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译林版2019选修四UNIT 2 突破 语法大冲关学案
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这是一份译林版2019选修四UNIT 2 突破 语法大冲关学案，共5页。
[观察例句]
1．The wman wh is standing by the classrm is ur Chinese teacher．
2．She is lking after the little child whse parents have gne t Singapre．
3．She is n lnger the girl that she was in her childhd．
4．I shall never frget the day when (n which) we mved int ur new flat．
5．Here are such questins as are ften asked by the university students．
6．She was fnd f dancing，which her husband never was．
[归纳用法]
定语从句指在主从复合句中用作定语的从句。定语从句通常修饰名词或代词，对它们进行限制、描绘和说明。被定语从句修饰的词语叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词按其性质又分关系代词和关系副词。根据从句与主句关系的紧密程度，定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
一、关系词的用法
关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that，wh，whm，whse，which，as。其中 wh 和 whm 只用于指人，which和 as 只用于指事物，whse 和 that 既可用于指人也可用于指物，它们在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。关系副词有 when，where 和 why，其中 when 表示时间，where 表示地点，why 表示原因，它们在定语从句中均用作状语。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所指代的先行词是表示人或物的名词或代词，关系代词并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
This is the bk (which/that) yu want．
这就是你要的那本书。
Is he the man wh/whm/that yu want t see?
他就是你想见的人吗？
They rushed ver t help the man whse car had brken dwn．
那人的车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
三、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是指时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
This is the twn where I was brn．
这就是我出生的城市。
These are the reasns why we d it．
这些就是我们这样做的原因。
There are ccasins when (n which) we slipped up．
有时候我们也会出错。
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词＋which”结构，因此常常和“介词＋which”结构换用。例如：
This is the huse where/in which I lived tw years ag．
这是我两年前住过的房子。
四、限制性和非限制性定语从句
1．定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、确定作用，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：
This is the huse which we bught last mnth．
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The huse, which we bught last mnth, is very nice．
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2．当先行词是专有名词，或由物主代词、指示代词修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：
Charlie Smith, wh was my frmer teacher, retired last year．
查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My bks，which a shrt time ag had seemed s tiresme，s heavy t carry，nw seemed t me like ld friends．
我的书，不久前好像很令人厌烦、拿着很沉，此刻似乎是我的老朋友。
3．非限制性定语从句还能将主句的表语部分或整个主句作为先行词。例如：
He seemed a freigner，which in fact he was．
他好像是外国人，实际上他就是。
He seems nt t have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me．
他似乎没理解我的意思，这使我非常心烦。
D yu remember the day when/n which yu jined ur club?
还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？
4．as, which引导的非限制性定语从句
在as, which 引导的非限制性定语从句中，as和which都可指代整个主句；as 引导的定语从句可置于主句前、后，而which引导的定语从句通常位于主句后。
As we knw，smking is harmful t ne's health．
The sun heats the earth，which/as is very imprtant t us．
五、关系词的选择
一看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因，如指物时不能用wh或whm，指人时通常不用which等。
二看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等。如作定语通常用whse，有时也用which；作状语要用when，where或why。注意：不要一看到先行词为表示时间、地点或原因的名词，就认为一定要用 when，where，why 来引导定语从句，要注意分清它们在从句充当什么成分。如：
I frget the time when he will cme．我忘记了他来的时间。(when 引导定语从句，在从句中用作状语)
I frget the time that he tld me．我忘记了他告诉我的时间。(that 引导定语从句，在从句中用作宾语)
三看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句，如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句。注意：不要一看到逗号就认为后面是非限制性定语从句。如：
If yu've really said that t her，that will cause real truble．
六、关系代词的省略
1．在从句中作宾语时
Have yu fund the bk(that/which)yu want?
This is the man(wh/whm/that)we talked abut just nw．
2．在从句中作表语时
She is n lnger the girl(that)she was ten years ag．
3．在从句中作状语时
I hate the way(that)she always criticizes me．
七、只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b)不定代词，如anything，nthing，the ne，all，much，few，any，little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c)先行词由the nly, the very修饰时，只用that。
d)先行词为序数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。
e)先行词既有人，又有物时，只用that。
[即学即练] 用适当的关系词填空
①Yu must shw my wife the same respect as yu shw me．
②This is the nly ne f the students whse handwriting is the best．
③D yu knw the reasn why she has changed her mind?
④The ld man had three sns，all f whm died during Wrld War Ⅱ．
⑤The rm where Mr．White lives is nt very large．
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．He studied hard and later became a wellknwn writer，as his father expected．
2．I live in the huse whse windws face suth．
3．The headmaster dubted the reasn why I didn't cme t schl．
4．When he came back frm abrad，Jhn tld his parents abut the cities and the peple that he had visited．
5．Mrning is the best time that we shuld make full use f t read alud．
6．Thse wh want t g please sign their names here．
7．In rder t develp ur skills，we shuld d mre such exercises in the future，I think，as we did tday．
8．Hw many students are there in yur class whse hmes are in the cuntry?
9．The film brught the hurs back t me when I was taken gd care f in that faraway village．
10．I can't find the huse，which my friend lives in．
Ⅱ．短文语法填空
Thugh I can't remember everything 1.that happened during the time 2.when I was in university，I still remember sme peple and things 3.that were related t my best friend，4.wh used t be mnitr in ur class.If yu want t knw wh is the lady that I referred t in my diary，I can tell yu：it's her，Miss Brwn.Here is a stry 5.that/which makes me remember Miss Brwn until nw.
One afternn，she and I arrived in New Yrk，6.where we wuld spend ur summer hliday tgether.We went t the biggest bkstre in 7.which there were different kinds f bks t be sld.There，she persuaded me t buy a grammar bk 8.that/which culd ffer me knwledge f grammar and a dictinary 9.that/which I culd lk up the new wrds in.
Miss Brwn als bught the same bks 10.as I did.Just when we left the bkstre and were ready t g back t ur university，a big man stpped us and rbbed me f my necklace.Miss Brwn tried her best t help me and lst ne f her fingers.
[观察例句]
1．The wman wh is standing by the classrm is ur Chinese teacher．
2．She is lking after the little child whse parents have gne t Singapre．
3．She is n lnger the girl that she was in her childhd．
4．I shall never frget the day when (n which) we mved int ur new flat．
5．Here are such questins as are ften asked by the university students．
6．She was fnd f dancing，which her husband never was．
[归纳用法]
定语从句指在主从复合句中用作定语的从句。定语从句通常修饰名词或代词，对它们进行限制、描绘和说明。被定语从句修饰的词语叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。关系词按其性质又分关系代词和关系副词。根据从句与主句关系的紧密程度，定语从句又分为限制性定语从句和非限制性定语从句。
一、关系词的用法
关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系代词有that，wh，whm，whse，which，as。其中 wh 和 whm 只用于指人，which和 as 只用于指事物，whse 和 that 既可用于指人也可用于指物，它们在定语从句中可用作主语、宾语、表语或定语等。关系副词有 when，where 和 why，其中 when 表示时间，where 表示地点，why 表示原因，它们在定语从句中均用作状语。
二、关系代词引导的定语从句
关系代词所指代的先行词是表示人或物的名词或代词，关系代词并在从句中充当主语、宾语、定语等成分。关系代词在定语从句中作主语时，从句谓语动词的人称和数要和先行词保持一致。
This is the bk (which/that) yu want．
这就是你要的那本书。
Is he the man wh/whm/that yu want t see?
他就是你想见的人吗？
They rushed ver t help the man whse car had brken dwn．
那人的车坏了，大家都跑过去帮忙。
三、关系副词引导的定语从句
关系副词可代替的先行词是指时间、地点或理由的名词，在从句中作状语。
This is the twn where I was brn．
这就是我出生的城市。
These are the reasns why we d it．
这些就是我们这样做的原因。
There are ccasins when (n which) we slipped up．
有时候我们也会出错。
关系副词when, where, why的含义相当于“介词＋which”结构，因此常常和“介词＋which”结构换用。例如：
This is the huse where/in which I lived tw years ag．
这是我两年前住过的房子。
四、限制性和非限制性定语从句
1．定语从句有限制性和非限制性两种。限制性定语从句对先行词起限制、确定作用，去掉它主句意思往往不明确；非限制性定语从句是对先行词的补充说明，去掉了也不会影响主句的意思，它与主句之间通常用逗号分开。例如：
This is the huse which we bught last mnth．
这是我们上个月买的那幢房子。(限制性)
The huse, which we bught last mnth, is very nice．
这幢房子很漂亮，是我们上个月买的。(非限制性)
2．当先行词是专有名词，或由物主代词、指示代词修饰时，其后的定语从句通常是非限制性的。例如：
Charlie Smith, wh was my frmer teacher, retired last year．
查理·史密斯去年退休了，他曾经是我的老师。
My bks，which a shrt time ag had seemed s tiresme，s heavy t carry，nw seemed t me like ld friends．
我的书，不久前好像很令人厌烦、拿着很沉，此刻似乎是我的老朋友。
3．非限制性定语从句还能将主句的表语部分或整个主句作为先行词。例如：
He seemed a freigner，which in fact he was．
他好像是外国人，实际上他就是。
He seems nt t have grasped what I meant, which greatly upsets me．
他似乎没理解我的意思，这使我非常心烦。
D yu remember the day when/n which yu jined ur club?
还记得你加入我们俱乐部的那一天吗？
4．as, which引导的非限制性定语从句
在as, which 引导的非限制性定语从句中，as和which都可指代整个主句；as 引导的定语从句可置于主句前、后，而which引导的定语从句通常位于主句后。
As we knw，smking is harmful t ne's health．
The sun heats the earth，which/as is very imprtant t us．
五、关系词的选择
一看先行词的意义，即分清先行词是指人、指物、时间、地点还是原因，如指物时不能用wh或whm，指人时通常不用which等。
二看关系词的句法功能，即分清关系词是担任什么句子成分，是作主语还是宾语、是作定语还是状语等。如作定语通常用whse，有时也用which；作状语要用when，where或why。注意：不要一看到先行词为表示时间、地点或原因的名词，就认为一定要用 when，where，why 来引导定语从句，要注意分清它们在从句充当什么成分。如：
I frget the time when he will cme．我忘记了他来的时间。(when 引导定语从句，在从句中用作状语)
I frget the time that he tld me．我忘记了他告诉我的时间。(that 引导定语从句，在从句中用作宾语)
三看定语从句的种类，即分清是限制性定语从句还是非限制性定语从句，如that和why通常不引导非限制性定语从句。注意：不要一看到逗号就认为后面是非限制性定语从句。如：
If yu've really said that t her，that will cause real truble．
六、关系代词的省略
1．在从句中作宾语时
Have yu fund the bk(that/which)yu want?
This is the man(wh/whm/that)we talked abut just nw．
2．在从句中作表语时
She is n lnger the girl(that)she was ten years ag．
3．在从句中作状语时
I hate the way(that)she always criticizes me．
七、只能用that作为定语从句的关系代词的情况
a)在there be 句型中，只用that，不用which。
b)不定代词，如anything，nthing，the ne，all，much，few，any，little等作先行词时，只用that，不用which。
c)先行词由the nly, the very修饰时，只用that。
d)先行词为序数词、形容词最高级时，只用that。
e)先行词既有人，又有物时，只用that。
[即学即练] 用适当的关系词填空
①Yu must shw my wife the same respect as yu shw me．
②This is the nly ne f the students whse handwriting is the best．
③D yu knw the reasn why she has changed her mind?
④The ld man had three sns，all f whm died during Wrld War Ⅱ．
⑤The rm where Mr．White lives is nt very large．
Ⅰ．单句语法填空
1．He studied hard and later became a wellknwn writer，as his father expected．
2．I live in the huse whse windws face suth．
3．The headmaster dubted the reasn why I didn't cme t schl．
4．When he came back frm abrad，Jhn tld his parents abut the cities and the peple that he had visited．
5．Mrning is the best time that we shuld make full use f t read alud．
6．Thse wh want t g please sign their names here．
7．In rder t develp ur skills，we shuld d mre such exercises in the future，I think，as we did tday．
8．Hw many students are there in yur class whse hmes are in the cuntry?
9．The film brught the hurs back t me when I was taken gd care f in that faraway village．
10．I can't find the huse，which my friend lives in．
Ⅱ．短文语法填空
Thugh I can't remember everything 1.that happened during the time 2.when I was in university，I still remember sme peple and things 3.that were related t my best friend，4.wh used t be mnitr in ur class.If yu want t knw wh is the lady that I referred t in my diary，I can tell yu：it's her，Miss Brwn.Here is a stry 5.that/which makes me remember Miss Brwn until nw.
One afternn，she and I arrived in New Yrk，6.where we wuld spend ur summer hliday tgether.We went t the biggest bkstre in 7.which there were different kinds f bks t be sld.There，she persuaded me t buy a grammar bk 8.that/which culd ffer me knwledge f grammar and a dictinary 9.that/which I culd lk up the new wrds in.
Miss Brwn als bught the same bks 10.as I did.Just when we left the bkstre and were ready t g back t ur university，a big man stpped us and rbbed me f my necklace.Miss Brwn tried her best t help me and lst ne f her fingers.
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