七年级上册英语语法
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词类、句子成分
be动词、实义动词、助动词
可数名词、不可数名词
定冠词、不定冠词
人称代词、指示代词
基数词、序数词
一般疑问句、特殊疑问句
初一英语上册语法知识点 人教版
一、48个国际音标及26个英文字母的正确书写
要熟练掌握元音和辅音,5个元音字母(a, e, i, o, u),字母的正确占格及单词间距。
二、 词类:英语词类分十种:
名词、形容词、代词、数词、冠词、动词、副词、介词、连词、感叹词。
1、名词(n.): 表示人、事物、地点或抽象概念的名称。如:boy, morning, bag, ball, class, orange.
2、代词(pron.): 主要用来代替名词。如:who, she, you, it .
3、形容词(adj..):表示人或事物的性质或特征。如:good, right, white, orange . 4、数词(num.): 表示数目或事物的顺序。如:one, two, three, first, second, third, fourth.
5、动词(v.): 表示动作或状态。如:am, is,are,have,see .
6、副词(adv.): 修饰动词、形容词或其他副词,说明时间、地点、程度等。如:now, very, here, often, quietly, slowly.
7、冠词(art..):用在名词前,帮助说明名词。如:a, an, the. 8、介词(prep.): 表示它后面的名词或代词与其他句子成分的关系。如in, on, from, above, behind.
9、连词(conj.): 用来连接词、短语或句子。如and, but, before .
10、感叹词(interj..)表示喜、怒、哀、乐等感情。如:oh, well, hi, hello.
三、 句子成分
英语句子成分分为七种:主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语、表语、宾语补足语。
1、主语是句子所要说的人或事物,回答是“谁”或者“什么”。通常用名词或代词担任。如:I’m Miss Green.(我是格林小姐)
2、谓语动词说明主语的动作或状态,回答“做(什么)”。主要由动词担任。如:Jack cleans the room every day. (杰克每天打扫房间)
3、表语在系动词之后,说明主语的身份或特征,回答是“什么”或者“怎么样”。通常由名词、代词或形容词担任。如:My name is Ping ping .(我的名字叫萍萍) 4、宾语表示及物动词的对象或结果,回答做的是“什么”。通常由名词或代词担任。如:He can spell the word.(他能拼这个词)
有些及物动词带有两个宾语,一个指物,一个指人。指物的叫直接宾语,指人的叫间接宾语。间接宾语一般放在直接宾语的前面。如:He wrote me a letter . (他给我写了一封信)
有时可把介词to或for加在间接宾语前构成短语,放在直接宾语后面,来强调间接宾语。如:He wrote a letter to me . (他给我写了一封信)
5、定语修饰名词或代词,通常由形容词、代词、数词等担任。如: Shanghai is a big city .(上海是个大城市)
6、状语用来修饰动词、形容词、副词,通常由副词担任。如:He works hard .(他工作努力) 7、宾语补足语用来说明宾语怎么样或干什么,通常由形容词或动词充当。如:They usually keep their classroom clean.(他们通常让教室保持清洁) / He often helps me do my lessons.(他常常帮我做功课) / The teacher wanted me to learn French all by myself.(老师要我自学法语)
四、be动词的用法
be动词有三种变形,分别是:am, is, are。记忆口诀:
“我”用am, “你”用are, is用于“他、她、它”;单数全都用is,复数全部都用are。
练习:1.I______(be) a student. My name_____(be) Tom.
2. Where _____(be) my shoes? They___(be) here.
3.Who ____(be) the girl with long straight hair? I think she ___(be) Kate.
4. You and I ___(not be) in Class Six.
5.___(be) there a supermarket on the Fifth Avenue? Yes, there_____(be).
6. ____ her parent tall? No, he____.
实义动词
助动词
五、人称及人称代词的不同形式(主格和宾格)
1、三种人称:第一人称(I, we),第二人称(you, you),第三人称(he, she, it, Maria)。
2、人称代词的主格,即人称代词位于句子主语位置时的形态:I, We, You, You, He, She, It, Maria。
3、人称代词的宾格,即人称代词位于句子宾语位置时的形态:me, us, you, you, him, her, it。
4形容词性物主代词:my, our, your, your, his, her, its, their。
5、名词性物主代词:mine, ours, yours, yours, his, hers, its, theirs。
6、 反身代词myself, ourselves, yourself, yourselves, himself, herself, itself, themselves。
1.________(我) am a worker. _________(你) are a doctor. ______(她) is a teacher.
2.This is (他的 )shirt.
3. This is __________(我的)pen.
4._________(他们的) trousers are there.
5. I like this picture. Please give ________(它) to ________(我).
6. People get ________(他们的) money from _________(我).
7._____(他们) are new students. _____(他们的) names are Lucy and Lily.
8. These are _____(我们的) shoes. Can ____(我们) wear ______(它们).
9.Thank _______ for _______(你的) help.
10. _______(他) loves _______(她), and _______(她) loves _______(他),too.
_______(我) love _________(你), and ________(你) love _______(我),too.
六、基数词(表示数量多少的词,大致相当于代数里的自然数)
序数词(序数词是数词的一种,主要在英语语法中讲到,在汉语中表示为“第几”)
可数名词、不可数名词
定冠词、不定冠词
七、一般疑问句及特殊疑问句
1、一般疑问句:能用Yes或No来回答的问句。一般疑问句句尾读升调。
2、 特殊疑问句:不能用Yes或No来回答的问句。特殊疑问句句尾读降调。
一般疑问句
(一)一般疑问句
用Yes或No作答的疑问句叫一般疑问句。其结构是be动词(am /is /are ) /助动词/情态动词+主语+其他成分
通常回答为:肯定:Yes,+主语+提问的词.
否定:No,+主语+提问的词+not.
Are you from Japan﹖ Yes ,I am. / No, I'm not.
Is her sister doing her homework now﹖ Yes, she is. / No, she isn't.
Does he work in a bank﹖ Yes, he does. / No, he doesn't.
Can you speak French﹖ Yes, I can. / No, I can't.
一般疑问句还有下列特点:
1、以be动词、助动词或情态动词开头;例:Is your father a teacher? Does Catherine like animals? Can Jenny speak French?
2、2、往往读升调;3、译成汉语,都可以带上“吗”,例如上面三句可分别译为:你父亲是老师吗?凯瑟琳喜欢动物吗?詹妮会说法语吗?
(二)例何将陈述句变成一般疑问句?
要将陈述句变成一般疑问句,可以遵循下列步骤:
1.如句中有be 动词(am、is、 are、 was、 were)情态动词(can、may、must …)或助动词(do、does、did、 have、 had(完成时中))时,可直接将它们提到句首,句末打上问号即可。主语为第一人称,应将其改为第二人称。
例: It was rainy yesterday.
→Was it rainy yesterday?
Tom's father can play the piano.
→Can Tom's father play the piano?
I have finished my homework.
→Have you finished your homework?
2.如果句中没有be动词、助动词或情态动词,则根据谓语动词的形式借助do的相应形式放在句首。具体方法是:如果谓语动词是原形,则借do;如果谓语动词是一般现在时第三人称单数形式,则借does;如果谓语动词是过去式,则借did. 需要注意的是,借does或did后,原句的谓语动词要变回原形。
例:They go to school by bike.
→Do they go to school by bike?
Bill gets up at 6:30 every day.
→Does bill get up at 6:30 every day?
The students saw a film yesterday.
→Did the students see a film yesterday?
(三)陈述句变一般疑问句应注意的事项
陈述句变成一般疑问句除了遵循上述规则以外,还应注意下列几点:
1.如果陈述句中有第一人称,则变问句时最好要变为第二人称。
例:I usually have lunch at school.
→Do you usually have lunch at school?
My father is playing soccer.
→Is your father playing soccer?
2.如果陈述句中有some, 则变问句时往往要变成any 。
例: There is some water on the playground.
→Is there any water on the playground?
3.复合句变一般疑问句通常只变主句,从句不变。
例:I know he comes from Canada.
→Do you know he comes from Canada?
4.如果句中含有实义动词have且表示“有”时,除借do外,也可将其直接提到句首。
例:I have some friends in America.
→Have you any friends in America?/Do you have any friends in America?
(四)一般疑问句的回答
一般疑问句往往采用简短回答,共由三部分(三个单词)组成,对这三部分(三个单词)的确定可以概括例下:
1.第一个词:不是Yes就是No。(有时根据语气的不同,Yes可由Sure, Certainly, Of course等代替.NO可由sorry 代替.)
2.第二个词:问谁答谁。即答语中的主语须与问句的主语一致(必须用主格代词)。
例:Does she clean her room every day? Yes, she does.
Is Anna′s father a doctor? No, he isn′t.
如果主语是 this that,回答时用 it 代替,如果问句中主语these, those,回答时用 they′ 代替。Is this your pen? Yes, it is. No, it isn't.
Are those your books? Yes, they are. No, they aren't.
3.第三个词:用什么问,用什么答。即用问句中的提问词。
Can Jim play soccer? Yes, he can.
Does Mr Bean speak English? Yes, he does. 需要注意问题:(1).用 may 引导的问句,肯定回答用may,否定回答用 can′t 或mustn′t,用 must 引导的问句,肯定回答用 must,否定回答用needn′t.
例:May I go to the park now? Yes, you may. /No, you mustn′t.
Must I wash my clothes now? Yes, you must. /No, you needn′t.
4.作否定回答时,结尾要加上not。否定回答最好缩写,而肯定回答不能缩写。
例:Did Thomas come here yesterday? Yes, he did./ No ,he didn′t.
Is Lin Lin in Class 3? Yes, she is. / No, she isn′t.或(No, she′s not).
特殊疑问句
以疑问词开头,对句中某一成分提问的句子叫特殊疑问句。常用的疑问词有:what(什么), who(谁), whose(谁的), which(哪个), when(何时), where(哪里), how(怎样,通过...), why(为何)等。
特殊疑问句有两种语序:
1.如疑问词作主语或主语的定语,即对主语或主语的定语提问,其语序是陈述句的语序:疑问词(+主语)+谓语动词+其他成分?如:
who is singing in the room﹖
whose bike is broken﹖
2.如疑问词作其他成分,即对其他成分提问,其语序是:疑问词+一般疑问句语序? 如:
what class are you in﹖
What does she look like﹖
Where are you from﹖
What time does he get up every morning﹖
How do you know﹖
特殊疑问词+助动词+主语+动词原形+其他?
eg:Where do you do study English?
特殊疑问词+be动词+主语+其他?
eg:Why is your Mum so angry?
特殊疑问词+情态动词+主语+动词原形+其他?
eg:What can I do for you?
注意:
1.回答特殊疑问句时,不能用yes / no,即问什么答什么,尤其是简略回答。如:
Who is from Canada﹖
Helen (is).
Where's the restaurant﹖
Near the station.
Why do you like koalas﹖
Because they are cute.
一般疑问句练习题并作出回答
1. His father is an English teacher.
2. These cats are crying.
3. They can swim.
4. They like to read English.
5. You may come here tomorrow.
6. He likes English.
7. His father goes to work by bus.
8. He is crying under the tree.
9. We must clean our classroom.
10. Mrs. Li and Kitty are in a big shop.
11. Kitty is wearing her new uniform.
12. The boy under the tree is hungry.
13. There is a big supermarket.
15. I want to have a model car.
16. She wants a cup of coffee.
17. Mrs. Li and Kitty watch television at night.
18. I do my homework after school.
19.There are some books on the table.
特殊疑问句练习题
一、选择正确的单词填空
who, where, when,what,why, how
1. A: ______ time is it?
B: It is nine o’clock.
2. A: ______ does your mother get up?
B: My mother gets up at 6:30.
3. A: ______ do you go to school?
B: I go to school by bike.
4. A: ______ colour is it?
B: It is purple.
5. A: ______ do you like apple?
B:Because it is sweet.
6.A:______ do you want to travel?
B:Beijing
7. A: ______ are you doing? B: We are playing basketball.
8. A: ______ does your mother do? B: My mother is a policewoman.
9. A: ______ is on the table? B: The apple is on the table.
10._____ is that pretty girl? She is my sister.
八、可数名词变复数
(一)可数名词变复数时,有规则变化和不规则变化两种。
可数名词变复数规则
1.一般情况下加s:
friend→friends; cat→cats; style→styles; sport→sports; piece→pieces
2.以s、z、x、ch、sh结尾加es :
bus→buses; quiz→quizzes; fox→foxes; match→matches; flash→flashes
3、以辅音字母+y结尾, 将y改变为i,再加-es
例:candy→candies; lady→ladies; story→stories
4、以-o结尾的名词,如果不是外来词或缩写,就加-es,否则加-s构成复数。
(有 生命的加es,无生命的加s)
例:tomato→tomatoes; potato→potatoes; torpedo(鱼雷)→torpedoes;
bingo(彩票式游戏)→bingoes
反例:radio→radios; piano→pianos(外来词); photo→photos; zoo→zoos
5、以f或fe结尾的将f或fe变为-ves,但有例外
例:knife→knives; life→lives; leaf→leaves; staff(员工)→staves;
scarf(围巾)→scarves
直接加s:roof-roofs, belief-beliefs,gulf(海湾)-gulfs, serf(农奴)-serfs,
safe-safes,chief(负责人)-chiefs
6、不规则名词:
man→men; woman→women; child→children; person→people; ox→oxen
foot →feet; goose →geese; mouse →mice; tooth →teeth
(二)have的三单形式是has。
九、(一)冠词的用法(名词前面必须要有冠词)
冠词分为定冠词(the)和不定冠词(a, an)两种。
1、定冠词the表示“特指”,可译为“这个”、“那个”、“这些”、“那些”。
2、不定冠词a, an用来表明(可数)名词的数量是“一个”。an用于以元音开头(注意不是以元音字母A E I O U开头)的单词前,a则英语非元音开头的单词前。
1. He is___an_ugly man.
2. I have ____an_orange.
3.There is __an__elephant in the zoo.
4.You are __a__good student.
5.Please take __an__umbrella.
6.I am __a__student.
7.This is __a_new book.
8.I have __a_useful book.
9.He teaches math in__a_university.
10.I bought _an__MP3 yesterday.
11.He is __an__honest boy.
3、 不定冠词a, an与基数词one的区别是:不定冠词不是刻意强调“数量”,而基数词则强调“数量”。
(二)指示代词(选择it, this, that, these, those, one 填空)
1. Hello, Tim. Let me introduce my new friends to you. ________ is Mike and _______ is Jack.
2. I don’t like this bicycle. _____ one over there is better.
3. Someone is knocking at the door. Who can _______ be?
4. The teacher punished the boy and said to him, “Don’t do _______ again.” 5. Look! _______ are the books he bought yesterday.
6. _________ students are more active than _______.
7. I prefer the pink school bag, the _____ with a Mickey Mouse on it.
十、助动词(do, does )的用法 (第一单元)
只有实意动词(实实在在有意思的动词)作谓语时才涉及使用助动词。
以like为例:
1)当句子为肯定句时不涉及使用助动词,只涉及“主谓一致”原则。 eg : I like English a lot.
Michael likes Chinese food very much.
2)当句子为否定句时,要根据主语的人称来决定使用相应的助动词:当主语为“三单”时,要使用does;当主语为“非三单”时,用助动词原形do。例如把下列句子变否定句:
Kangkang likes math.----Kangkang doesn't like math. They like sports.------They don't like sports.
3)当句子变疑问句时,同样要根据句子的主语来决定在句首使用Do或Does.例如下列句子变问句:
Michael likes Chinese Food.----Does Michael like Chinese food? Yes, he does./ No, he doesn't.
Jane and Helen like music.----Do Jand and Helen like music? Yes, they do./ No, they don't.