专题6 动词、动词时态和语态及主谓一致 (讲解版)-备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破
展开专题6 动词、动词的时态和语态及主谓一致
备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破(讲解版)
研究高考 明确考况
考查点
全国新高考卷
全国卷
命题分析
2021
2020
2021
2020
2019
动词的搭配
1、 动词:①、在完形填空中,重点考查语境中的词义辨析。②、在语法填空中,侧重考查与动词搭配的介词和副词。
2、 动词时态和语态的考查以一般体、进行体和完成体为主
动词的时态
卷I,61题
浙江高考,61题
浙江高考,56题
卷I,38题
甲卷,66题
卷I,61题
卷I,67题
卷III,66题
卷I,65题
卷II,64题
卷II,66题
卷III,65题
动词的语态
浙江高考,59题
浙江高考,60题
卷I,40题
卷II,44题
甲卷,61题
卷I,68题
卷III,63题
卷III,69题
主谓一致
浙江高考,61题
卷I,41题
卷II,43题
卷II,62题
卷I,70题
必备知识 整合提高
考点1、动词
分考点1. 动词的基本划分
Point 1 实义动词。
实义动词是指具有完整意义,可以单独作谓语的动词。根据其后面是否能直接跟宾语,可分为及物动词和不及物动词;根据其所表示的动作是否具有延续性,可分为延续性动词和非延续性动词。
(1)、及物动词和不及物动词
后面能直接跟宾语的实义动词称为及物动词,及物动词后可跟单宾语、双宾语和复合宾语。例如:read,tell,
keep等。后面不能直接跟宾语的实义动词称为不及物动词,不及物动词若接宾语,动词后需要加介词。例如:agree, arrive,come,die,,happen等。
●He has finished the tough task. 他已经完成了那项艰巨的任务。(单宾语)
●My parents bought me a nice backpack. 我父母给我买了一个好看的背包。(双宾语)
●I find the book very interesting. 我发现那本书非常有趣。(复合宾语)
● It is impolite to laugh at others..嘲笑别人是不礼貌的。
2)、延续性动词和非延续性动词
延续性动词表示的动作可以延续,可与表示一段时间的状语连用。例如:stay, write,,work,cay, repair,,hold等。非延续性动词也称终止性动词、瞬间动词,表示的动作不可以延续,是在瞬间完成的,不能与表示一段时间的状语连用(在否定句中可以与表示一段时间的状语连用)。常见的有:finish,stop,put,go, come,,arrive, receive, close,,begin等。
●The boy slept until 7 o'clock this morning. 那个男孩一直睡到今天早晨7点。
●They didn't finish their homework until 12 o'clock. 他们直到12点才完成家庭作业。
Point 2 连系动词
连系动词后跟表语构成系表结构,说明主语的状态、性质、特征等情况。
(1)、状态连系动词:表示人或事物的状态,如be动词。
●Ability and wisdom are mental weapons for man. 能力和才智是人类的精神武器。
2)、持续连系动词:表示人或物持续或保持某种状态,如stay,remain,keep,stand(处于),lie(处于)等。
●The weather remained cold in April. 四月的天气仍然很冷。
(3)、表象连系动词:表示“看起来;像”,如seem(看来),,appear(好像)等。
● It seems likely that he will miss Ireland'' s next match. 看来他有可能会错过爱尔兰队的下一场比赛。
4)感官连系动词:表示人的感觉,如feel,smell, sound, taste,look等。
● That music sounds beautiful. 那音乐听起来很优美。
【特别注意】
look,feel,taste, sound, smell作系动词时,常用主动形式表示被动含义。
●The flowers smell sweet..这些花闻起来很香。
5)、变化连系动词:表示由一种状态转变为另外一种状态,如become,tum,go,grow等。
● He became famous as a writer. 他作为作家而闻名。
分考点2常考动词的固定结构
Point 1 用于“动词+sb./sth.+of+sth."结构的常见动词有
accuse控 cheat欺骗 cure治愈 inform通知 mind使想走 rob抢劫 warm警告 rid使摆脱
suspect怀疑 persuade说服 convince使信服
●This photo reminds me of my school days. 这张照片使我想起了我的学生时代。
●The fellow robbed me of my wallet on the bus. 那个家伙在公交车上抢了我的钱包。
Point 2 用于“动词+sb./sth.+for+sth."结构的常见动词有:
forgive原谅 excuse原谅 blame责备 criticize批评 scold责备 thank感谢 pardon原谅
punish惩罚 admire 钦佩;赞赏 praise赞扬 respect尊重
●I used to blame my parents for messing up my life. 我过去常怪我的父母扰乱了我的生活。
●He was punished for the mistake he had made. 他因为自己犯的错误而受到惩罚。
●The school is widely admired for its excellent teaching. 这所学校因其卓越的教学广受赞誉。
Point 3 用于“动词+sb./sth.+from+( doing )sth."结构的常见动词有:
keep阻止 stop阻止 prevent阻止 defend保卫 preserve保护;保存 protect保护
shelter保护 prohibit禁止;阻止 ban禁止
● The heavy rain prevented him from going out. 大雨阻止他外出。
●You need warm clothes to protect yourself from the cold. 你需要暖和的衣服来御寒。
●She has been banned from driving for six months. 她已被禁止驾驶六个月。
【特别注意】
stop还可用于 stop doing sth..(停止做某事)和 stop to do sth..(停下来去做某事)结构。
keep还可用于 keep doing sth..(继续做某事)和 keep sb.. doing sth..(让某人一直做某事)结构。
●So, don't stop speaking when you make a mistake unless it's a truly serious one.
因此,当你出错时不要停止演讲,除非那确实是个严重的错误。
●I'm sorry to keep you waiting. 对不起,让你久等了。
考点2、一般体
分考点1一般现在时
Point 1 一般现在时的构成
一般现在时通常以动词原形表示,当主语是第三人称单数时,谓语一般由动词原形后加-s或es构成。其变化规则如下
①、一般情况,直接在词尾加-s
work---works learn---learns
②、以-s,x,ch,sh或-0结尾的动词,在词尾加-es
pass-passes discuss-discusses wash-washes teach-teaches fix-fixes go-goes
③、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,变y为i再加-es
carry-carries cry-cries study-studies worry-worries
Point 2 一般现在时的用法
(1) 、表示经常性、习惯性的动作或存在的状态,常与频度副词及表示现在的时间状语连用。例如:
always总是 often经常 usually通常 sometimes 有时hardly ever 几乎不 frequently:经常
on Sundays在星期天 every day//week/ month//year每天/每周/每月/每年 once/ twice a week每周一/两次monthly每月 every+基数词+可数名词复数每隔… yearly每年
●On Monday mornings it usually takes me an hour to drive to work although the actual distance is only20 miles.
周一早晨,我通常要花费一个小时开车上班,虽然实际距离只有20英里。
●There are buses to the station every ten minutes. 每十分钟就有公共汽车开往车站。
(2)、表示主语目前的性格、特征、状态或能力等。
● He is a man of few words. 他是一个少言寡语的人。
●Planning so far ahead makes no sense-so many things will have changed by next year.
提前如此长的时间作计划没有意义,很多事情到明年都已经发生了变化。
●She knows French and German besides English. 除了英语,她还会法语和德语。
(3)、表示客观事实、普遍真理及自然现象,或用在格言中。
●"Life is like walking in the snow," Granny used to say, “because every step shows.”
奶奶过去经常说:“人生就像在雪中行走,”“因为每一步都留有足迹。”
●The earth goes around the sun. 地球绕着太阳转。
● Failure is the mother of success..失败是成功之母。
(4)、表示按规定、计划、安排、时间表等马上要发生的事情,常与具体的时间状语连用。该用法常用于火车时刻表、飞机航班时刻表,以及电影开演、作息、安排等时刻表上,且仅限于少数表示短暂意义的动词,例如:arrive到达 come来 go去 start开始 leave离开 begin开始 take off起飞 stop停止
finish完成
●The train leaves at 44:30p.m 火车在下午4:30出发
●The plane takes off at5 o'clock. 飞机在5点钟起飞。
分考点2般过去时
Point 1 一般过去时的构
(1)、一般过去时由动词的过去式表示,规则动词的过去式一般由动词原形加-ed构成,其变化规则如下:
①、一般情况,直接在词尾加-ed
look-looked watch-watched stay-stayed expect-expected
②、以-e结尾的动词,在词尾加-d
hope-hoped like-liked
③、以“辅音字母+y”结尾的动词,变y为i再加-ed
study-studied try-tried copy-copied carry-carried
④、以重读闭音节或/r/音节结尾,且词尾只有一个辅音字母时,双写词尾的辅音字母再加-ed
stop-stopped clap-clapped plan-planned prefer-preferred admit--admitted permit-permitted
(2) 、不规则动词的过去式及过去分词变化详见附录
Point 2 一般过去时的用法
(1)、表示过去某一时间发生的动作或存在的状态,其中包括过去的习惯性动作,常与表示过去的时间状语连用。例如:
in1990在1990年 yesterday昨天 days/ years ago天/年前 the other day几天前
time从前 the day before yesterday前天 once upon a time从前 last week/month/year上周/上个月/去年
●I had one trip last year where I was caught by a hurricane in America. 去年有一次出行,我在美国赶上了飓风
●I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child.
我一直是一个热情的读者,孩提时有时候一天能读三本书。
(2)、描述过去时间内连续发生的动作。
●He opened his eyes, put on his clothes quickly and jumped down from the bed.
他睁开眼睛,迅速地穿上衣服,并从床跳了下来。
【特别注意】
在含 before和 after引导的时间状语从句的复合句中,若主从句表示两个过去的动作相继发生,两个动作都用一般过去时,前一个动作不必用过去完成时。
●Henry visited New York before he left for Washington. 亨利在去华盛顿之前游览了纽约。
●After he got home, Peter went online to several auction websites looking for his game.
到家后,彼得就去几个拍卖网站寻找他的游戏。
(3)、有些动作发生的时间没有具体表明,但实际上是“刚才,刚刚”发生,应使用一般过去时。如 I didn'' t know.....或I forgot.....等表示事先或说话之前不知道或不记得,但现在已知道或记得的事情。
●I didn't know you were here. 我不知道你在这里
●Sorry, I forgot to bring your book. 很抱歉,我忘记把你的书带来了。
分考点3一般将来时
Point 1 will/ shall+动词原形
(1)、表示将要发生的动作或将来存在的状态,shall-一般用于第人称,will可用于各种人称,常与表示将来的时间状语连用。例如:
in the future将来 tomorrow明天 before long不久以后;很快 later on后来
next week// month//year下周/下个月/明年 the day after tomorrow 后天
●Luckily, I will go home in two weeks for summer vacation. 幸运的是,两周后我将回家过暑假。
●My birthday is coming. I shall be 18 years old. 我的生日就要到了。我将要18岁了。
(2)、will还可表示说话时临时作出的决定。
●----Shall I order a taxi for Sarah to go to the airport tonight? 要我给萨拉预约今天晚上去机场的出租车吗?
----Don't bother. I'll drive her there. 不用麻烦了。我会开车送她去那里。
Point 2 “ be going to+动词原形”表示按计划、打算要做某事;还可表示“预见”,即某种迹象预示着要发生某事。
●Whether in the home or the workplace, social robots are going to become a lot more common in the next few years. 无论是在家里还是在工作场所,未来的几年里社交机器人将会变得更加普遍
●Look at the dark clouds.. It is going to rain. 看那些乌云,要下雨了。
Point 3 “be to+动词原形” 表示按计划、约定或按职责、义务必须做的事或即将发生的动作。
●The highway is to be opened in May. 这条高速公路将在5月份开放。
●You are to hand in your papers by 10 o'clock. 10点前你们得上交论文。
Point 4 “ be about to+动词原形”表示立即要发生的动作,常译为“即将……;马上就……”,通常不
不与具体的时间状语连用。
●Work was about to start on a new factory building. 新厂房即将动工。
分考点4过去将来时
过去将来时表示从过去某一时间看将要发生的动作或存在的状态,常用于宾语从句中。主要形式有:
Point 1 should/ would+动词原形
●He said that the meeting would begin at half past nine this morning. 他说会议将在今天上午九点半开始。
Point 2 was/ were going to+动词原形
●I was told that he was going to return home. 有人告诉我他打算回家
Point 3 was/ were to+动词原形
●She said she was to get married next month. 她说她计划在下个月结婚。
Point 4 was/ were about to+动词原形
● The train was about to leave. 火车就要开了。
考点3 进行体
分考点1 进行体的构成
现在进行时由“am/is/are+现在分词”构成;过去进行时由“was/were+现在分词”构成;将来进行时由“will/ shall+be+现在分词”构成。现在分词的构成一般是在动词原形后加-ing:
①、 一般情况,在词尾直接加-ing
work-----working study-----studying listen----listening look----looking
②、 以不发音的-e结尾的动词,去掉e,再加-ing
have----having face---facing take---taking write----writing
③、以重读闭音节结尾,且末尾只有一个辅音字母的动词,双写词尾的辅音字母再加-ing
cut---cutting put---putting swim---swimming begin----beginning
④、以-ie结尾的动词,变-ie为y再加-ing
lie----lying tie----tying die---dying
分考点2现在进行时的用法
Point 1 表示说话时正在发生或进行的动作,或现阶段一直进行着的动作,常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。
例如: now现在 at present目前 at this moment.此刻 these days目前;如今
●We're thinking about how we can engineer plants to replace functions of the things that we use every day.
我们正考虑应如何改变植物的基因结构以取代我们每天使用的东西的功能。
●We are facing today a strange new world and we are all wondering what we are going to do with it.
我们今天面对的是一个陌生的新世界,并且我们都在想我们要怎么面对它。
●The workers are building a garden these days. 工人们这些日子一直在修建一个花园
Point 2 一些非延续性动词可用现在进行时表示按计划、安排将要发生的动作,常见的这类动词有:
come来 go去 leave离开 arrive到达 start开始 begin开始 return返回 move移动 take拿
●A foreign professor is coming to visit our school this weekend. 一位外国教授本周末将要参观我们学校。
●We are moving to a new house. 我们将要搬进一所新房子里。
分考点3过去进行时的用法
Point 1 表示过去某一时刻正在发生的动作,或过去某一个阶段内一直在进行的动作,常用的时间状语有
at this// that time+过去时间 at.o' clock+过去时间 from......to......+过去时间 those days那些日子
just now刚才;刚
●I was doing my homework at this time yesterday. 昨天这个时候我正在做作业。
●The manager was worried about the press conference his assistant was giving in his place but, luckily, everything was going on smoothly. 经理很担心由助理替他举行的新闻发布会,但幸好一切进展顺利。
【特别注意】
现在进行时及过去进行时常与 always,constantly, continually, all the time等状语连用,表示反复出
现的或习惯性的动作,或强调赞赏、厌恶、生气、好奇等感情色彩,不强调动作正在进行。
●The size and location of the world's deserts are always changing.
世界上沙漠的面积和位置总是在变化。(表示习惯性的动作)
● He is always helping others. 他总是乐于助人。(表赞赏)
● She is always forgetting something. 她总是忘事。(表不满)
Point 2 表示一个过去的动作在进行时,另一个过去的动作发生了,常与when, while引导的间状语从句连用。
●My brother fell while he was riding his bicycle yesterday. 我弟弟昨天骑自行车时从车上掉了下来
●When Prof. White came into the classroom, the students were doing their homework.
当怀特教授走进室时,学生们正在做作业。
Point 3 一些非延续性动词可用过去进行时表示过去按计划、安排将要发生的动作,多用于从句中。常见的该类动词有:
leave离开 start开始 come来 go去 return返回 begin开始 arrive到达
● He asked me when I was leaving. 他问我打算什么时候离开。
●He said he was starting tomorrow. 他说他打算明天出发。
分考点4将来进行时的用法
Point 表示将来某一时刻或某一段时间里正在进行的动作,常与一些标志性的时间状语连用。例如:
at this time tomorrow/the day after tomorrow明天/后天的这个时间 (by)then那时
from 1: 30 to 4: 30 tomorrow/the day after tomorrow 明天/后天从1:30到4:30
●I feel so excited! At this time tomorrow morning I will be flying to Shanghai.
我太激动了!明天早上此时我将飞往上海。
●I will be studying in the library from 1: 30 to 4: 30 tomorrow. 明天1:30到4:30,我将会在图书馆学习。
分考点5 不用于进行时的动词
Point 1 表示状态的动词,如be,seem, appear,become,get,,remain,lie(位于)等
●The house seemed quiet as a tomb without the boy living there.
(如果)男孩不住在那里,这个房子安静得像个坟墓。
Point 2 表示某些特定意思的感官动词see, sound,hear,feel, taste, smell等。
●I saw a car pass by our house. 我看到一辆车经过我们的房子。
Point 3 表示拥有的动词,如have,own, possess,,belong,,contain等
● The book belongs to her. 这本书是她的。
Point 4 表示心理、思想状况、态度的动词,如 believe,think,know,understand,forget,hope,realize, want, wish, need, agree, remember等。
●The man claimed to be a social worker and the old woman believed him.
那个男人自称是社会福利工作者,老妇人信以为真。
Point 5 表示情感的动词,如 admire,appreciate, enjoy,like, love, hate, regret, prefer, fear等
●I would appreciate it if you paid in cash. 假如你支付现金的话,我会不胜感激。
考点4 完成体
分考点1 现在完成时
现在完成时由“have/has+过去分词”构成,其基本用法如下:
Point 1 表示动作或过程发生在说话之前某个没有明确说出的过去时间,但现在已经完成,且其结果对现在仍有影响。常用的时间状语有:
lately近来 recently最近 so far到目前为止 by now到现在 upon/ till now直到现在
in the last/ past few days/ years在过去的几天/几年里
●Progress has been so far very good and we are sure that the work will be finished on time.
到目前为止,工作进展得很顺利,我们确信一定会按时完工。
●In the last century or so, these changes in agricultural technology have accelerated.
大约在上个世纪,农业技术方面的这些变化已经加快了。
Point 2 表示从过去开始一直持续到现在的动作或状态,可能还会继续进行下去,常用的时间状语有
since+时间 / 从句 for+时间
●His first novel has received good reviews since it came out last month.
他的首部小说自上个月出版以来获得了许多好评。
●He has taught Chinese for more than 20 years. 他教中文已有20多年了。
Point 3 瞬间动词可以用于现在完成时,但在肯定句中不能与表示一段时间的状语连用。在否定句中,瞬间动词可以与表示一段时间的状语连用。常用的瞬间动词有:
go,come, arrive, leave, begin, borrow, buy, die, fall, stop, start,kill, close, graduate,join, finish,lose。若瞬间动词要接表示一段时间的状语,需要做一些相应的变换,如:
borrow-→keep借 buy→have买 finish-→ be over结束 leave-→ be away离开 open→ be open打开
close-→ be closed关闭 come/go/ become-→be来/去/变得;成为 die→ be dead死 fall asleep-→ be asleep睡觉
marry→ be married结婚 put on-→ have on/wear穿 fall ill-→be ill 生病
join the army-→ be a soldier / be in the army参军
“他已经参军三年了”可以用以下方式表示:
●He joined the army three years ago.
=It is/has been three years since he joined the army.
=He has been a soldier for three years.
=He has been in the army for three years.
(x )He has joined the army for three years.
分考点2过去完成时
过去完成时由“had+过去分词”构成,必须以过去某一时刻为基点,即“过去的过去”。其基本用法如下:
Point 1 表示在过去某一时间或过去某一事件之前已经发生并完成的动作,即“过去的过去”。
●The next day, we got a disappointing message that another buyer had offered a much higher price.
第二天,我们得到了一个令人失望的消息,那就是另一位买主已经给出了一个更高的价格。
●The film had begun when we got to the cinema yesterday. 昨天我们到达电影院时,电影已经开始了。
Point 2 表示一个动作或状态从过去某一时间之前已经开始,一直持续到过去这一时刻,并也可能继续下
去。常用的时间状语有:
by then到那时为止 by that time到那时候 before..在…之前 by the end of.到…末为止
until then直到那时 by the time+一般过去时的从句 到……时候
●Experiments of this kind had been conducted in both the U.S. and Europe well before the Second World War.
在二战之前这种实验已经在美国和欧洲进行得很好。
●By the time Jack returned home from England, his son had graduated from college.
杰克从英格兰到家中时,他的儿子已大学毕业
●As the economy was in decline, some people in the town had lost their jobs.
由于经济衰退,城镇的一些人已经失业。
【特别注意】
如果表示到将来某个时间或某件事情为止,某一动作或状态已经发生或完成,要用将来完成时,常用的时间状语有“by+将来的某个时间”或“ by the end of+将来的某个时间”或 by the time引导的一个一般现在时的从句等。
●----Tommy is planning to buy a car. ----汤米计划要买车。
----I know. By next month, he will have saved enough for a used one.
---我知道。到下个月,他就能攒够买一辆二手车的钱了。
Point 3 intend,mean,hope, want,plan,suppose,expect, think等动词的过去完成时,可表示过去未曾实现的愿望或想法等。
●I had intended to call on you yesterday, but I had an unexpected visitor.
我本来打算昨天去看你的,但我这边来了一个不速之客。(实际上没去)
●We had expected that you would be able to win the match.
我们本来期望你能赢得这次比赛。(实际上没有赢)
分考点3常使用完成时的句型
Point 1 “It was/ had been+段时间+ since从句”,从句用过去完成时;“It is/ has been+一段时间+ since
从句”,从句用一般过去时。
●It was ten years since we had had such a wonderful time. 我们十年没这么高兴了。
Point 2 “ It is the first/ second/time+that从句”,从句用现在完成时;“ It was the first/ second/
time+that从句”,从句用过去完成时。
●It is the first time that I have been here. 这是我第一次到这里来。
●The teacher said it was the first time that little John had listened so attentively.
老师说这是小约翰第一次那么认真地听讲。
Point 3 “That/This/It is/was+the+最高级+名词+定语从句”,从句常用完成时
●This is the best film that I have ever seen. 这是我看过的最好的一部电影。
●That dinner was the most expensive meal we had ever had. 那顿饭是我们吃过的最贵的一顿饭。
Point 4 在 hardly/ scarcely......when......及no sooner.......than.......(一…就…)型中,主句常用过去完成
时,从句用一般过去时且 hardly// scarcely及 no sooner位于句首时用部分倒装
●Hardly had I reached the bus stop when the bus started. 我刚到公交车站,公交车就开了。
●Scarcely had I finished the exercise when the bell rang. 我刚做完练习,铃就响了。
考点5 完成进行体
高考对于完成进行体要求考生掌握的是现在完成进行时,现在完成进行时由have/ has been+现在分词”构成,其基本用法如下:
Point 1 表示从过去某一时刻开始,一直持续到现在的动作。这一动作可能刚完成,也可能仍在进行。常用的时间状语有:
this month这个月 all this morning整个 all night整个晚上 these few days这几 since..自从…
recently最近
●I'm tired out. I have been shopping all afternoon and I don't seem to have finished anything.
我累坏。我整个下午都在购物,我好像什么事也没完成。
●Tom has been working in the library every night over the last three months.
在过去的三个月里,汤姆每天晚上都在图书馆学习。
●Mother wants to be a good provider, a role she has been shouldering since her marriage to Father.
母亲想做一个称养家的人,一个自从她和父亲结婚以来就一直承担着的角色。
Point 2 现在完成进行时有时所表示的动作并不是一直在不停地进行,而是在断断续续地重复。
●I have been ringing you several times in two days. 这两天内我给你打过几次电话。
●---You are a great swimmer 一你是个很棒的游泳运动员。
---Thanks. It's because I have been practising a lot these days. 一谢谢。这是因为这些天我一直在做大量练习。
考点6 时态的呼应
分考点1含状语从句的时态一致
Point 在由when, while, before, after,until ,as soon as等引导的时间状语从句、由if, unless等引导的条件状语从句,以及由 though, although等引导的让步状语从句中,若主句表示将来的动作或状态,则主句可以用一般将来时、祈使句或含有情态动词的一般现在时,从句相应地用一般现在时、现在完成时或现在完成进行时。
●I'll go to the library as soon as I finish what I am doing.
我手头的工作一做完,就马上去图书馆。(时间状语从句)
●If we drink dirty water, we can catch diseases from the bacteria and become ill.
如果我们饮用脏水,我们会因细菌感染疾病,从而生病。
●They'll stand by you even if you don't succeed. 即使你不成功,他们也会支持你。(让步状语从句)
分考点2 含宾语从句的时态一致
Point 1 如果主句为一般现在时或一般将来时,从句可根据句意需要选用任何时态。
● He says(that) he works at night..他说他上夜班。
● She says(that) she has been to Mount Tai..她说她去过泰山。
Point 2 如果主句为过去的某种时态,从句多用过去时态。具体情况如下:
①、从句谓语动词所表示的动作与主句谓语动词表示的动作同时发生,从句时态:一般过去时、过去进行时
●He said there was no hospital in the village. 他说村庄里没有医院。
②、从句谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之前,从句时态:过去完成时
●He said that he had finished the task. 他说他已经完成了任务。
③、从句谓语动词所表示的动作发生在主句谓语动词表示的动作之后,从句时态: 过去将来时
●He said that he was going to look after the patient. 他说他会去照顾病人。
【特别注意】
(1)当宾语从句表示的是客观真理、格言、谚语或习惯性动作时,即使主句用的是过去的某种时态,从句仍用一般现在时。
●He said that light travels much faster than sound. 他说光比声音传播得快得多。
●The teacher told us that nothing is difficult if we put our heart into it.
老师告诉我们:世上无难事,只怕有心人
(2)当主句为过去时态时,若从句中有表示确定的过去时间的状语,从句仍用一般过去时。
●She said she came to work here in 1998. 她说她是1998年来这里工作的。
考点7 被动语态
分考点1被动语态的构成
被动语态由“助动词be + 及物动词的过去分词”构成,be动词有人称、数和时态的变化。被动语态常见的时态变化(以动词clean为例)
一般体
进行体
完成体
现在
am/is/are cleaned
am/is/are being cleaned
have/has been cleaned
过去
was/were cleaned
was/were being cleaned
had been cleaned
将来
shall/will be cleaned
shall/will have been cleaned
过去将来
should/would be cleaned
分考点2被动语态的用法
Point 1 被动语态的基本用法
(1) 强调或突出动作的承受者。
●New Zealand wine is of high quality and is sold all over the world. 新西兰的葡萄酒品质很高,广销全世界。
【特别注意】
①、有些及物动词或及物动词短语不能用于被动语态。常见的这类动词或动词短语有:
lack缺少 suit适合 have有 cost花费 fit适合 belong to属于 wish希 hold抓住
take part in参加 suffer from遭受 date back to追溯到
●I don't have that much money on me. 我身上没带那么多钱。
●Lions and tigers belong to the cat family. 狮子和老虎属于猫科。
②不及物动词或不及物动词短语不能于被动语态。常见的这类动词或动词短语有:
happen/ take place/ occur发生 remain剩下 come up被提出 come out出版 break out爆发
run out用完
●Three questions came up at the meeting. 在这次会议上(我们)提出了三个问题。
●His money is running out. 他的钱快用完了。
(2)不知道或无须说出动作的执行者。
●James Brindley is recognized as one of the leading early canal engineers.
詹姆斯·布林德利被公认为早期最杰出的运河工程师之一。
(3)用在科技文献或新闻报道中。
●Cars of this kind were made in the 1980s. 这种小汽车是20世纪80年代制造的
Point 2 主动形式表被动意义
(1)表示主语的某种属性特征或功能的动词,如read, write, sell, wash, clean, cook, catch, draw, cut, peel等,常与well, badly,easily,smoothly等副词连用,用主动形式表示被动意义。
● The shirt doesn't wash well. 这件衬衫不好洗。
● The book sells well. 这本书卖得很好。
(2)系动词 smell, taste, feel, look, sound, prove等后接形容词作表语,用主动形式表被动意义。
● Her voice sounds beautiful. 她的嗓音听起来很美妙。
(3)open, close, lock, move, keep等动词常与won't,can't,wouldn't, hardly, scarcely等连用,以及表示“开始”、“结束”的动词,如 begin, start, finish, end等,常用主动形式表示被动意义。
● This drawer won'' t lock. 这个抽屉锁不上。
●The shop closes at 6 p.m. every day. 这个商店每天下午6点关门。
(4)有些非谓语动词以主动形式出现,表示被动意义。常见的此类非谓语动词有:
①、(be) to blame, (be) to seek, (be) to let((出租)等。
●It is not he but you who are to blame. 该承担责任的是你而不是他。
②、need, want, require, deserve, be worth等后接v.-ing
● The library wants repairing. 图书馆需要被修缮。
③、"(be +)easy/difficult/hard/heavy/light/dangerous/pleasant/comfortable/fit/interesting/expensive... to do"
●The question is easy to answer. 这个问题容易(被)回答。
(5)有些动词,如cook, bake, print, do等,常用主动结构的进行时表示被动意义。
● The book is printing. 这本书正在(被)印刷。
(6)某些介词短语,如 under discussion,under consideration, on display, on sale, in dispute等,也可用主动结构表示被动意义。
●A wide range of postcards and other souvenirs are on sale in the visitors' center.
游客中心出售各种明信片以及其他纪念品。
考点8 主谓一致
Point 1 动名词、动词不定式、不定代词作主语时,谓语动词常用单数。
● Looking after the children is his full-- time job. 照看这些孩子是他的全职工作。
● To hold the Olympic Games is a rich prize for a country.
举办奥运会对于一个国家来说是一种无上的荣耀。
● Nothing is impossible for a willing heart. 心之所愿,无所不成。
【特别注意】
what引导的从句作主语时,谓语动词一般用单数形式;但如果从句表示复数含义,则谓语动词用复数形式。
●What she told me is none of your business.
她告诉我什么与你无关。( What she told me.属于单数的抽象概念,因此谓语动词用单数形式)
●What I need for the cleaning are a pair of rubber gloves and some plastic bags.
我需要一副橡胶手套和几个塑料袋来进行大扫除。(主语 What I need指的是一副橡胶手套和几
个塑料袋,是复数概念,因此谓语动词用复数形式)
Point 2 集体名词作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式要根据主语所指的意义而定。若把集体名词看作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式;如果强调的是集体中的个体(各个成员),谓语动词用复数形式。
常见的集体名词有:
family家庭 class班级 team团队 group组 public公众 audience观众 committee委员会
government 政府 army军队 crowd人群 club俱乐部 staff职员
●The class is made up of twenty boys and fifteen girls. 这个班由20个男生和15个女生组成。
●The whole class were told to stay behind after school. 全班的学生被告知放学后留下。
【特别注意】
people, cattle, police等集体名词作主语时,谓语动词必须用复数形式。
●The police are searching for the murderer in the mountain. 警察正在山里搜寻凶手。
Point 3 由or, either...or, neither...nor , not only... but also.., not...but...等连接并列主语时,谓
语动词常和与它最近的主语在人称和数上保持一致。
● Neither he nor I am going to the cinema..他和我都不会去看电影。
●Not only the students but also the teacher was grateful for your help.
不仅是学生们,而且这位老师也感谢你的帮助。
Point 4 如果主语后面带有 as well as, as much as, no less than, with, along with, together with, like, rather
than, but, except, besides, including, in addition to等词或短语连接的成分时,谓语动词应与主语在人称和数上保持一致。
●The famous musician, as well as his students, was invited to perform at the opening ceremony.
那个著名的音乐家和他的学生被邀请在开幕式上表演
●Six people, including a policeman, were praised at the awards ceremony.
颁奖仪式上,有六人被嘉奖,包括一名警。
Point 5 由and连接的两个单数名词或不可数名词作主语时,如果两个名词表示不同的人或物,谓语动词用复数形式。
●A hammer and a saw are useful tools. 锤子和锯都是有用的工具。
【特别注意】
如果用and连接的两个单数名词或不可数名词表示同一个人或物,谓语动词用单数形式。
●The writer and professor, who I often refer to at the meetings,is popular among those people.
我在会议上经常提到的那位作家兼教授,在那些人中很受欢迎。
Point 6 each, every, no所修饰的单数名词作主语时,即使有and连接,谓语动词仍用单数形式。
●Every boy and every girl wishes to attend the English Evening to be held on Saturday.
每个男生和女生都希望参加将在星期六举办的“英语之夜”晚会。
Point 7 “ more than one// many a+可数名词单数”作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式
●More than one boy likes to play basketball while many a girl is good at playing baseball.
很多男孩喜欢打篮球,而很多女孩擅长打棒球。
【特别注意】
“more+复数名词+ than one"”作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式。
Point 8 “分数/百分数+of+名词”或“ the rest of/ plenty of/ the majority of/ lots of/part of+名词”等结构作主语时,谓语动词的单复数形式一般取决于of后名词的数以及其所表示的意义。
●About one third of the books are worth reading. 这些书中大约有三分之一的书值得一读。
●Altogether more than 70 percent of the surface of the earth is covered by water.
地球表面总共有超过70%的部分被水覆盖。
Point 9 表示时间、金钱、距离、重量等的复数名词,在表示单位数量且用作主语时,通常被看作整体,谓语动词用单数形式。
●Three thousand miles is a long distance. 3,000英里是一段很长的
Point 10 表示由两部分构成的物体的名词,如trousers, pants, jeans, glasses , shoes, gloves等作主语时,谓语动词通常用复数形式。但如果这类名词前用了 a pair of/two/three.. pairs of来修饰,谓语动词的单复数形式往往取决于pair的单复数形式。
● His trousers were slightly short. 他的裤子有点短。
● A pair of glasses is on the desk. 桌上有一副眼镜。
Point 11 关系代词who, that, which 等在定语从句中作主语时,从句谓语动词的数应与句中先行词的数保持一致。当先行词是“ the only one of+复数名词”时,从句谓语动词用单数形式;当先行词是“ one of+复数名词”时,从句谓语动词用复数形式。
●Guilin is a city that has a history of more than 2,000 years. 桂林是一座具有2,000多年历史的城市。
●He is the only one of persons who has known the secret so far. 他是到目前为止唯一一个知道这个秘密的
●The Great Wall is one of the world-famous buildings that draw lots of visitors.
长城是世界著名建筑之一,吸引了大批游客。
Point 12 a number of, a variety of等后接复数可数名词作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式;the number of, the
variety of 等后接名词作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式。
● A number of options were suggested. 好几种选择被提出。
●The number of medical schools reached 18 in the early 1990s and has remained around that level ever since.
在20世纪90年代初,医学院的数量达到了18所,从那时候起一直保持在这个水平。
Point 13 a quantity of和 quantities of后既可接可数名词复数,也可接不可数名词。如果 a quantity of和
quantities of 后接不可数名词作主语,谓语动词用单数形式;如果 a quantity of和 quantities of后接可数名词复数作主语,谓语动词通常用复数形式。 an amount of和 amounts后都常接不可数名词,谓语动词的单复数取决于的amount单复数形式。当代英语中, an amount of和 amounts of后也可接复数名词,谓语动词用复数形式。
●A quantity of money has been wasted on the project. =Quantities of money have been wasted on the project.
在这个项目上浪费了大量的金钱。
核心考法 重难突破
考法1 考查动词的用法或短语及搭配
语法填空常考查动词短语或搭配。同一动词和不同的介词或副词搭配有着不同的含义;同一介词或副词和不同的动词搭配含义也会不同,如:give+in/out/away/up,tum+in/out/on/off/up/down,put up/on/down/ away/off,,set up/off/out/about/aside,cut up/ down/ off,,come along/off/across/through,carry/feed/put/focus on, get/look/take/come over等。
【天津2018·3改编】] At first Robert wouldn' t let his daughter go diving, but eventually he gave______as she was
so confident about her skills.
【解析】句意为:刚开始罗伯特不让他的女儿去潜水,但是最终他让步了,因为他女儿对自己的(潜水)技能很自信。根据句意可知,此处应用 give in,,意为“屈服;让步”,故填in。(根据考试要求,无提示词填空题只填1词)
考法2 考查具有明显时间标志的时态和语态
此类题目通常有较明显的时间标志词,可能是明确的时间状语,也可能是动词、动词短语等标志词。做该类试题时,可根据不同情况寻找时间标志词,通过对时间状语或动词、动词短语等标志词及语境的分析作出判断。但有时题干中的时间状语具有干扰性,如for,now等词构成的时间状语,所以考生要根据具
体语境来判断时态。题干中常出现的标志词或时间状语有:
(1)、一般现在时: sometimes, every day/week, on Sundays等;
(2)、一般过去时: yesterday, last week, three years ago, the other day, the day before yesterday, once upon a time, in1990等;
(3)、一般将来时: next week, tomorrow, before long, in the future, later on, the day after tomorrow
(4)、现在进行时:look,now, at present at this moment,these days等;
(5)、过去进行时:then,at that time,those days等;
(6)、将来进行时: at this time tomorrow/ the day after tomorrow,from... to... tomorrow/the day after tomorrow
(7)、现在完成时: lately, recently,so far,yet,by now,up to/till now,since then, in the last/past few days/years
(8)、过去完成时: by then,by that time, until then, by the end of 2012,before1999等。
1、【2021年新高考八省联考】It doesn't impress like George Washington's plantation on the Potomac, but Lincoln's home in downtown Springfield, Illinois, 56. (prove)irresistible to visitors since it opened to the public.
【解析】考查动词。句意:它不像乔治华盛顿在波托马克河畔的种植园那样给人留下深刻印象,但林肯在伊利诺伊州斯普林菲尔德市中心的家,自从向公众开放以来,就被证明对游客来说是不可抗拒的。分析句子成分可知,设空处作谓语动词,Lincoln’s home in downtown Springfield Illinois作主语;结合句意及设空处后的时间状语从句since it opened to the public可知,此处指过去发生的事情对现在造成的影响,符合现在完成时概念,故设空处用现在完成时;现在完成时结构是has/have +过去分词;主语Lincoln’s home in downtown Springfield Illinois是第三人称单数,所以助动词用has,提示词prove 的过去分词形式是proved或proven。故填 has proved/ has proven。
2、 【2021年新高考八省联考】After Lincoln was elected President of the US in 1861, they rented the house and 65. (sell)most of their furniture.
【解析】考查动词。句意:1861年林肯当选美国总统后,他们租了房子,卖掉了大部分家具。分析句子成分可知,设空处和前面的动词rented一起做并列谓语;根据时间状语1861可知,此处用一般过去时态,提示词sell的过去式形式是sold。故填sold。
3、【2021年全国高考甲卷】The Xi'an City Wall is the most complete city wall that has survived China's long history. It 61. (build) originally to protect the city in the Tang dynasty and has now been completely restored (修复).
【解析】考查被动语态。句意:它最初是为了保护唐代的城市而建造的,现在已经完全修复了。分析句子可知,空格处为谓语,动词build和主语之间是被动关系,应用被动语态(be done),根据句意和时间状语the Tang dynasty可知,用一般过去时,谓语动词用过去式,主语it为第三人称单数,主谓一致,故填was built。
4、【全国I 2020·61】 The unmanned Chang'e-4 probe(探测器)-the name was inspired by an ancient Chinese moon goddess_____(touch)down last week in the South Pole-Aitken basin.
【解析】句意为:以中国古代的一位月亮女神的名字命名的无人探测器“嫦娥四号”,上周在月球的南极-艾特肯盆地着陆。分析句子成分可知,设空处为句子的谓语动词;根据时间状语 last week可知,此处讲述的是过去的事情,应用一般过去时。故填 touched.
考法3 考查没有明显时间标志的时态和语态
近几年高考对时态和语态的考查更加语境化,题干中多未给出明显的时间状语或标志词,此时考生可根据上下文,认真体会语境,挖掘其隐含信息,弄清时间的先后顺序,从而作出正确的判断。
1、【2021年全国高考甲卷】We 66. (hire) our bikes from the rental place at the South Gate. My bike was old and shaky but did the job.
【解析】考查时态。句意:我们从南门的租赁处租了自行车。分析句子可知,此处为谓语动词,根据上下文可知,此处描述过去发生的事情,用一般过去时,谓语动词用过去式。故填hired。
2、【2021年新高考I卷】What comes next is the endless series of steps. You can’t help wondering how hard it
61. (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place.
【解析】考查一般过去时。句意:你不禁会想,对当时的人们来说,把这些石头都安置好有多难。分析句子可知,“how hard it 61 (be) for the people then to put all those rocks into place”作wonder的宾语,it是从句的形式主语,不定式为真正主语,谓语动词用单数形式,安置台阶的石头为陈述过去的事情,应用一般过去时。故填was。
3、【2021年新高考八省联考】"The little home 60. (paint)white. It was sweet and fresh.
【解析】考查被动语态。句意:这个小房子被漆成了白色。分析句子结构可知,设空处作谓语动词,The little home作主语。结合句意及常识可知,房子是“被漆”的,主语和谓语动词之间是被动关系,所以要用被动语态;根据上文的was built可知,此处为一般过去时态;一般过去时的被动语态结构是was/were+过去分词;主语The little home是单数第三人称,所以要用was,提示词paint的过去分词形式是painted。故填was painted。
4、【2021年浙江高考】It is calculated by dividing a person’s weight in kg by their height in meters squared. and a BMI of between 19 and 25 59. (consider) healthy.
【解析】考查动词被动语态。句意:它的计算方法是用一个人的体重(公斤)除以身高(米)的平方,BMI在19到25之间被认为是健康的。分析句子结构可知,句子缺少谓语,主语(a BMI)是单数,时态是一般现在时,且主语和consider是表被动关系,故填is considered。
5、【全国新高考I 2020·38】The 80,000 objects collected by Sir Hans Sloane, for example,_______(form)the core
collection of the British Museum which opened in 1759.
【解析】句意为:例如,汉斯·斯隆爵士收藏的8万件藏品是1759年开放的大英博物馆的核心藏品。分析句子成分可知,该空为句子的谓语;根据语境可知,此处讲述的是发生在过去的事情,应用一般过去时。故填 formed
考法4 考查主从复合句中前后时态的呼应
(1)、在时间、条件、让步状语从句中,若主句为一般现在时或一般将来时,则从句用一般现在时代替一般将来时;若主句为一般过去时,则从句也应用相应的过去时态。
(2)、正确判定主句谓语动词及从句谓语动词两个动作发生的时间,并认真体会命题者所给出的语境。
(3)、解答宾语从句与主句时态呼应问题时,考生应熟知以下规则:
如果主句是现在时态或将来时态,则从句可根据语境使用任何所需的时态;如果主句为过去时态,则从句需用适当的过去的某种时态(表示客观真理时使用一般现在时)。
【浙江2019年6月·62】 One study in America found that students' grades_______(improve) a little after the school introduced uniforms.
【解析】句意为:美国的一项研究发现,在学校推行校服制度之后,学生的成绩提高了一些。分析句子成分可知,设空处在句中作宾语从句的谓语,宾语从句中的时间状语从句 after
the school introduced uniforms的时态为一般过去时,因此宾语从句的时态也应用一般过去时。故填 improved.
考法5 考查一些固定句式的时态
英语中有一些句式的时态常常很固定,如果题干中出现这种句式,考生应注意根据规则选用适当的时态。例如:
(1)It is the first/second/... time that sb. have/has done...
(2)It was the first/second/... time that sb. had done...
(3)sb. was/were doing sth. when... did...
(4)It's high time that sb. did/should do...
(5)Hardly/Scarcely had sb. done sth. when sb. did...
(6)No sooner had sb. done sth. than... did...
1、【天津2017·8改编】I_________(drive)down to London when I suddenly found that I was on the wrong road.
【解析】句意为:我正开车去伦敦,这时我突然发现我走错了路。sb.was/ were doing sth..when.did.为固定句型,意为“某人正在做某事,这时……”。因此,主句应用过去进行时,故填 was driving
2、【全国I 2015·61】 It was raining lightly when I____________(arrive)in Yangshuo just before dawn.
【解析】句意为:我正好在拂晓前到达阳朔,那时天空正下着小雨。sb.was/ were doing sth..when.did.为固定句式,意为“某人正在做某事,这时……”。故填 arrived.
考法6 考查主谓一致
主谓一致遵循的原则有语法一致原则、意义一致原则和就近一致原则,主要考点如下:
(1)、动名词、不定式等作主语时,谓语动词用单数。
(2)、主语后带有with, along with, together with, as well as,but等词或短语连接的成分时,谓语动的单复数与前面主语的数保持一致。
(3)、either... or...,,neither... nor..., not only... but also...,or等连接的并列主语,通常根据就近原则,谓语动词的单复数和与它最近的主语保持一致。
(4)、集体名词作主语时,要根据主语所表示的意义来确定谓语动词的单复数。
(5)、“分数/百分数/ the rest/ the majority...+of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的单复数一般取决于of后名词的数及其所表示的意义。
(6)、定语从句中的主谓一致。
【全国新高考I 2020·41】 Often,, only a small part of a museum's collection_______________(be)on display.
【解析】句意为:通常,一个博物馆的藏品只有一小部分会被展出。分析句子成分可知,设空处为句子的谓语,本句陈述的是一般事实,应用一般现在时;“ a part of+名词”作主语时,谓语动词的数取决于of后的名词是单数还是复数,根据collection为单数可知,谓语动词应用单数形式。故填is
【全国Ⅱ 2020·62】 This is why decorating with plants, fruits and flowers_________(carry) special significance.
【解析】句意为:这就是为什么用植物、水果和花卉进行装饰承载着特殊的重要意义。分析句子成分可知,本句包含why引导的表语从句,设空处为从句的谓语动词;且此处陈述客观事实,应用一般现在时;从句的主语为动名词短语 decorating with plants,, fruits and flowers,从句谓语应用第三人称单数形式。故填 carries.
专题10 名词性从句(讲解版)-备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破: 这是一份专题10 名词性从句(讲解版)-备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破,共6页。试卷主要包含了主语从句等内容,欢迎下载使用。
专题8 情态动词和虚拟语气(讲解版)-备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破: 这是一份专题8 情态动词和虚拟语气(讲解版)-备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破,共12页。
专题07动词时态 (练习版)---备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破: 这是一份专题07动词时态 (练习版)---备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破,文件包含专题07动词时态解析版---备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破doc、专题07动词时态练习版---备战2022年高考英语精选考点专项突破doc等2份试卷配套教学资源,其中试卷共29页, 欢迎下载使用。