专题 10 备战2022高考英语 外刊时文热点阅读理解 （系列十）

这是一份专题 10 备战2022高考英语 外刊时文热点阅读理解 （系列十），共14页。试卷主要包含了 muffle v等内容，欢迎下载使用。

文章1： 美国“毅力号”开启寻找火星生命之旅
文章2： 噪声污染危及海洋生物
文章3：全球近70%热带雨林遭破坏
文章4： 动物装死来躲避捕食者
文章5：阿雷西博天文台坍塌遭永久关闭
（一）
美国“毅力号”开启寻找火星生命之旅
在八大行星中，火星的地位一直十分特殊，人们为它创造了数量可观的科幻小说和影视作品。人类之所以对火星寄托这么多情感，很大程度上是出于对火星生命的期待。​火星上是否曾有过生命？如果有的话，即使数量微乎其微，会留下某种遗迹吗？要回答这个问题，得去火星实地看看。美国“毅力号”火星探测器就承担着这样的使命。
阅读短文并回答问题
The American space agency’s Mars explrer, Perseverance, successfully landed n the Red Planet Thursday after a seven-mnth trip. The six-wheeled explrer, r rver（探测器）, is n a NASA missin t cllect Martian sil and rcks as part f the search fr signs f ancient life. Grund cntrllers at NASA’s Jet Prpulsin Labratry (JPL) in Califrnia cheered after receiving cnfirmatin f the landing n Mars. It tk 11.5 minutes fr the cnfirmatin signal t reach Earth. Mments later, cntrllers received the rver’s first pictures f Mars.
Perseverance is NASA’s largest, heaviest and mst technlgy-laded vehicle ever sent t Mars. It has 19 cameras, tw micrphnes and a tw-meter-lng rbtic arm. A machine cnnected t the arm will dig int the grund t gather rck and sil. The rver is equipped with X-ray and imaging systems t study Martian chemistry and identify pssible rganic cmpunds（化合物）. It als has a small experimental flyer called Ingenuity, which NASA says will attempt its first flight in the cming mnths. Officials hpe it will be the first vehicle t fly n a planet ther than Earth.
Perseverance landed in an area f Mars called Jezer Crater, just nrth f the planet’s equatr. The area cntains a large ancient lakebed, which NASA cnsiders a prmising place t find pssible signs f micrbial（微生物的）life. Scientists believe if life ever existed n Mars, it wuld have been present 3 t 4 billin years ag, when water flwed n the planet.
The successful landing marked the third recent visit t Mars. Last week, spacecraft frm the United Arab Emirates and China entered the planet’s rbit. All three f the missins were launched in July t take advantage f the shrter distance between Earth and Mars at the time. This clseness between the planets happens every tw years.
Perseverance is NASA’s fifth rver t explre Mars. With previus missins all yielding valuable infrmatin abut the Red Planet, NASA says Perseverance “aims t take the next step” in searching fr signs f ancient micrbial life.
1. What is the missin f Perseverance?
A. T achieve a sft landing n Mars.
B. T recrd changes in Mar’s appearance.
C. T gather sil and rck samples frm Mars.
D. T link engineers n Earth t missins n Mars.
2. What is paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A. The functin f Ingenuity.
B. The advantage f the rver.
C. The intrductin t Perseverance.
D. The expectatin f NASA fficials.
3. Why was Jezer Crater chsen as the target landing site?
A. Its special gegraphical lcatin.
B. Its unique landfrms.
C. Its lng gelgical age.
D. Its ptential fr finding life signs.
4. Why were all three spacecraft launched in July?
A. T make use f the shrter distance between the planets.
B. T cmpete against each ther t land n Mars first.
C. T take advantage f climate cnditins in summer.
D. T accmplish missins n Mars thrugh cperatin.
【参考答案】1-4 CCDA
【单词】
1. Martian adj. 火星的
2. prmising adj. 有希望的
He was vted the mst prmising new actr fr his part in the mvie.
他因在该电影中扮演的角色而获评为最有前途的新演员。
3. yield v. 提供
The research has yielded useful infrmatin.
这项研究提供了有用的资料。
【短语】
1. Jezer Crater 耶泽罗陨石坑
2. United Arab Emirates 阿拉伯联合酋长国
【知识拓展】
1. NASA (Natinal Aernautics and Space Administratin)
美国国家航空航天局，又称美国宇航局、美国太空总署，是美国联邦政府的一个行政性科研机构，负责制定、实施美国的太空计划，并开展航空科学的研究。NASA是目前世界上最权威的航空航天科研机构，与许多国内及国际上的科研机构分享其研究数据。
2. Jet Prpulsin Labratry (JPL)
喷气推进实验室是美国一个以无人飞行器探索太阳系的中心，其飞船已经到过全部已知的大行星。该实验室始建于1936年，位于加利福尼亚州帕萨迪那，是美国国家航空航天局的一个下属机构，负责为美国国家航空航天局开发和管理无人空间探测任务。
（二）
噪声污染危及海洋生物
每当谈及海洋所面临的破坏，人们首先会想到全球变暖、塑料污染和过度捕捞。对于人类在地面习以为常的活动，如声纳捕猎和石油勘探所造成的噪声污染，人们往往会忽略。但是对于依赖声音来交流、捕食和躲避捕食者的海洋生物来说，噪声污染正在严重威胁着它们的生命安全。
阅读短文并回答问题
Have yu ever had the feeling that yu can’t think when there is t much nise arund? Did yu ever think a fish culd experience that feeling t? A recent paper published in Science titled “Sundscape（声景）f the Anthrpcene Oceans”, cmbined ver 10,000 scientific papers, cnfirming that undersea life knws that exact same feeling, mre ften than nt. Anthrpgenic（人为的）cean nise, als knwn as underwater nise pllutin, has created a dramatic impact n marine life due t “human-caused” activity within and neighbring ur ceans.
Disney Pixar’s animated film Finding Nem educated us abut the cean, and specifically within the rdinary wrld f a clwn fish. A fact many may nt knw is that clwn fish spend the first part f their lives as larvae, drifting with the current f the cean until they becme strng enugh t swim against it. Once they are pwerful and strng, they head hme in sheltered cral reefs. There is nly ne drawback — the fish can’t physically see the reef, but they can hear it. The nly prblem is, if they can’t hear it, will they ever make it hme?
Our anthrpgenic cean nise, such as carg ships, ship and bat prpellers, surfing, deep sea mining, etc. are causing destructin f marine life. Accrding t Time, sund is the sensry signal that travels the farthest thrugh the cean. Anthrpgenic nise drwns ut the natural sundscapes, putting marine life under immense stress. Altgether, this stress then affects their general health, disrupts their behavir, physilgy, reprductin and, in extreme cases, causes death. Marine life can adapt t nise pllutin, hwever, nly if they can escape it. This nly renders further cmplicatins f straying（使偏离）species frm their traditinal breeding regins r separating them frm their families.
Nw, what if we tld yu there is already a slutin? Multiple remedies, ideas and designs are currently in the wrks r already exist t eliminate and reverse the damage f anthrpgenic cean nise. As Time explains, frm wind-pwered ships t nise-reducing prpellers, flating wind turbines and “bubble curtains” that muffle cnstructin nise, the slutins are already available and in sme cases, cst-effective. The authrs f the paper hpe it will catch the attentin f plicymakers, wh histrically speaking, have ignred the matter still t this day.
Of all the challenges cean creatures are battling, luckily sund pllutin is the easiest cmprmise humans can make. Once the nise has decreased, marine life will be able t better manage everything else it is up against.
1. What d we knw abut “Sundscape f the Anthrpcene Oceans”?
A. It analyses hw sund travels in the cean.
B. It discusses different types f cean pllutin.
C. It explres the effects f nise pllutin n sea life.
D. It studies hw sea animals cmmunicate with each ther.
2. Why did the authr mentin clwn fish in paragraph 2?
A. T present their life cycles.
B. T shw hw terrible their living cnditins are.
C. T intrduce a famus animatin abut the cean wrld.
D. T stress the imprtance f natural sundscapes t sea life.
3. What des the underlined wrd “renders” prbably mean in paragraph 3?
A. Causes.B. Reduces.C. Reveals.D. Prevents.
4. Which f the fllwing slutins is already available accrding t paragraph 4?
A. The management f ship traffic.
B. The restrictin f human activities.
C. The adptin f nise cntrl techniques.
D. The applicatin f relevant laws.
【参考答案】1-4 CDAC
【单词】
1. marine adj. 海洋的
2. larva n. 幼体（复数形式为larvae）
3. prpeller n. 螺旋桨
4. remedy n. 处理方法
5. wind turbine n. 风力发电机
6. cst-effective adj. 划算的
The bank must be run in a cst-effective way.
银行必须以有成本效益的方式经营。
7. muffle v. 使（声音）降低
He tried t muffle the alarm clck by putting it under his pillw.
他把闹钟塞在枕头底下，想减低声音。
【短语】
1. drwn…ut 压过；淹没
She turned up the radi t drwn ut the nise frm next dr.
她开大了收音机的音量以压过隔壁房间的吵闹声。
2. in the wrks 在讨论（或计划、筹备等）中
3. up against… 遇到问题
Teachers are up against sme majr prblems these days.
老师们最近面临着一些重大问题。
【长难句】
A recent paper published in Science titled “Sundscape f the Anthrpcene Oceans”, cmbined ver 10,000 scientific papers, cnfirming that undersea life knws that exact same feeling, mre ften than nt.
【分析】句子主语为“A recent paper”，谓语为“cmbined”，宾语为“ver 10,000 scientific papers”。“published in Science”和“titled ‘Sundscape f the Anthrpcene Oceans’”均为后置定语，修饰“A recent paper”；“cnfirming that undersea life…ften than nt”为伴随状语，其中“that undersea life knws…ften than nt”为“cnfirming”的宾语从句，“mre ften than nt”为程度状语。
【译文】最近，一篇题为《人类世海洋的声景》的论文发表在《科学》杂志上，这篇论文结合了1万多篇科学论文，证实了海底生物往往也有同样的感觉。
【知识拓展】
1. Science
《科学》是美国科学促进会（American Assciatin fr the Advancement f Science，AAAS）出版的一份学术期刊，为全世界最权威的学术期刊之一。该杂志全年共51期，为周刊，全球发行量超过150万份。《科学》属于综合性科学杂志，其科学新闻报道、综述、分析、书评等部分，都是权威的科普资料。
2. Pixar
皮克斯动画工作室（Pixar Animatin Studis），简称皮克斯，是一家专门制作电脑动画的公司。该公司目前位于美国加州的爱莫利维尔市。2006年，皮克斯被迪士尼以74亿美元收购，成为华特迪士尼公司（The Walt Disney Cmpany）的一部分。
3. Time
《时代周刊》，又称《时代》，创刊于1923年，是美国三大时事性周刊之一。《时代》内容广泛，主要针对国际问题发表主张，并对国际重大事件进行跟踪报道。
（三）
全球近70%热带雨林遭破坏
热带雨林是地球上抵抗力稳定性最高的生态系统，在调节气候、防止水土流失、净化空气、保证地球生物圈的物质循环有序进行等方面起着重要作用。但由于常年开发不当和保护不利，全球约三分之二的热带雨林已经退化或正在遭受破坏。
阅读短文并回答问题
Trpical rainfrests are disappearing at an alarming rate, and accrding t a new reprt by Rainfrest Fundatin Nrway, humans are t blame. The wrld’s dependence n cal, farming, sy, palm il and mining has resulted in tw-thirds f Earth’s trpical rainfrests being cmpletely destryed, and the remaining ecsystems being put clser t a tipping pint（临界点）.
Trpical rainfrests nce cvered 14.5 millin square kilmeters f Earth’s surface, but nw, just ne-third f that remains intact. Of the riginal area trpical rainfrests nce ccupied, 34% is cmpletely gne and 30% is suffering frm degradatin. All that remains is rughly 9.5 millin square kilmeters, and 45% f that is in a degraded state, the reprt says.
Researchers blame human cnsumptin fr the lss. While agriculture has always been a driving factr f rainfrest lss, the reprt said that energy cnsumptin, internatinal trade and the prductin f sy and palm il, lgging and mining have been the largest threats ver the past century. A significant number f U.S. cmmdities rely n resurces frm trpical rainfrests. The cuntry heavily relies n palm il, rubber and cca, all f which cme frm frests arund the wrld. Oftentimes, these resurces are harvested frm illegally defrested（砍伐森林）lands.
Trpical rainfrests are hme t mre than half f the Earth’s bidiversity and have mre carbn in living rganisms than any ther ecsystem. Alng with supprting significant animal life, trpical rainfrests are als essential t slwing dwn glbal warming. “These highly specialized ecsystems are suffering frm cnstant abuse, thrugh ur bttmless appetite fr land and resurces,” said Anders Krgh, wh authred the reprt. “We expect that upcming UN climate and bidiversity summits prvide specific targets and measures t prtect intact trpical rainfrests.”
The researchers als believe that the lss f trpical rainfrests puts the whle wrld at risk f future pandemics（流行病）. “Massive defrestatin is vilating nature’s natural virus prtectin mechanisms,” Krgh said. “The aftermath f COVID-19 shuld bring rainfrest prtectin t the tp f the agenda f all plicy makers and wrld leaders cncerned abut preventing the utbreak f new pandemics.”
1. What is the purpse f the numbers in paragraph 2?
A. T pint ut the threat t the current ecsystem.
B. T exhibit the frest cverage rate n Earth.
C. T present the prcess f rainfrest degradatin.
D. T highlight the severe destructin f rainfrests.
2. Why did the authr mentin America’s dependence n rainfrest resurces?
A. It displayed the richness f rainfrest resurces.
B. It stressed the effects f farming n trpical rainfrests.
C. It explained the relatinship between humans and nature.
D. It shwed human’s excessive cnsumptin f rainfrest resurces.
3. Which ne will be affected by the decline f trpical rainfrests accrding t paragraph 4?
A. Human diet.
B. Scial structure.
C. Glbal climate.
D. Ecnmic develpment.
4. What des Krgh want t cnvey in the last paragraph?
A. Rainfrest prtectin demands immediate attentin.
B. Defrestatin will affect the future generatins.
C. Rainfrest lss has brught abut new pandemics.
D. Defrestatin has accelerated the spread f the virus.
【参考答案】1-4 DDCA
【单词】
1. alarming adj. 令人惊慌的
2. lgging n. 伐木
3. cmmdity n. 商品
4. summit n. 峰会
5. aftermath n. （战争、事故、不快事情的）后果，创伤
A lt f rebuilding tk place in the aftermath f the war. 战后进行了大量的重建工作。
【短语】
be t blame (fr…) （对坏事）负有责任
Which driver was t blame fr the accident? 哪位司机是此次事故的肇事者？
【知识拓展】
Rainfrest Fundatin Nrway (RFN)
挪威雨林基金会是一个非政府组织。该组织致力于保护世界上的热带雨林，同时确保雨林居民的合法权利不受侵犯。
（四）
动物装死来躲避捕食者
大千世界无奇不有，生物的“骗术”就是其中之一，而且形形色色，手段高明。这是生物在自然界中为了生存不得不耍的伎俩。昆虫作为动物世界里的弱势群体，为了躲避天敌的猎捕和攻击进化出了各种独特的防御机制。蚁狮是如何利用假死之术来骗过捕食者的呢？下文将为您揭晓。
阅读短文并回答问题
A new study has fund that animals feign（假装）death fr lng perids f time in rder t escape capture frm their predatrs. Hw lng they are mtinless depends n the circumstances, but they can wait ut their predatrs fr quite a lng time when their lives are in danger.
Animals stay still t avid capture fr different lengths f time. “Mst intriguingly, Charles Darwin recrded a beetle that remained mtinless fr 23 minutes. Antlins, ur favurite study creature in this regard, set a recrd f 61 minutes,” says lead authr Nigel R. Franks frm the University f Bristl.
Antlins are members f a large grup f insects. Antlin larvae（幼虫）dig pits in lse sil and then aggressively attack ants and ther small insects that fall int the sandy pits. In anther study, researchers dug sandpits t understand the physics f hw antlin larvae build their pits. As part f their research they needed t weigh the individual larvae. When they put them nt the micrbalance scale t weigh them, they nticed that the larvae remained mtinless fr lng perids f time. “This made it ‘a piece f cake’ t weigh them but it arused researchers’ curisity, ‘What n earth were they playing at?’” Franks says.
The researchers fund that the amunt f time the antlins remained statinary after being disturbed was unpredictable and was ften quite lengthy. In researching ther animals, they fund that hw lng they wait t mve again can depend n factrs such as hunger and temperature, but it always varies.
This unpredictability is abslutely crucial fr their survival, Franks says. Fr example, if a bird visits these antlin pits and the larvae “play dead”, the birds will fly arund the antlins t see if they mve. “Imagine if antlins always remained immbile fr 5 minutes. In such a case, the predatr culd lk fr alternate prey（猎物）and then return t its riginal ne when the time is up,” he says. “If that happened, it wuld be a shrt life fr the predictable death-feigner.” But because the time is unpredictable, the birds leave and g find smething else t eat. The predatrs turn their attentin frm the unmving prey that n lnger catches their eye t smething nearby that is a better alternative.
1. What is the new study abut?
A. Animals’ hunting skills.
B. Animals’ living cnditins.
C. Animals’ self-prtecting behavir.
D. Animals’ means f cmmunicatin.
2. Why did the authr mentin anther research in paragraph 3?
A. T intrduce a new tpic fr discussin.
B. T ffer supprting data fr the discvery.
C. T make a cmparisn between the tw studies.
D. T prvide sme backgrund infrmatin n the study.
3. What des the underlined wrd “statinary” prbably mean in paragraph 4?
A. Unmving.
B. Alarmed.
C. Energetic.
D. Peaceful.
4. Hw d antlins take advantage f playing dead accrding t the last paragraph?
A. By scaring away predatrs.
B. By distracting predatrs’ attentin.
C. By staying still fr an uncertain amunt f time.
D. By waiting fr predatrs t eat smething else.
【参考答案】1-4 CDAC
【单词】
1. micrbalance n. 微量天平
2. lengthy adj. 漫长的
3. alternate adj. 供替换的
His grup was frced t turn back and take an alternate rute.
他的小组被迫返回，并采用了替代路线。
【短语】
1. wait ut 等待（令人不快的事情）结束
We sheltered in a drway t wait ut the strm. 我们躲避在一个门洞里等候暴风雨过去。
2. in this regard 在这方面；在这一点上
I have nthing further t say in this regard. 在这方面，我没什么要说的了。
3. a piece f cake 轻而易举的事
Winning that prize is a piece f cake. 赢得那个奖易如反掌。
4. n earth （加强疑问句的语气）到底，究竟
5. catch smebdy’s eye 引起某人注意
Can yu catch the waiter’s eye? 你能引起服务员的注意吗？
【知识拓展】
University f Bristl
布里斯托大学，简称布大，位于英格兰西南部城市布里斯托，为世界百强名校、一流研究型大学、英国老牌名校。布大以卓越的教学和研究、精湛的设备和高素质的学生与工作人员享誉国际，其工程学院素有“英国工程王国”之称。
（五）
阿雷西博天文台坍塌遭永久关闭
在过去的50年中，阿雷西博天文台一直表现得像个小强：它经受住了地震，飓风以及数十次热带风暴的考验。来自多个国家、多所大学的相关项目都在这里进行，以至于阿雷西博射电望远镜被称之为“人类之眼”。本以为它将一直强大，不想天有不测风云，它被自己家的“钢管”砸出七级内伤！
阅读短文并回答问题
One f astrnmy’s mst well-knwn telescpes — the 305-metre-wide radi telescpe at Arecib, Puert Ric — is clsing frever. Engineers cannt find a safe way t repair it after tw cables（钢缆）supprting the structure suddenly and catastrphically brke, ne in August and ne in early Nvember.
The Arecib telescpe, which was built in 1963, was the wrld’s largest radi telescpe fr decades and has histrical and mdern imprtance in astrnmy. It was the site frm which astrnmers sent an interstellar radi message in 1974, in case any extraterrestrials（外星人）might hear it, and where the first knwn extraslar planet was discvered, in 1992. It has als dne grundbreaking wrk in detecting near-Earth asterids, bserving the puzzling celestial blasts knwn as fast radi bursts, and studying many ther phenmena.
The cables that brke helped supprt a 900-tnne platfrm f scientific instruments, which hangs abve the main telescpe dish. The first cable smashed panels at the edge f the dish, but the secnd tre huge gashes in a central prtin f it. If any mre cables fail — which culd happen at any time — the entire platfrm culd crash int the dish belw. The US Natinal Science Fundatin (NSF), which wns the Arecib Observatry, is wrking n plans t safely lwer the platfrm dwn in a cntrlled fashin.
NSF fficials insist that the cable failures came as a surprise. After the first, engineering teams sptted a handful f brken wires n the secnd cable, which was mre crucial t hlding up the structure, but they did nt see it as a majr prblem because the weight it was carrying was well within its design capacity.
Sme f the bservatry’s scientific prjects may be able t be transferred t ther facilities, said Ralph Gaume, the NSF’s head f astrnmy. And he expects scientists t suggest where t shift their research t. Science des cntinue at ther prtins f the Arecib Observatry, which includes mre than the 305-metre dish. They include tw lidar（激光雷达）facilities that sht lasers int the atmsphere t study atmspheric phenmena.
1. What is paragraph 2 mainly abut?
A. The histry f building the telescpe.
B. The key rle f the telescpe in astrnmy.
C. The benefit f learning astrnmical events.
D. The prcess f lcating near-Earth planets.
2. What can we infer frm paragraph 3?
A. NSF fficials tried t repair the platfrm.
B. The scientific instruments brke dwn due t the cables.
C. The platfrm wuld be safe if n mre cables shuld fail.
D. The secnd cable failure destryed the platfrm.
3. Why were NSF fficials careless abut the brken wires n the secnd cable?
A. The cable was nt very ld.
B. The wires were specially designed.
C. The weight the cable bre did nt g beynd its limit.
D. The cable was nt as imprtant as the first ne.
4. What will happen t the nging scientific prjects at the bservatry?
A. All f them will be shut dwn.
B. Sme f them will be mved t ther facilities.
C. They will be distributed t different scientists.
D. Sme f them will be put ff.
【参考答案】1-4 BCCB
【单词】
1. interstellar adj. 星际的
2. extraslar adj. 太阳系以外的
3. grundbreaking adj. 开创性的
4. asterid adj. 小行星
5. gash n. 深长的切口
6. laser n. 激光
【短语】
in (a)… fashin 以……方式
【长难句】
It was the site frm which astrnmers sent an interstellar radi message in 1974, in case any extraterrestrials might hear it, and where the first knwn extraslar planet was discvered, in 1992.
【分析】“frm which astrnmers sent…might hear it”和“where the first knwn…in 1992”为并列的定语从句，修饰先行词“the site”；第一个定语从句中的“in case any extraterrestrials might hear it”为状语从句。
【译文】1974年，天文学家们就是在这里发送了星际无线电信息，因为可能会有外星人听到。1992年，人们在这里发现了第一颗太阳系外行星。
【知识拓展】
1. Natinal Science Fundatin , United States(NSF)
美国国家科学基金会是美国独立的联邦机构，相当于中国国家自然科学基金委员会，成立于1950年。任务是通过对基础科学研究计划的资助，改进科学教育，发展科学信息和增进国际科学合作等办法促进美国科学的发展。美国国家科学基金会组织由国家科学委员会和1名主席、1名副主席及5名主席助理组成。国家科学委员会的成员由美国总统任命。
2. Arecib Observatry
阿雷西博射电望远镜（Arecib Radi Telescpe），正式名称是阿雷西博天文台，它是世界最著名的天文台之一，位于美国海外属地波多黎各。在从1963年竣工到2016年中国500米口径球面射电望远镜（FAST）竣工之前的50多年里，阿雷西博天文台的305米射电望远镜是世界上最大的单孔径望远镜。它被用于射电天文学、大气科学和雷达天文学三个主要研究领域。