专题09 备战2022高考英语阅读理解文体专项训练之事实类说明文

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备战2022高考英语阅读文体专项训练
之事实类说明文（教师版）
（A）
The Lifecycle of a T-shirt
We all probably have a lot of T-shirts, but do you ever stop and think about the influence of a T-shirt on the planet? You'd probably be surprised to learn what' s involved in the lifecycle of just one T-shirt.
There are 5 major stages: material, production, shipping, use and disposal(处理) The material stage involves farming, irrigating, fertilizing, harvesting and ginning. While cotton is a natural fiber (纤维) and not as harmful to the environment as man-made fibers, it still takes a toll in the material and production stages. Commercial cotton farming uses a large amount of water, and the use of pesticides (杀虫剂) is widespread across the globe, especially in cotton farming. Studies have shown that farmers spend around $4.1 billion on pesticides annually, of which 25% was spent on cotton crops in the Us.
Once the cotton is grown and harvested, so begins the production stage: spinning, knitting bleaching, dyeing cut ting sewing, etc. - these processes also use a great deal of water and energy. Commercial dyes and bleaches are harmful pollutants and can eventually pollute groundwater.
After the T-shirt is produced, it enters the transportation stage. This often involves overseas shipping. Take a look in your closet. Chances are that most of your cotton garments (衣服) are made in China or India. Garments can be shipped via plane, ship or truck... all of which spill CO2 into the atmosphere.Calculations show that CO2 emissions from light trucks alone amount to 1.15
pounds per mile.
Once the T-shirt reaches the retail market, it is purchased. This stage may seem like the least environmentally damaging part. But consider the number of times you've washed and dried your favorite T-shirt. Washing machines are certainly becoming more efficient. However, the average American household does 400 loads of laundry per year, using about 40 gallons of water per load.Such excessive water use is combined with the large amount of energy used by dryers.
The final stage of life is disposal This releases harmful emissions, or in wolves a landfill where cotton takes years to break down. Current Us records show that an estimated 15% of clothes and shoes are recycled, which means that consumers send a shocking 85% of these materials to landfills.
We all need new clothes every once in a while, but let's all try to keep in mind what goes into the production of clothing-- It has a real impact on the planet There are a lot of things you can do to help reduce your impact. Reuse and recycle clothes. If they' re too worn out to wear, cut them up and use them as cleaning rags. Donate them to charity or another organization that recycles textiles. When possible, make an effort to buy organic cotton. Turn down the them most at on your washer, and line dry your clothes when the weather will allow it .
1. The underlined phrase "takes a to1l”probably means“
A. wastes water
B. takes a lot of time
C uses energy
D. has a bad effect
2. We can learn from the passage that in the US,
A pesticides in cotton farming cost over 4 billion dollars every year
B. CO2 emissions of land transport amount to 1.15 pounds per mile
C about 15% of the clothes and shoes are made of materials that are recycled
D. about 16.000 gallons of w ater is used annually by an average family on laundry
3. What can be inferred from this passage?
A The production process may affect water safety.
B. The clothing cost is relatively low in China and India.
C Cotton clothes are buried because they are hard to break down.
D. The use stage is the least environmentally harmful of the five stages.
4. What is the purpose of this article?
A To encourage people to donate clothes to charity.
B. To promote eco-friendly actions related to clothes.
C .To persuade people to purchase more organic cotton.
D. To introduce the five stages in the lifecycle of clothing
参考答案：
1. D.推理判断题.根据文章第二段第一，二句There are 5 major stages: material， production ,shipping，use and disposal. The material stage involves farming, irrigating，fertilizing， harvesting and ginning.可知，一件T恤要经历五个步骤:原材料，生产，运输，使用和处理，原材料的生产阶段又包括播种，灌溉，施肥，收获和轧棉这几步.再根据第三句While cotton is a natural fiber (纤维) and not as harmful to the environment as manmade fibers，it still takes a toll in the material andproduction stages.可知， while 表让步意义，虽然棉花是自然纤维，不像人造纤维一样对环境有害， 可知下面讲的是棉花对环境仍然(still) 有害. has a bad effect意为"有坏的影响"，故D项符合文意. A项，"浪费水"，B项，"花费大量时间"，c项，"使用能量”，均过于片面，不符合文意.故正确答案为D.
2.D.细节理解题.A项，"棉花的杀虫剂每年花费超过40亿美元".根据文章第二段最后一句Studies have shown that farmers spend around 4.1 billion on pesticides annually ， of which 25% was spent on cotton crops in the US.可知，美国每年在棉花作物上的杀虫剂花费为4.1 * 25% =$1.025 bilion (10.25亿美元) .故A项错误. B项，"陆地运输量的CO2排放量为每英里1.15磅".根据文章第四段最后一句Calculations show that CO2 emissions from light trucks alone amount to 1.15 pounds per mile.可知， 仅轻卡车的二氧化碳排放量就达到每英里1.15磅，陆路运输应该比这个数字更大.故B项错误. C项，"大约15%的衣服和鞋子是由回收的材料制成的"。根据文章第六段最后一句中Current US records show that an estimated 15% of clothes and shoes are recycled可知，目前只有15%的衣服和鞋子被回收了，而不是15%的衣服和鞋子由可回收材料制成.故C项错误. D项，"每年平均有16000加仑的水用于洗衣店".根据文章第五段倒数第二句However，the average American household does 400 loads of laundry per
year，using about 40 gallons of water per load.可知，每年一个美国家庭平均要洗400次衣服，每次要用40加仑的水，所以40* 400= 16，000加仑.故D项正确.故正确答案为D.
3. A.推理判断题. A项，"生产过程可能影响水安全"。根据文章第三段第一句中these processes also use a great deal of water and energy和第二句Commercial dyes and bleaches are harmful pollutants and can eventually pollute groundwater.可知， 生产过程费水费电.而印染原料和漂白剂是有害的污染物，会严重污染地下水，故A项正确. B项，"中国和印度的服装成本相对较低".根据文章第四段第四句Chances are that most of your cotton garments (衣服) are made in China or India. 可知，文章只是提到了你的衣服可能是中国或者印度生产的，并未提及原因.故B项错误. C项，"棉质的衣服被埋了，因为它们很难分解".根据文章倒数第三段第二句This releases harmful emissions，or involves a landfill where cotton takes years to break down.可知， 棉花需要多年才能分解，而且会释放有害气体，故应该提倡回收衣物.故C项错误. D项，"使用阶段是五个阶段中对环境危害最小的阶段".根据文章第五段第二句This stage may seem like the least environmentally damaging part.可知， 这个阶段只是看起来危害小，故D项错误.故正确答案为A.
4. B.主旨大意题.根据文章最后一段第一句There are a lot of things you can do to help reduce your impact.可知，本文主旨是列举很多我们可以做的环保的事情.故文章的写作意图是提高人们的环保意识，为环保做出自己的贡献. A项，"鼓励人们捐献衣服给慈善机构"，C项，"说服人们购买更多有机棉"，D项，"介绍服装生命周期的五个阶段"，均不符合题意.故正确答案为B.
（B）
Why do you go to the Library? For books,yes - but you like books because they tell stories. You hope to get lost in a story or be transported into someone else' s life. At one type of library, you can do just that - even though there's: not a single book
At a Human Library, instead of books, you can”borrow" people. Individuals volunteer as human "books" and participants in the event can "read" the book- meaning they would have a one-on-one conversation with the volunteer and share in a dialogue about that individual's experience.”Books" are volunteers from all walks of life who have experienced discrimination (歧视) based on race, religion, class, gender identity, age. lifestyle choices, disability and other aspects of their life.
For a certain amount of time, you can ask them questions and listen to their stories, which are as fascinating and as attractive as any you can find in a book Many of the stories have to do w ith some kind of stereotype. You can speak with a refugee (难民), a soldier suffering from PTISD, a homeless person or a woman living with HIV. The Human Library encourages people to challenge their own long-held beliefs- to truly get to know, and learn from someone they might otherwise make a quick judgment about.
According to is website, the Human Library is "a place where difficult questions are expected, appreciated and answered." It provides the opportunity for the community to share and understand the experiences of others in their community.
The Human Library Organization came to be in Copenhagen, Denmark in 2000. Ronni Abergel, his brother Dany, and some colleagues hosted a four-day event during a major Nothern European festival, hoping to raise awareness about violence among youth. After the success of this event, Abergel founded the Hunan Library Organization, which has been growing ever since
Through there are a few permanent human libraries, most aren't places at all, but events. Though many do take place at physical libraries, you don't need a library card - anyone can come and be part of the experience. There have been human library events all over the globe, in universities and in pubs, from Chicago to Tunis to Edinburgh to San Antonio.
The stories these "books" tell range from fascinating to heartbreaking and everything in between. And that's the very point of the organization - to prove that no person can be su mmed up in just one word. It seeks to show people that you truly can' t judge a book by its cover- or by is title or label.
1. The "books" in human libraries,
A .long held beliefs attracting individuals
B. inspiring stories motivating people in trouble
C .events in which people can talk to volunteers
D. unfairly-treated people sharing their experiences
2. The event in Copenhagen is significant because it,
A aimed to help the young suffering from violence
B. attempted to replace traditional physical libraries
C laid a foundation for the Human Library Organization
D. led to a pleasing development for the community with racism
3. In human libraries, the readers are likely to .
A. deepen their understanding of people
B. enrich their own personal experiences
C hear the stories from all over the world
D. make quick judgments about the "books"
4. The main purpose of the passage is to ,
A compare and evaluate
B. inform and explain
C discuss and persuade
D. analyze and suggest
参考答案：
1. D.细节理解题.由第二段中的"At a Human Library ,instead of books，you can "borrow" people. Individuals volunteer as human "books" and participants in the event can "read" the book--meaning they would have a one-on-one conversation with the volunteer and share in a dialogue about that individual's experience. "Books" are volunteers from all walks of life who have experienced discrimination (歧视) based on race，religion， class， gender identity， age ，lifestyle choices， disability and other aspects of their life" 可知，Human Library的"书"实际上人，这些人来自各行各业，他们经历了种族，宗教，性别等方面的歧视.读者们可以和这些人交谈，了解他们的经历. D选项正确.
2. C.推理判断题.由倒数第二段中的"The Human Library Organization came to be in Copenhagen， Denmark in 2000. Ronni Abergel，his brother Dany，and some colleagues hosted a four-day during a major Northern European festival，hoping to raise awareness about violence among youth. After the success of this event，Abergel founded the Human Library Organization ,which has been growing ever since"可知，Ronni Abergel, 他的兄弟Dany以及-些同事举行了为期四天的活动，希望提高人们对青年人暴力的意识.在这次活动成功之后，Abergel建 立了the Human Library Organization，该组织一直在发展中.由此可知, 在Copenhagen举行的活动的成功导致了the Human Library Organization的成立，结合选项可推知，该活动奠定了该组织的基础，故C选项正确.
3. A.细节理解题.由第四段中的"it provides the opportunity for the community to share and understand the experiences of others in their community"可知，the Human Library给社会提供了分享和了解别人经历的机会.由此 可知，通过the Human Library，人们可以加深对他人的了
解。故A选项正确.
4. B.写作意图题.文章介绍了the Human Library (真人图书馆)的情况.在the Human Library，读者可以和来自各行各业志愿者们交谈，了解他们的经历和故事.文章还介绍了the Human Library的成立的情况.很明显，作者希望通过这篇文章让读者了解the Human Library，结合选项，其写作目的应为B选项告知解释.
（C）
In some islands north of Scotland, head lice, which live on the hair or skin of people or animals, were a part of life. If the lice left their host, he became sick and feverish. Therefor, sick people had lice put in their hair intentionally. There was a method to their madness: As soon as the lice had settled in again, the patient improved. The story explains the confusion of cause and effect. If the lice leave the sick, it is because he has a fever and they simply get hot feet. When the fever breaks, they return. We may laugh at this story, but false causality misleads us practically every day.
Consider the headline: "Fact Women w ho Use Shampoo XYZ Every Day Have Stronger Hair." This statement says very little - least of all, that the shampoo makes your hair stronger. It might simply be the other way round: Women with strong hair tend to use Shampoo XYZ - and perhaps that's because it says especially for thick hair" on the bottle.
A further example Scientists found that long periods in the hospital did harm to patients. This was music to health insurers' ears, who, of course, are keen to make stays as brief as possible. But, clearly, patients who are dismissed immediately are healthier than those who must stay on for treatment.
Recently I read that students get better grades at school if their homes contain a lot of books. This study was surely a shot in the arm for booksellers, but it is also an example of false causality. This simple truth is that educated parents tend to value their children' s education more than uneducated ones do. Plus, educated parents often have more books at home. In short, a discovered copy of War and Peace alone isn't going to influence anyone's grades; what counts is parents' education levels, as well as their genes.
Another example of false causality was the supposed relationship between the birth rate and the numbers of stork (鹤) pairs in Germany: Both were in decline, and if you plot them on a graph, the two lines of development from 1965 to 1987 appeared almost the same Does this mean the stork actually does bring babies? Obviously not, since this was a purely accidental connection
In conclusion: Connection is not causality.Take a closer look at linked events:Sometimes what is presented as the cause turns out to be the effect, or just the other way around. And sometimes there is no link at all - just like with the storks and babies.
1. Which is an example of false causality?
A Women with strong hair tend to use a certain shampoo.
B. Birth rate and the stork population are connected.
C Longer periods in the hospital benefit patients.
D. Lice can make a person sick and feverish.
2. The underlined phrase "a shot in the arm” in Paragraph 4 means
A pain B. defeat C guidance D. encouragement
3. According to the author, students get better grades probably because
A their homes are full of books
B. they have read War and Peace
C their educated parents value education
D. their parents are successful booksellers
4. It can be concluded from the passage that
A. connections are pure accidents.
B. cause and effect are interdependent
C connections are mostly cause and effect
D. linked events may turn out to be unrelated
参考答案：
1. B.细节理解题.根据"Another example of false causality was the supposed relationship between the birth rate and the numbers of stork(鹳)pairs in Germany. "可知出生率和鹳数量是相互联系的是错误因果关系的例子.故选B .
2. D.细节理解题.根据"Recently I read that students get better grades at school if their homes contain a lot of books. This study was surely a shot in the arm for booksellers，but it is also an example of false causality. "可知"a shot in the arm"意为"鼓励".故选D.
3. C.推理判断题.根据"Plus，educated parents often have more books at home. In short，a dust-covered copy of War and Peace alone isn't going to influence anyone's grades ; what counts is parents 'education levels，as well as their genes. 可知根据作者的说法，学生的成绩可能会更好，这可能是因为他们受过教育的父母重视教育.故选C.
4. D.推理判断题.根据"Connection is not causality.Take a closer look at linked events: Sometimes what is presented as the cause turns out to be the effect，or just the other way around. And sometimes there is no link at all-just like with the storks and babies.可知可以从文章中得出的结论，有关事件可能是不相关的.故选D.
（D）
Ig Nobel Prize
Having a meal is an easy and delightful process for most people. However,for a woodpecker (啄木邬), it's not that simple. To get dinner, a woodpecker has to hit is head against a tee numerous times per day. Yet, amazingly, it never suffers any ill effects like brain damage. According to research, it is the woodpecker's thick head bones that protect it from the impact of the blows. For explaining that, Ivan Schwab won an Ig Nobel Prize
Ig Nobel Prizes are organized by The Annals of Improbable Research, an American magazine that celebrates the funny side of science. Each year, ten winners are awarded prizes in honor of their "achievements that fist make people laugh, and then make them think". Most of the award-winning research, like Schwab's, may seem unusual, but it usually grabs people's attention indeed. And no matter how ridiclous the research sounds, people can find it inspiring and amusing
Brain WansinK's research might interest you He took home an lg Nobel Prize for looking into the influence of visual factors on people's appetites. He used specially designed bowls that refilled themselves with soup while people were eating Since these people hard no idea this was happening they just kept eating from these" bottomless bows". They said they didn't feel full because their bowls were not empty yet. People in this experiment ate 73 percent more soup than normal. Owing to these results, Wansink concluded that i's not people's stomachs that decide when they have eaten enough, but their eyes.
Ig Nobel Prizes also give attention to science and technology that is a part of our daily lives. Take the karaoke machine for example. It inventor Daisuke Inowe was employed at a nightclub, playing the piano for the customers who wanted to sing He wasn't skillful enough to play all the songs properly. To clear up the problem, he created the karaoke machine. To Inoue's surprise, the machine caused considerable changes in entertainment worldwide. The Ig Nobel Prize was awarded to Inoue not only because his invent ion was entertaining, but also because it brought about”an entirely new way for people to learn to tolerate each other".
These research results of Ig Nobel Prizes may not be as great as Edisor's light bulb or Newton's laws of motion. However, they do show people's willingness to take action and to try new ways to solve problems. According to Marc Abrahans, a founder of the g Nobel Prizes,“If you win one, it means that you have done something."
1. Why did Ivan Schwab win an Ig Nobel Prize?
A .His discovery can be applied in daily life.
B. His research result benefits the environment.
C .He invented a new way to avoid the impact of blows.
D. He found why woodpeckers could be free from brain damage
2. What is mainly talked about in Paragraph 3?
A Why Ig Nobel Prizes can get people's trust.
B. Why people's eyes decide their stomachs.
C Why Wansink won an Ig Nobel Prize
D. Why visual research interests people
3. The g Nobel Prize awarded to Daisuke Inoue suggests .
A. Ig Nobel Prize's inventions can easily become popular
B. Ig Nobel Prize winners are familiar with entertainment
C most Eg Nobel Prize' s inventions are created by accident
D. Ig Nobel Prizes may go to inventions with global influence
4. What do the research results of Ig Nobel prizes have in common?
A .They are related to everyday life.
B. They solve problems in people's work
C. They seem unexpected but meaningful.
D. They are ridiculous and hard to understand.
参考答案：
1. D考查细节理解。根据"Yet, amazingly, it never suffers any ill effects like brain damage. According to research, it is the woodpecker's thick head bones that protect it from the impact of the blows. For explaining that, Ivan Schwab won an lg Nobel Prize"可知，他发现了为什么啄木鸟可以免于脑损伤，因此获得了诺贝尔奖。选: D。
2. C考查段落大意。根据"Brian Wansink's research might interest you. He took home an Ig Nobel Prize for looking into the influence of visual factors on people's appetites" 可知，该段讲述了为什么Wansink赢得了诺贝尔奖。故选: C。
3. D考查细节理解。根据"If you win one, it means that you have done something" 可知，他建议把诺贝尔奖颁发给具有全球影响力的发明者。故选: D。
4. C考查细节理解。根据"These research results of Ig Nobel .Prizes may not be as great as Edison's light bulb or Newton's. Laws of motion. However, they do show people's Willingness to take action and to try new ways to solve problems"可知，该诺贝尔奖的颁发总是出乎意料，却是在情理之中。故选: C。
（E）
Most kids love breaks, but for Hannah Kristan, a break was her least favorite part of the school day.“I never got to do anything except sit there," she recalls.
Hannahwas born w itha disease that kept the bones in her back from forming properly. She uses a wheelchair. Sadly, for kids like her, most playground equipment is off limits. In fact, Harnah is one of the 5 million kids in the United Slates who cannot use traditional play ground equipment because of some type of disability.
Then Hannah heard about Boundless Playground - playgrounds with limits for children with disabilities. The wonderful group behind Boundless Playground helps communities create special playgrounds for children of all abilities. There are swings and sandboxes specially designed for kids with physical disabilities. Kids with vision problems can enjoy the movement of swings and also use musical activities such as chime walls. Since her hometown In Connecticut had nothing like it, Hannah helped raise money for this new kind of playground.
The inspiration for Boundless Playgrounds was a playground created by Amy Jaffe Barzach. It is named Jonathan's Dream in honor of her son. Jonathan's Deam and many Boundless Playgrounds around the country have a glider swing that can be used by kids who u se wheelchairs and their friends. The glider swing at Jora than's Dream was designed by Matthew Cavedon, who wasn' t even 10 years old at the time. Ma thew was motivated because he used a wheelchair himself and wanted to be able to have fun at playgrounds with other kids, regardless of their physical abilities or disabilities.
The basic idea behind Boundless Playgrounds is that play is both part of the joy of childhood and an important way for children to learn about the world. Kids who are kept away from play grounds are denied this enjoyment as well as the learning. Far from being a place of happy excitement, traditional playgrounds are often places of separation and loneliness for those who can' t join the fun.
Contrary to some strict ideas about what a play ground for children with special needs should be like, a Boundless Playground is every bit as colorful and challenging as a traditional playground. Thar's why it is in witing and fun for all children. And for Harmah, Matthew, and other kids like them, a play ground like this is also a dream that comes true.
1. What did Hannah Kristan do?
A She designed Boundless Playgrounds.
B. She invented a swing for the disabled.
C She collected money for the playground.
D. She donated equipment to her hometown.
2. We can learn from the passage that Boundless Playgrounds
A provide training instructions for the disabled
B. borrowed the idea from Jonathan's Dream
C were invented by Amy Jaffe Barzach
D. are financed by communities
3. What is Hanna and Matthew's dream?
A To overcome their disabilities.
B. To receive special physical training.
C To get equal chances of playing and learning
D. To acquire understanding from their follow students.
参考答案：
1： C.细节理解题.根据"Since her hometown in Connecticut had nothing like it，Hannah helped raise money for this new kind of playground"可知Hannah Kristan为操场募捐.故选c.
2： B.细节理解题.根据"The inspiration for Boundless Playgrounds was a playground created by Amy Jaff Barzach. It is named Jonathan's Dream in honor of her son. Jonathan's Dream and many Boundless Playgrounds around the country have a glider swing that can be used by kids who use wheelchairs and their friends' 可知Boundless Playgrounds借用乔纳森的梦想.故选B.
3：C.推理判断题.根据"That's why it is inviting and fun for all children. And for Hanna，Matthew ，and other kids like them，a playground like this is also a dream that comes true. "可知Hanna and Matthew的梦想是得到平等的机会，玩耍和学习.故选C.
（F）
Peer Pressure
People who are at your age. like your classmates, are called peers. When they influence you on your decision or action, it's called peer pressure. All of us, at some point in our lives, have had to deal with peer pressure. The need to follow the crowd and do what majority of us are doing forces us to take up activities which we wouldn't otherwise.
Recent studies have shown that peer pressure might cause an upside to you. It can make you reflect on your actions and make changes to your ways to become a better one. Observing others working hard to reach their goals will definitely encourage you to make a great effort to achieve something positive. When a teen knows that his teammates are practicing hard to become better players then it will directly affect his own performance. He will put in twice the time and energy to raise the level of his game and ensure he has a place on the team.
Having a group that brings positive peer pressure can also help you pick unhealthy habits that can shape both your personality and your future. The motivation to do well because of pressure from your peers can actually become inspiration. For example when a child knows that some of his friends regularly read storybooks, he may get into the habit of reading Seeing that his friends exercise daily, even he may take up the habit and adopt it in life.
Just as some influences can be positive, some can be negative too. Peer pressure sometimes can make a dip in your self-confidence. Some kids give in to peer pressure because they want to be liked, or because they worry that others might make fun of them if they don't go along with the group. Others go along because they are curious to try something new. The idea that "everyone's doing it" can influence them to leave their better judgment behind. Besides, peer pressure can distance you from your family and friends. It is common for teenagers to think that nobody understands them and that the whole world is against them. The influence of peer pressure is such that it draws them completely away from their family and friends who mean well. They just shut themselves off and fall into bad company .
It's likely that you've experienced the effect of peer pressure in different areas ranging from the clothes you wear to the music you listen to. Sometimes it can be hard to resist and you may feel forced to do something you' re uncomfortable with. So being aware of and carefully choosing the influence of peers that will lead to healthy and happy experiences is a lifelong process.
1. What does the underlined part in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A A quick reaction.
B. A positive effect.
C A serious challenge.
D. A potential conflict.
2. According to the author, peer pressure can get teenagers to .
A become less self-confident
B. provide a model for teammates
C identify characteristics of different habits
D. improve relationship with family members
3. What does the author think of peer pressure?
A. It makes no difference to teen's judgment.
B. It influences teens to fit into various lifestyles.
C It helps teens to relive the uncomfortable feeling,
D. It seems like a common phenomenon among teens.
4. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

参考答案：
1.B.词意猜测题，根据文章第二段It can make you reflect on your actions and make changes to your ways to become a better one .可知同辈压力可以使.你反思你的行为，为了变得更好而做出方法的转变，说明同辈压力会给学生带来积极的影响，故选B.
2. A.细节题.根据文章第四段Peer pressure sometimes can make a dip in your self-confidence.可知同辈压力有时会打击你的自信心，故选A.根据because they worry that others might make fun of them if they don't go along with the group.Others go along because they are curious to try something new可知如果不跟随群体，他们担心其他人会嘲笑他们;其他人跟随的原因是他们好奇尝试新的东西，故BC是错误的，根据Besides,peer pressure can distance you from your family and friends可知同辈压力会分离你的家人和朋友，故D错误.
3. D.细节题.根据文章最后一段So being aware of and carefully choosing the influence of peers that will lead to healthy and happy experiences is a lifelong process.可知因此意识到和认真选择能够带来健康和幸福经历的同龄人的影响是一生的过程，说明这是普遍存在在人的一生中的，故选D.
4. D.篇章结构题.通读全文可知第一段提出这种现象，第二三段指出观点一同辈压力的好处，第四段指出观点二同辈压力的坏处，第五段做出总结，故选D.
（G）
No student of a foreign language needs to be told that grammar is complex.By changing the order of the words and by adding a range of auxiliary verbs (助动询) and suffixes (后圾)。we can turn a statement into a question, state whether an action has taken place or is soon to talk place, and perform many other word tricks to convey different meanings. However, the question which many language experts can't understand and explain is - who created grammar?
Some recent languages evolved due to the Atlantic slave trade Since the saves didn't know each other slang ups they developed a make-shift language called a pidgin. Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowners. They have little in the way of grammar, and speakers needs to use too many words to make their meaning understood. Interestingly, however, all it takes for a pidgin to become a complex language is for a group of children to be exposed to it at the time when they learn their mother tongue Slave children didn't simply copy the strings of words used by their elders. They adapted their words to create an expressive language. In this way complex grammar systems which come from pidgins we re invented.
Further evidence can be seen in studying sign languages for the deaf Sign languages are not simply a group of gestures; they us the same grammatical machinery that is found in spoken languages. The creation of one such language was documented quite recently in Nicaragu. Previously , although deaf children were taught speech and lip reading in the classrooms in the playgrounds they began to invent their own sign system, using the gestures they used at home It was basically a pidgin and there was consistent grammar. However, a new system was born when children who joined the school later developed a quite different sign language It was based on the signs of the older children, but it was shorter and easier to understand, and it had a large range of special use of grammar to clarify the meaning, What's more, they all used the signs in the same way. So the original pidgin was greatly improved.
Most experts believe that many of the languages were pidgins at first They were initially used in different groups of people without standardization and gradually evolved into a widely accepted system The English past tense -“ed"ending = may have evolved from the verb“do”". "It ended may once have been"It end did*. It sens that children have grammatical machinery in their brains Their minds can serve to create logical and complex structures, even when there is no grammar present for the m to copy.
1. What can be inferred about the slave's pidgin language?
A It was difficult to understand.
B It came from different languages.
C It was created by the landowners.
D. It contained highly complex grammar.
2. What is the characteristic of the new Nicaraguan sign language?
A No consistent signs were used for communication.
B Most of the gestures were made for everyday activities.
C The hand movements were smoother and more attractive
D. The meaning was clearer than the previous sign language
3. Which idea does the author present in the last paragraph?
A English grammar of past tense system is inaccurate.
B Children say English pat tense differently from adults
C The thought that English was once a pidgin is acceptable
D. Experts have proven that English was created by children
4. What is the best title for the passage?
A The Creators of Grammar
B The History of Languages
C Why Pidgins Came into being
D. How Grammar System Are Used
参考答案：
1：推理判断题。根据第二段Pidgins are strings of words copied from the language of the landowners. They have little in the way of grammar, and speakers need to use too many words to make their meaning understood.可知Pidgins是从许多语言中复制出来的，没有语法，需要用很多词表达才能让别人明白。由此可知这种语言很难懂，故选A.
2：细节理解题。根据第三段it was shorter and easier to understand, and it had a large range of special use of grammar to clarify the meaning. What s more, they all used the signs in the same way. So the original pidgin was greatly improved.可知新Nicaraguan手势语比以前的手势语更简单易懂，有大量的特殊语法来阐明意义。故选D.
3：推理判断题。最后一段Most experts believe that many of the languages were pidgins at first. They were initially used in different groups of people without standardization and gradually evolved into a widely accepted system..介绍专家们认为许多语言都起源于pidgins， 后来逐渐演变成一个被广泛接受的系统。下面列举了英语的例子，说明英语也起源于pidgins.故选C.
4：主旨大意题。第一段最后However, the question which many language experts can’t understand and explain is—who created grammar?提出问题，谁创造了语法?下文列举了专家们的观点和证据，说明了许多语言的起源。The Creators of Grammar是全文的主题，适合作为标题，故选A.
（H）
A Competitive Sport
Over the yeas, cheerleading has taken two primary forms game-time cheerleading an competitive cheerleading, Game time cheeleader' main goal is to entertain the crowd and lead them with team cheers which should not be considered a sport. However, competitive cheerleading is more than a form of entertainment. It is really a competitive sport.
Competitive cheerleading includes lots of physical activity. The majority of the teams require a certain level of tumbling (翻腾运动) ability. It's a very common thing for gymnasts ,so it's easy for them to go into competitive cheerleading Usually these cheerleaders integrate bots of their gymnastics experience including their jumps, tumbling and overall energy. They also perform lifts and throws. This is where the "fliers" are thrown in the air, held by“bases" in different positions that require strength and working with other teammates
Competitive cheerleading s also an activity that is governed by rules under which a winner can be declared It is awarded paints for technique, creativity and sharpness. Usually the more difficult the action is, the better the score is， Thar's why cheerleaders are trying to experience great difficulty in their performance.
Besides, there is also a strict rule of time. The whole performance has to be completed in less than three minutes and fifteen seconds, during which the cheerleaders are required to stay within a certain area. Amy performance beyond the limit of time is invalid.
Another reason for the fact that competitive cheerleading is one of the hardest sports is that it has more reported injuries. According to some research, competitive cheerleading is the number one cause of serious sports injuries to women Emergency room visits for it are five times the number than for any other sport, partially because cheerleaders don't use protective equipment Smiling cheerleaders are thrown into the air and move down into the arms of the teammates which may easily cause injuries. Gene ally. these injuries affect all area of the body including wrists, shoulders, ankles, head, and neck.
Thee can be no doubt that competitive cheerleading is a sport with professional skills. Hopefully. it will appear in the Olympics since cheerleaders are just as athletic and physically fit as those involved in the more accepted sports.It should be noted that it is a team sport and even the smallest mistake made by one teammate can bring the score of the entire team down. So without working together to achieve the goal first place is out of reach.
1. What is the main purpose of competitive cheerleading?
A To compare skill of participants.
B To make the audience feel amused.
C To attract more people to watch even
D. To cheer up the competitors on the court
2. The underlined word "integrate" in Paragraph 2 probably means
A examine B combine C identify D. replace
3. We can learn from the text that competitive cheerleading .
A lacks necessary guidelines to flow
B enjoys greater popularity than other sports
C requires more designed actions than gymnastics
D. has a relatively high rate of damage to the body
4. Which of the following shows the structure of the passage?

参考答案：
1： A.细节理解题.根据第-段最后competitive .cheerleading is more than a form of entertainment. It is really a competitive sport.和Competitive cheerleading includes lots of physical activity.及最后一段第一句There can be no doubt that competitive cheerleading is a sport with professional skills竞技啦啦队不仅仅是- -种娱乐形式.它 实际上是一项竞技运动.竞技啦啦队包括许多体育活动.毫无疑问，竞技啦啦队是一项具有专业技能的运动.故选A.
2：B.词义猜测题.根据第二段including their jumps,tumbling，and overall energy.通常这些竞技啦啦队长会将他们的体操经验融入其中，包括跳跃、翻滚和总能量. "integrate"指整合，结合，融入，与combine同义 ，A. examine检查; B. combine整合， 融合; C. identify确认; D. replace代替. 故选B.
3：D.推理判断题.根据倒数第二段Another reason for the fact that competitive cheerleading is one of the hardestsports is that it has more reported injuries. 另一个原因是，竞争性拉拉队是最困难的运动之一，它有更多的受伤报告.及Generally， these injuries affect all areas of thebody，including wrists，shoulders， ankles， head， and neck.一般来说，这些损伤会影响身体的所有部位，包括手腕、肩膀、脚踝、头部和颈部.可知，竞技啦啦队很容易造成队员受伤，会造成身体多个部位的伤害.故选D.
4：C.推理判断题.文章第一段是总体介绍竞技啦啦队，第二段介绍其包括内容和标准，第三、四段介绍其难度很高，第五段介绍竞技啦啦队受伤率很高.最后一段得出结论竞技啦啦队是-项专业技能的运动.属于总分总结构，结合选项，故选C.
（I）
There are many programs for high school students today that help lonely teenagers deal with loneliness. However, loneliness is not only an issue for teens but also an important and rarely acknowledged one in the elderly.
In Britain, Tracey Crouch was appointed to be the first Minister of Loneliness in order to address the issues caused by loneliness. This is the first time such a position has been created.
In Britain, there are around 9 million people who say they are lonely frequently. In Germany, a study conducted by Ruhr University Bochum found that 20 percent of people over the age of 85 felt lonely, and that 14 percent of those between age 45 and 65 felt socially lonely. In the United States, more than 25 percent of the population live alone, and more than 50 percent are unmarried.
Loneliness is generally associated with heart disease and anxiety. Additionally, the stress from loneliness can cause your cells to change on a molecular(分子)level that reduces its abilities to defend your body against diseases. In fact, doctors believe having feelings of loneliness is equivalent to smoking 15 cigarettes per day in regard to its effect on health!
In Britain, the new Minister of Loneliness will help introduce government policies on the issue and fund a charity—an organization for helping people in need, to devote their efforts to aiding loneliness. There are charities that link lonely seniors to high school students in order to give them a line of communication whenever they feel lonely!
The possibilities for the new Minister of Loneliness are endless. For example, she can provide education services to household businesses so that they can identify lonely customers if they see one. Loneliness fits into the category of being a social issue that must be monitored by the entire community in order to help those in need. Therefore, government involvement in medical services and care for seniors and others is vital for happy seniors.
1.How does the author develop Paragraph 3?
A.By listing some statistics.
B.By giving examples of lonely people.
C.By pointing out similarities and differences.
D.By comparing different cultures in different countries.
2.What does the underlined word “equivalent” in Paragraph 4 probably mean?
A.Relevant. B.Similar. C.Opposite. D.Superior.
3.What will the Minister of Loneliness do?
A.Do housework for lonely people.
B.Develop friendships with the elderly.
C.Help fund a charity to aid lonely people.
D.Communicate with anxious school students.
4.What is the main idea of the text?
A.The UK becomes the capital of loneliness.
B.Loneliness affects old people’s life worldwide.
C.Many teenagers suffer from loneliness.
D.The UK’s Minister of Loneliness settles loneliness.
参考答案：
1.A　细节理解题。根据本段所列举的年龄及百分比的数字可知答案为A项。
2.B　词义猜测题。根据本段第二句Additionally, the stress from loneliness can cause your cells to change on a molecular level that reduces its abilities to defend your body against diseases.和画线词所在句子可知,来自孤独的压力会导致你的细胞发生分子层面的变化,从而减弱你身体抵抗疾病的能力。医生认为关于孤独对健康的影响与每天抽15支烟相似。故选B项。
3.C　细节理解题。根据文章第五段第一句In Britain, the new Minister of Loneliness will help introduce government policies on the issue and fund a charity—an organization for helping people in need, to devote their efforts to aiding loneliness.可知,在英国,the Minister of Loneliness会帮助介绍政府关于这个问题的政策并资助一个慈善组织——一个帮助有需要的人的组织,致力于帮助孤独(人群)。故选C项。
4.D　主旨大意题。根据全文可知针对孤独的问题,在英国,the Minister of Loneliness被指定去处理孤独引发的问题,帮助处于孤独中的人们。故选D项。
（J）
There is more of a connection between food and culture than you may think. On an individual level, we grow up eating the food of our culture. It becomes a part of who we are. Many associate food from our childhood with warm feelings and good memories and it ties us to our family, holding a special and personal value for us. Food from our family often becomes the comfort food we seek as adults in times of frustration and stress.
On a large scale, traditional food is an important part of culture. It also operates as an expression of culture identity. Immigrants bring it wherever they go, and it is a symbol of pride for their culture and means of coping with homesickness.
Many immigrants open their own restaurants and serve traditional dishes. However, the food does not remain exactly the same. Some materials needed to make traditional dishes may not be readily available, so the taste and flavor can be different from what they would prepare in their home countries. Additionally, immigrants do not only sell dishes to people from the same countries as them, but to people from different countries. Therefore, they have to make small changes about the original dishes to cater to a wider range of customers. Those changes can create new flavors that still keep the cultural significance of the dishes.
Not only should we embrace our heritage(传统) through our culture’s food but also become more informed about other cultures by trying their food. It is important to remember that each dish has a special place in the culture to which it belongs, and is special to those who prepare it. Food is a window into culture, and it should be treated as such.
1.What’s the function of food mentioned in the article?
A.To help motivate homesickness.
B.To show national identity.
C.To reflect a country’s history.
D.To show a community’s superiority.
2.What does the underlined word “it” in Paragraph 2 refer to?
A.The specific traditional food.
B.The national culture.
C.A traditional expression of food.
D.The old-fashioned taste.
3.Why do some immigrants have to change the original dishes in their restaurants?
A.To attach cultural importance to their dishes.
B.To announce the beginning of their life on foreign soil.
C.To make the dishes popular among customers.
D.To present their own food culture in a new way.
4.What’s the author’s attitude towards different food cultures?
A.Negative. B.Balanced. C.Unfair. D.Unchangeable.
参考答案：
1.B　细节理解题。根据第二段第二句“It also operates as an expression of culture identity.”可知,食物的作用是显示民族特征,故答案选B。
2.A　推理判断题。根据第二段画线的it前的内容可知,it代指traditional food,故答案选A。
3.C　细节理解题。根据第三段倒数第二句“Therefore, they have to make small changes about the original dishes to cater to a wider range of customers.”可知,移民们改变餐馆里的菜是为了满足更多顾客的需求,故答案选C。
4.B　观点态度题。根据最后一段内容可知,每种食物在它所在的文化中都有一个特殊的地位,因此作者的态度是保持平衡的(balanced),故答案选B。negative消极的;unfair不公平的;unchangeable不可改变的。