antics” in the third paragraph probably refer to?
A．Ways of behaving.
B．Hunting types.
C．Flying models.
D．Chances of survival.
7．Which of the following words can best describe the crows according to the text?
A．Sociable, intelligent and observant.
B．Noisy, dangerous and annoying.
C．Reasonable, cautious and aggressive.
D．Strong­headed, proud and popular.
8．What can we conclude about crows from the fourth paragraph?
A．They share the same wisdom as humans do.
B．They never forgive those who once hurt them.
C．They only recognize the people who are bad to them.
D．They perform tasks with different parts of their brains.
F
[2022·南昌市高三摸底测试卷]We're all familiar with migration (迁徙): Wildebeests dash across Africa; monarch butterflies fly across the Americas...But did you know that forests migrate, too?
In his new book The Journeys of Trees, science writer Zach St. George explores an extremely slow migration, as forests creep inch by inch to more pleasant places.
“The migration of a forest is just many trees sprouting (发芽) in the same direction，” St. George writes. “Through the fossils that ancient forests left behind, scientists can track their movement over thousands of years. They move back and forth across continents, sometimes following the same route more than once, like migrating birds or whales.”This has happened over thousands of years, and climate change tends to be the driving force.
Of course, today, climate change is speeding up, and trees can't keep pace. Take California for example: It's getting hotter and drier and scientists estimate that before too long, Sequoia National Park may not be able to keep giant sequoias (巨杉)．
“The scientists there had never seen anything like it，” St. George says. “They worried, and I think at some point we will lose these ancient trees and that we will have to think about what we do with the places, and whether we should plant new groves where they are easy to grow.”
This is known as “assisted migration” — humans planting trees in other places where they're more likely to flourish. But this process carries risks — people can accidentally introduce insects and diseases to new places, where they may wipe out entire native populations. So, St. George writes, there's a debate among conservationists and foresters today: Should humans help the trees escape?
“There may be cases where people are probably going to step in and help species move to places where they'll be more suitable in the future，” St. George says. “So far, there are no huge movements of citizen groups moving trees north. But that is kind of one vision of the future that the people I interview sort of hope to see.”
5．What can be learned about the migration of a forest?
A．It is mainly the result of climate change.
B．It often follows certain migrating species.
C．It takes thousands of years to complete it.
D．It is very difficult to track the migration.
6．Why does the author mention Sequoia National Park?
A．To stress the park is facing a severe situation.
B．To show trees fail to adapt to the climate change.
C．To prove the assisted migration carries risks.
D．To state scientists are hopeful about the environment.
7．What does the underlined word “flourish” in Paragraph 6 mean?
A．Become valuable. B．Develop rapidly.
C．Grow well. D．Escape diseases.
8．What's St. George's attitude towards helping the trees escape?
A．Skeptical. B．Supportive.
C．Objective. D．Disapproving.

A
[2021·太原市三模]Windows are a key component in a building's design, but they are also the least energy­efficient part. According to a 2009 report by the United Nations, buildings account for 40 percent of global energy usage, and windows are responsible for half of that energy consumption. If conventional windows are used to better block sunlight' passing into a building, they need expensive coatings. Even so, they can not adjust the indoor temperature effectively.
Scientists at the Nanyang Technological University, Singapore (NTU) have developed a smart liquid window panel that can help. By creating a mixture of micro­hydrogel (水凝胶), water, and a stabilizer, they found that it can effectively reduce energy consumption in a variety of climates. Thanks to the hydrogel, the mixture becomes hard­to­see­through when exposed to heat, thus blocking sunlight, and when cooled, it returns to its original “clear” state. The high heat capacity of water allows a large amount of heat energy to be stored instead of getting transferred through the glass and into the building during the hot daytime when office buildings mainly operate. The heat will then be gradually cooled and released at night when the staff are of duty.
As a proof of the concept, the scientists conducted outdoor tests in hot (Singapore City, Guangzhou) and cold (Beijing) environments. The Singapore City test revealed that the smart liquid window had a lower temperature (50 ℃) during the hottest time of the day (at noon) compared to the temperature of a normal glass window (84 ℃). The Beijing tests showed that the room using the smart liquid window consumed 11 percent less energy to maintain the same temperature compared to the room with a normal glass window. They also measured when the highest value of stored heat energy of the day occurred. This “temperature peak” in the normal glass window was 2 pm, and in the smart liquid window it was shifted to 3 pm. If this temperature peak shift leads to a shift in the time when a building needs to draw on electrical power to cool or warm the building, it should result in lower energy charges for users. The research team is seeking ways to cut down the cost of producing the smart window and so far, they have found several industry partners to commercialize it.
8．What is the disadvantage of conventional windows?
A．They are expensive.
B．They are not heatproof.
C．They contribute less to energy saving.
D．They can't block light into the building.
9．How does a smart liquid window panel work to cool buildings?
A．By taking in much of heat energy.
B．By returning to its original clear state.
C．By getting most of sunlight transferred.
D．By spreading sunlight in different directions.
10．According to Paragraph 3, what is the value of the temperature peak shift?
A．It will make the windows long­lasting.
B．It could help the building users reduce costs.
C．It makes the buildings rely on no electrical power.
D．It helps the windows maintain a constant temperature.
11．What can we expect of the smart window in the future?
A．It will be unaffordable.
B．It needs to be further improved.
C．It will be widely used in the city.
D．It will come into the market soon.
B
[2021·成都市高三第二次诊断]On a scale of 0 to 10, I'd say my happiness ranks at about 6. I'm glad to know I'm a 6, because, as a famous management saying puts it, “You can't manage what you don't measure.” If you want to improve an aspect of your life, you need to be able to assess progress toward your goal — and that means measuring it．
The goal of this column is to help you manage and improve your happiness. A number of people have asked me whether quantitative happiness measures are really accurate and reliable — and it's a reasonable question. So let's take a look behind the curtain. But not just for intellectual curiosity; as you will see, understanding the measurement of happiness can make you better at improving your own well­being — and avoid some critical errors.
The best method scientists have to understand with confidence how something affects something else is a randomized, controlled trial. Think of the tests currently under way to find a vaccine for COVID­19. They take a long time because the drug companies with trial vaccines are conducting experiments that randomly assign people to a treatment group (they get the vaccine) and a control group (they get a placebo), and then waiting to see if the drug is effective and safe by comparing the two groups after enough time has passed.
In the research on happiness, this usually isn't possible. Want to know if people in Denmark are truly the happiest, as some studies suggest, and test it with a randomized experiment? You would need to randomly take two groups out of their homes, move one group to Copenhagen, and the other to, say, Dayton, Ohio — but make sure they think it might be Copenhagen and never get the truth. Follow up a few years later to see who is happier. Obviously, that's ridiculous. So with randomized controlled trials largely not available to them, happiness researchers instead rely on self­reported happiness surveys, where large groups of people anonymously report their levels of life satisfaction. Then, the researchers use fairly complex statistical techniques to mimic (模仿) a controlled experiment in order to show how different aspects of people's lives affect — or at least are associated with — their happiness.
12．What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 1 probably refer to?
A．An aspect of life. B．One's goal.
C．Happiness. D．Progress.
13．Why is the test of COVID­19 vaccine mentioned in Paragraph 3?
A．To introduce a latest medical breakthrough.
B．To show the difficulty in finding the vaccine.
C．To illustrate the process of randomized experiments.
D.To prove the impossibility of randomized research on happiness.
14．Why is it hard to conduct research on happiness with randomized experiments?
A．The experiment takes a long time.
B．It is difficult to analyze the data collected.
C．It is impossible to carry out the process strictly.
D．The subjects are unwilling to share their feelings.
15．Where is this text taken from?
A．A magazine. B．A diary.
C．A novel. D．A textbook.
C
[2021·南昌市一模]A joint research team recently have developed a new electronic skin that is similar to human skin in strength, durability (耐久性) and sensitivity. The skin or e­skin may play an important role in next­generation personalized medicine, soft robotics and artificial intelligence.
“The ideal e­skin will mimic (模仿) the many natural functions of human skin, such as sensing temperature and the touch, accurately and in real time，” says leading researcher Yichen Cai. However, making suitably flexible electronics that can perform such delicate tasks while also used repeatedly is challenging, and each material involved must be carefully engineered.
Most e­skins are made by putting an active sensor on the surface that attaches to human skin. However, the connection between them is often too weak, which reduces the durability and sensitivity of the material; otherwise, if it is too strong, it won't be flexible enough, making it more likely to break the circuit.
“The landscape of skin electronics keeps shifting at a remarkable pace，” says Cai. “The discovery of 2D sensors has accelerated efforts to turn these quite thin but strong materials into functional, durable artificial skins.”
The new man­made skin built by the researchers could sense objects from 20 centimeters away. It could further make a quick response when touched in less than one tenth of a second. “It is a striking achievement for an e­skin to maintain toughness after repeated use，” said Jie Shen, the colleague of Cai, “which mimics the softness and rapid recovery of human skin.”
This type of e­skin could monitor a range of biological information, such as changes in blood pressure, which can be detected from movements of arms and legs. This data can then be shared and stored on the cloud via Wi­Fi.
“One remaining problem to the widespread use of e­skins lies in mass production of high­resolution sensors，” adds group leader Vincent Tung. “However, the latest technology offers new promise.”
12．What's the feature of the new e­skin?
A．It can store information.
B．It's quite hard and tough.
C．It's flexible and sensitive.
D．It can replace human skin.
13．Why does the author mention “Most e­skins” in Paragraph 3?
A．To stress the challenges of making e­skin.
B．To introduce the popularity of e­skins.
C．To show the process of making e­skins.
D．To compare the similarities between e­skins.
14．What can the new e­skin do?
A．Adjust the blood pressure.
B．Recover the wounded skin.
C．Work as a remote controller.
D．Sense the outside temperature.
15．What is the best title for the text?
A．A Breakthrough in High Technology
B．Man­made Skin Improved
C．E­skin, a Promising Business
D．The Widespread Use of E­skin
D
[2021·绵阳市第二次诊断] Have you ever noticed that the stars sometimes appear brighter in December, January and February? There's a link between cold air and the night lights. “Part of the reason is that it tends to be drier in the winter，” said Diane Turnshek, an astronomer at Carnegie Mellon University in Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania. Even though it's invisible, moisture (水分) can change the way light moves through the air. And in the summer, moisture can make stars appear more dull．
Air temperature is also what puts the twinkle in the little stars. “Even on very clear nights, some of the atmosphere is cooler, and some of the atmosphere is warmer，” said Turnshek, who also works with the Allegheny Observatory. And when the light from a star passes through those bubbles of varying temperatures, they bend and shift the light, so that we are seeing stars appear to dance or twinkle, she said.
For star lovers in the United States, there's another factor that comes into play for bright winter stars, although this is a matter of coincidence. During Earth's journey around the sun，“there are just simply more bright stars visible from the Northern Hemisphere in the winter sky，” Turnshek said. If you really want to see a shiny star, just try to find a burning ball of gas called Sirius near the horizon. At 8.6 light years away, Sirius is relatively close to Earth and the brightest star visible in the night sky. It is also large — nearly twice as big as our sun and 20 times as bright as it. So this winter, when the world turns cold and it seems like we should be spending more time indoors, consider asking an adult to go exploring outside. With a warm coat and a clear sky, any night can be turned into a treasure hunt. All you have to do is look up.
8．What does the underlined word “dull” in Paragraph 1 probably mean?
A．not shiny B．not exciting
C．not severe D．not smart
9．How does air temperature influence the brightness of stars?
A．By changing the bubbles around them.
B．By putting the twinkle in them.
C．By varying the direction of the light from them.
D．By making the stars dance and twinkle in the sky.
10．What do we know about Sirius?
A．It can be found at any night.
B．It is 20 times as bright as the sun.
C．It is a burning and dull ball.
D．It is closer to Earth than other stars.
11．What is the author's purpose in writing the text?
A．To advocate stargazing in winter.
B．To call on people to focus on stars.
C．To present new research results about stars.
D．To explain why stars are more visible in winter.
E
[2021·南昌市第三次模拟]The team, led by Michael T．Tolley, a professor of mechanical engineering at the Jacobs School of Engineering at UC San Diego, details its findings in the Feb. 17, 2021 issue of the journal Science Robotics.
“This work represents a fundamental yet significant step towards fully­autonomous, electronics­free walking robots，” said Dylan Drotman, a PhD student in Tolley's research group and the paper's first author.
Applications include low­cost robots for entertainment, such as toys, and robots that can operate in environments where electronics cannot function, such as MRI machines. Soft robots are of particular interest because they easily adapt to their environment and operate safely near humans.
Most soft robots are powered by air and are controlled by electronic circuits. But this approach requires complex components like circuit boards, valves (阀门) and pumps — often outside the robot's body. These components, which make up the robot's brain and nervous system, are typically large and expensive. By contrast, the UC San Diego robot is controlled by a lightweight, low­cost system of air­powered circuits, made up of tubes and soft valves, on board the robot itself. The robot can walk on command or in response to signals it senses from the environment.
“With our approach, you could make a very complex robotic brain，” said Tolley, the study's senior author. “Our focus here was to make the simplest air­powered nervous system needed to control walking.”
In the future, researchers want to improve the robot's ways to walk so it can walk on natural fields and uneven surfaces. This would allow the robot to navigate over a variety of obstacles (障碍). This would require a more complicated network of sensors and as a result a more complex air­powered system. The team will also look at how the technology could be used to create robots, which are in part controlled by air­powered circuits for some functions, such as walking.
12．What is the achievement of the team's study?
A．Their robots can walk a huge step.
B．Their robots work following commands.
C．Their study gets their electronics for free.
D．They find a new technique in walking robots.
13．What can the team's robots be applied to from the passage?
A．Toy companies' products.
B．Environmental protection.
C．Human safety.
D．Factories without workers.
14．What will the researchers probably do?
A．Change the way of power.
B．Help robots walk as humans.
C．Improve robots to avoid obstacles.
D．Build a network to control robots.
15．What is the passage mainly talking about?
A．The introduction to electronics­free walking robots.
B．The functions of newly­developed robots.
C．The applications of soft walking robots.
D．The ways to improve traditional robots.
F
[2022·苏州市高三调研试卷]At first, I didn't recognize the symptoms that we all had in common. Friends mentioned that they were having trouble concentrating. It wasn't burnout — we still had energy. It wasn't depression — we didn't feel hopeless. We just felt somewhat joyless and aimless.
It turns out that there's a name for that: languishing.
Languishing is a sense of inactivity and emptiness. It feels as if you're muddling (混淆) your days, looking at your life through a foggy windshield (挡风玻璃)．
In psychology, we think about mental health on a spectrum (范围) from depression to flourishing (旺盛). Flourishing is the peak of well­being. Depression is the valley of ill­being. Languishing is the neglected middle child of mental health. It's the emptiness between depression and flourishing — the absence of well­being. You're not functioning at full capacity. Languishing dulls your motivation, disrupts your ability to focus, and greatly increases the possibility that you'll cut back on work.
Part of the danger is that when you're languishing, you might not notice the dulling of delight or the decreasing of drive. You don't catch yourself slipping slowly into aloneness; you're indifferent to your indifference. When you can't see your own suffering, you don't seek help or even do much to help yourself.
So what can we do about it? People who become more focused on their work manage to avoid languishing. Interrupted attention is an enemy of engagement and excellence. To go beyond languishing, give yourself some uninterrupted time. It clears out constant distractions (使人分心的事) and gives us the freedom to focus. And try starting with small wins by focusing on a challenge that matters to you — an interesting project, a worthwhile goal, or a meaningful conversation.
We still have a lot to learn about what causes languishing and how to cure it, but naming it might be a first step. It could help to defog our vision, giving us a clearer window into what has been an unclear experience. It could remind us that we weren't alone: languishing is common and shared.
By acknowledging that so many of us are languishing, we can start giving voice to quiet despair and lighting a path out of the emptiness.
5．Which definition best suits the word “languishing” ?
A．Feeling exhausted and without hope.
B．Becoming weaker or failing to improve.
C．Making someone want to achieve something.
D．Going beyond the usual limits of something.
6．Which of the following can be described as languishing?
A．Seeking help when you are suffering.
B．Realizing that you are not alone in despair.
C．Giving yourself some uninterrupted time.
D．Being indifferent to your lack of enthusiasm.
7．What could psychologists do to help solve the problems of languishing?
A．Give people more freedom.
B．See it as depression.
C．Name it clearly.
D．Remove it from a spectrum.
8．Why is it significant to know languishing is common and shared?
A．We can let the silent despair speak up and find a way out.
B．We can continue to learn more about languishing.
C．We can see it as basically the same as depression.
D．We can study it as the complete opposite of flourishing.