


(5)非谓语动词——2022-2023学年初升高英语人教版(2019)超级衔接
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(5)非谓语动词—2022—2023学年初升高英语人教版(2019)超级衔接
I 知识衔接
【配套新教材】专题四 非谓语动词(强基讲义)——2022届新高考英语一轮复习
重点考点:非谓语动词作状语、定语、宾语、补语、表语
一、非谓语动词的概述
1. 非谓语动词的形式
|
| 主动形式 | 被动形式 |
肯定句 | 不定式 | to do, to be doing, to have done, to have been doing | to be done, to have been done |
v-ing形式 | doing, having done | being done, having been done | |
过去分词 |
| done | |
否定句 | 以上形式前加not,如: not to do, not doing, not to be done, not having done | ||
复合 结构 | 动名词 | 名词所有格、形容词性物主代词+动名词 | |
不定式 | for sb./sth. to do |
2. 非谓语动词的句法功能
| 主语 | 宾语 | 补语 | 表语 | 定语 | 状语 |
不定式 | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
动名词 | ✔ | ✔ |
| ✔ | ✔ |
|
分词 |
|
| ✔ | ✔ | ✔ | ✔ |
二、非谓语动词作宾语
1. 下列动词一般用不定式作宾语
口诀 | 解释 | 例句 |
决心学会想希望 | decide/determine, learn, want, expect/hope/wish | She pretended not to see me when I passed by.当我经过时,她假装没看见我。 She will attempt to beat the world record. 她试图打破世界纪录。 |
拒绝设法愿假装 | refuse, manage, care , pretend | |
主动答应选计划 | offer, promise choose, plan | |
同意请求帮一帮 | agree, ask/beg, help |
此外,afford, strive, happen(碰巧), wait, threaten等也要用不定式作宾语。
2. 下列动词或词组一般用动名词作宾语
口诀 | 对应动词(词组) | 例句 |
考虑建议盼原谅 | consider,suggest/advise,look forward to,excuse/ pardon | The squirrels were lucky that they just missed being caught.松鼠们很幸运没有被抓住。 I would appreciate your calling back this afternoon. 我对你今天下午回电话表示感谢。 I can hardly imagine Peter sailing across the Atlantic Ocean in five days.我几乎不能想象彼得在五天之内横渡大西洋。 He got well-prepared for the job interview,for he couldn't risk losing the good opportunity. 他为这次工作面试做了充分准备,因为他不能冒失去这次好机会的风险。 |
承认推迟没得想 | admit,delay/put off,fancy(想象,设想) | |
避免错过继续练 | avoid,miss,keep/ keep on,practice | |
否认完成就欣赏 | deny,finish,enjoy/ appreciate | |
禁止想象才冒险 | forbid,imagine,risk | |
不禁介意准逃亡 | can't help,mind,allow/permit,escape |
注意: allow,permit,forbid,advise,consider后需加动名词作宾语,但如果后面有名词或代词作宾语,则用不定式作宾补。
搭配:
allow/ permit/ forbid/ advise/ consider+ doing sth.(动名词作宾语)/sb. to do sth(不定式作宾补)
例句:We don't allow smoking in the hall.我们不准有人在大厅内吸烟。
Smoking is forbidden here but you are allowed to smoke over there.
这里禁止吸烟,但你可以去那里吸。
3. 作介词的宾语
无论是普通介词还是含介词的动词短语,一般情况下要用动名词作宾语。
例:
The author begins his account of the tour in the forest mainly by describing various sounds.
作者主要是通过描绘各种声音开始叙述自己的森林之旅的。
4. 下列动词或词组既可以跟动名词作宾语,也可以跟不定式作宾语,但意义上有区别。
1)remember
+to do sth.记着要做某事(do后于remember)
+doing sth.记得做过某事(do先于remember)
例:
Remember to lock the door.
记得锁门。
I remember locking the door.
我记得把门锁上了。
2)forget
+to do sth.忘记要做某事(do后于forget)
+doing sth.忘记做过某事(do先于forget)
3) regret
+to say/tell/inform...遗憾地说/告诉/通知……(say/tell/inform后于regret)
+doing sth.后悔做过某事(do先于regret)
4)stop
+to do sth.停下来做另外一件事
+doing sth.停下正在做的事
例:
I stopped digging and looked at him.我停止挖,看着他。
He stopped to look at him.他停下来看着他。
5)try
+to do sth.尽力做某事
+doing sth.试着做某事
例:
Try doing more exercise and you will lose weight.
试着多运动,你就会减肥了。
I will try to improve my habit.
我将尽力改进我的习惯。
6)mean
+to do sth.打算做某事
+doing sth.意味着做某事
例:
Raising salary means increasing purchasing power.
涨工资意味着提高购买力。
He didn't mean to hurt you.
他并没打算伤害你。
7)can’t help
+to do sth.不能帮助做某事
+doing sth.情不自禁做某事
例:
She couldn't help bursting into tears.
她禁不住突然大哭起来。
That can't help to improve your English.
那对你提高英语水平没有帮助。
8)going on
+to do sth 继续做另外一件事
+doing sth继续做同一件事
5. 有些动词既可以用动名词也可用不定式作宾语,但用法不同。
1)sb. need (s) / want (s) + to do sth
sth. need (s) / want (s) + doing/ to be done
例:
He needs to leave at once.
他需要立即离开。
The window needs cleaning/to be cleaned.
这扇窗户需要擦一下。
2) sth. require (s) + doing/ to be done
3) deserve + doing/ to be done
4) be worthy + to be done/ of being done
5) be worth doing
例:
The place is worth visiting.
= The place is worthy to be visited.
= The place is worthy of being visited.
这个地方值得参观。
6. 动词不定式在连词but后面时,如果连词之前有行为动词do的某种形式,那么连词后的不定式不带to, 否则就要带to。
例:
1、We could do nothing but wait.
= We had nothing to do but wait.
我们除了等待,什么也做不了。
2、We had no choice but to wait.我们除了等待,别无选择。
三、非谓语动词作定语
1、不定式作定语
不定式作定语通常要放在被修饰的词后,往往表示未发生的动作
1)不定式一般式的主动形式(to do)作定语,表示将要发生的主动动作。不定式一般式的被动形式(to be done)作定语,表示将要发生的被动动作。
例:
I have a lot of things to do.
我有许多事要做。
We are invited to a party to be held in our club next Friday.
我们被邀请参加下星期五在我们俱乐部举办的晚会。
2)不定式常放在某些名词或代词后作定语。如果作定语的不定式是不及物动词,或者不定式所修饰的名词或代词是不定式动作的地点、工具等,不定式后需要加相应的介词。
例:
I'm not sure which restaurant to eat.
我不确定要在哪家餐馆吃饭。
He has no pen to write with.
他没有钢笔写字。
【特别注意】
如果不定式所修饰的名词是time,place或way时,不定式后的介词习惯上会被省略掉。
例:
He had no place to live(in).
他没有安身之处。
3.不定式用来修饰被序数词、最高级或no,a,any等限定的中心词,且与中心词为逻辑上的主动关系。
例:
He is always the first one to arrive at the school and the last one to leave the school.
他总是第一个到校,最后一个离校。
4.被修饰词是抽象名词时,常用不定式作定语。常见的该类名词有:ability,chance,idea,hope,wish,fact,excuse,promise,attempt,way等。
例:
And the best way to strengthen willpower is to make it into a habit.
增强意志力最好的方法就是让意志力成为一种习惯。
The ability to express an idea is as important as the idea itself.
表达观点的能力与观点本身同等重要。
【特别注意】
不定式作定语时,当句子的主语是不定式的逻辑主语时,不定式使用主动式;当句子的主语不是不定式的逻辑主语且不定式与所修饰的名词或代词之间是被动关系时,不定式使用被动式。
例:
Do you have anything to take to your son?
你有什么东西要(自己)带给你儿子吗?(you是take的逻辑主语)
Do you have anything to be taken to your son?
你有什么东西要(让别人)带给你儿子吗?(you不是take的逻辑主语)
【易混辨析】
done,being done,to be done都表示被动,都可作后置定语,区别在于:过去分词所表示的动作具有完成意义;现在分词的被动式表示正在进行的动作;不定式的被动式表示未来的动作。
2. 分词作定语
1)及物动词分词形式作定语
形式 | 用法 | 例句 |
v.ing | 被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为逻辑上的主动关系,v.-ing形式表示被修饰词的特征 | I have never seen a more moving movie. 我从未看过更动人的电影了。 |
being done | 被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系且表示动作正在进行 | The houses being built are for the teachers. 正在建的那些房子是为老师建的。 |
done | 被修饰的名词与非谓语动词为被动关系,表示动作已经完成或表状态 | “Things lost never come again!”I couldn't help talking to myself. 我不禁自言自语道:“失去的东西不会再来!” |
2)不及物动词分词形式作定语
v.ing 表示动作正在进行
过去分词 表示动作已经完成
例:
boiling water正沸腾的水 vs boiled water白开水
falling leaves正在下落的叶子 vs fallen leaves落叶
developing countries发展中国家 vs developed countries发达国家
3)英语中有些表示感觉的动词,其现在分词形式表示“令人……的”,过去分词形式表示“感到……的”。
an exciting voice令人兴奋的声音 vs an excited voice兴奋的声音
a puzzling expression令人困惑的表情 vs a puzzled expression困惑的表情
3. 动名词作定语
动名词作定语,用来说明被修饰词的用途。
例:
a fishing net渔网(= a net for fishing)
a swimming pool游泳池(=a pool for swimming)
reading room 阅览室
a sleeping car 卧铺车厢
4. to be done, being done和done作定语的区别
to be done 表被动、将来
例:
The question to be discussed at tomorrow's meeting is very important.
明天在会上将要讨论的问题非常重要。
being done 表被动、正在进行
例:
Listen!The song being sung is very popular with the students.
听!正唱着的这首歌非常受学生们的欢迎。
done 表被动、完成
例:Have you read the novel written by Dickens?
你读过狄更斯写的这部小说吗?
四、非谓语动词作主语、表语
1. 不定式、动名词作主语、表语的区别
1)不定式:表示具体的动作,尤其是某一次的动作。
常见表达:
It+be+名词 to do sth
It takes/took sb.+some time to do sth
It be difficult/easy/importanty/ impossible/necessary…+for sb. to do sth
It+be+careless/clever/foolish/honest/ kind/lazy/silly/stupid/wise...+of sb. to do sth
例:
To complete the program needs much effort.
完成这项计划需要很大的努力。
2)动名词:多指抽象的、概念性的动作,可以是多次的、经常性的行为
常见表达:
It is/was + no use/good + doing sth
It is/was + not any use/good+ doing sth
It is/was + of little use/good+ doing sth
It is/was + worth+ doing sth
例:
His favorite sport is swimming.
他最喜欢的运动是游泳。
Playing with fire is dangerous.
玩火会很危险。
4.现在分词与过去分词作表语的区别
1)现在分词表特征,意为“令人……的”
例:The film is exciting.
这部电影激动人心。
2)过去分词表心理状态,意为“(人)感到……的”
例:He was excited at the news.
听到这则消息,他激动不已。
5. 非谓语动词作remain的表语
主语+remain done doing/done意为:仍然是(remain = be still…)
主语+remain be done意为:仍需被做
例:
She remained standing(= was still standing)though we repeatedly asked her to sit down.
虽然我们三番五次地请她坐下,但她还是站着。
The true author of the book remains unknown(= is still unknown)
这本书真正的作者依然不详。
Much remains to be done.许多事仍需去做。
五、非谓语动词作状语
1. 不定式、分词作状语的基本原则
不定式、分词作状语时,其逻辑主语必须与句子的主语保持一致,即不定式、分词作状语,必须和句子的主语存在逻辑上的主动或被动关系,否则一般不能使用不定式、分词作状语。
2. 不定式作状语
1)不定式作目的状语
不定式作目的状语,可用 so as to/in order to替换,意为“为了;想要”,但 so as to一般不可置于句首。
例:
In order to answer this question, we must first ensure that people really want to preserve the historic feel of an area.
为了回答这个问题,我们必须首先确保人们是真正想保护一个地区的历史感。
2)不定式作结果状语
不定式用于so…as to…(如此…以至于……),such...as to...(如此……以至于……),enough to do…(足够做……),too…to do...(太……而不能……),only to do(表示意外结果或事与愿违的结果)等结构中常用来表结果。
例:
How often do you have something you want to achieve—only to end up confused by all of the options in front of you and never make progress?
你多久会遇到你想得到一些东西,结果却被摆在你面前的选择所困惑然后停滞不前这样的情况?
3)作原因状语
不定式作原因状语,常用在“主语+系动词+形容词+to do”结构中。这类形容词有:easy,difficult,hard,cheap,expensive, fit,comfortable,heavy,good,important,impossible,dangerous, surprised,astonished,delighted,disappointed等,表示主语的特征、性质或说明产生这种情感的原因。
The book is very hard to understand.
这本书很难理解。
They were surprised to find that he'd already left.
他们惊奇地发现他已经走了。
【特别注意】
在“主语+系动词+形容词+ to do sth.”结构中,句子的主语与动词不定式在逻辑上是被动关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,此时,需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
例:
When I told her the air would be hard to breathe(=the air would be hard for us to breathe)and it would be very cold, she said it would be an interesting experience.
当我告诉她会难以呼吸而且天气会非常寒冷时,她说那将是一次有趣的经历。
4)不定式的主动形式表被动意义
用法:在“主语+系动词+表语(形容词)+to do”结构中,句子的主语与动词不定式有逻辑上的被动关系,且形容词表示主语的特征或性质,这时,需用不定式的主动形式表示被动意义。
常用词:easy, hard, difficult, important, impossible, interesting , pleasant, nice , comfortable, safe, dangerous
例:This question is easy to answer.
这个问题容易回答。
This book is difficult to understand.
这本书很难理解。
3.分词作状语时其形式的选择
1)分词作状语时其形式的选择
形式 | 意义 |
v.ing(doing) | 与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,与句子谓语动词动作同时发生,或基本上同时发生 |
having+v.ed (having done) | 与句子主语为逻辑上的主动关系,先于谓语动词动作发生 |
v.ed (done) | 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,表完成 |
being+v.ed (being done) | 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且与谓语动词动作同时发生 |
having been +v.ed (having been done) | 与句子主语为逻辑上的被动关系,且先于谓语动词动作发生 |
2)分词作状语的句法功能
句法功能 | 例句 |
时间状语 | When offered help,one often says"Thank you"or"It's kind of you". 当被提供帮助的时候,人们常说"Thank you"或"It's kind of you". |
原因状语 | Having been separated from other continents for millions of years,Australia has many animals and plants not found in any other country in the world. 和其他大陆分离了数百万年,澳大利亚有许多在世界上任何别的 国家都找不到的动植物。 |
条件状语 | Generally speaking,if taken according to the instructions,the drug has no side effects.一股来说,如果按照用法说明服用,这种药没有副作用。 |
结果状语 | He glanced at her,noticing that though she was tiny,she seemed very well.他匆匆看了一下她,注意到她虽然很纤弱,但看起来非常健康。 |
让步状语 | Having been told many times,he still repeated the same mistake. 虽然被告诉过好多次了,但他仍然重复犯同样的错误。 |
伴随状语 | The teacher came into the lab,followed by some students. 老师进了实验室,后面跟着一些学生。 |
4. 独立成分作状语
定义:有些分词或不定式短语作状语,其形式的选择不受上下文的影响,被称为独立成分。
常见独立成分:generally speaking一般来说
frankly speaking坦白地说
judging from/by… 根据……来判断
considering.../taking...into consideration考虑到…….
to tell you the truth说实话
compared to/with与……相比
seeing… 考虑到
given… 考虑到
5. 独立主格结构作状语
独立主格结构是由名词或代词加上名词、形容词、副词、介词短语或非谓语动词等构成的一种独立结构,用于修饰整个句子。其中的名词或代词与其后的成分等构成逻辑上的主谓或动宾关系。该结构位置相当灵活,可置于句前、句末或句中,常由逗号将其与句子主体分开,在句中通常作状语,表示时间、条件、原因、伴随、目的等,还可以作定语。
其构成形式主要有:
(1)名词/代词+现在分词/过去分词/不定式/形容词/副词/名词/介词短语。
例:
Weather permitting, they will go on an outing to the beach tomorrow.
如果天气允许的话,他们将在明天去海滨郊游。(表条件)
He was listening attentively in class,his eyes fixed on the blackboard.
他上课专心听讲,眼睛紧盯着黑板。(表伴随)
Many trees,flowers,and grass to be planted,our newly-built school will look even more beautiful.
种上许多的花草树木后,我们新建的校园看上去将会更美。(表原因)
(2)with/without+名词/代词+宾语补足语
with/without+宾语+宾语补足语,宾语通常由名词或代词充当,但代词一定要用宾格。第(1)条中讲到的独立主格结构的情况都适用于此结构。
例:
The girl hid her box without anyone knowing where it was.
小女孩把盒子藏了起来,没有人知道它在哪里。
The kid feels excited with so many places of interest to visit.
有这么多的名胜可以参观,小孩很激动。
【特别注意】
在with/without的复合结构中,多数情况下with能省略,但 without不能省略。
例:
Without a word more spoken,she left the meeting room.
她没再说什么话就离开了会议室。
II 习题衔接
1.The monitor likes to keep the tables and stools _____ (polish)and everything arranged in perfect order.
2.I had a cold last night and now I start _____ (sneeze).
3.________ (鼓舞,激励) by the sunny weather, I decided to explore the woods.
4._____ (分析) the data, researchers found the error of his scientific model.
5.He felt e___________ because he made a mistake.
6.Although he made a serious mistake in his work, he was lucky to escape __________(fire) by his boss.
7.You can’t imagine what great trouble they have __ __(solve) the problem being talked about.
8.The library needs ___________(clean), but it’ll have to wait until Sunday.
9.Time ____________(permit),a lively question-and-answer session followed.
10.When you have trouble ___ (settle) the arguments, you can talk with your partner.
11.As far as I am concerned, you really have got to get your bike ________ (repair).
12.I consider it no pleasure ____( join) in the activity without my friend.
13.He sank into a chair, _____ (bury) his face in his hands.
14.______(judge)from the story, it is shallow people who judge a person from his look.
15.When asked for his views, John said he found it very ____ (reward).
答案以及解析
1.答案:polished
解析:考查过去分词。句意:班长喜欢把桌凳擦得亮亮的,一切都安排得井井有条。此处为"keep sth. done"结构, polish与the tables and stools之间为被动关系。故用过去分词作宾语补足语。
2.答案:sneezing/to sneeze
解析:考查固定搭配。句意:昨晚我感冒了,现在开始打喷嚏了。start to do/doing为固定搭配,故填 sneezing/to sneeze。
3.答案:Inspired
解析: 考查非谓语动词。句意:受晴朗天气的激励,我决定去森林探险。根据汉语提示可知,inspire激励,动词,符合题意,本句已有谓语动词decided,且句中无连词,所以空处需用非谓语动词作状语,inspire与I之间是被动关系,所以空处需用过去分词作状语,句首单词首字母需大写。故答案为:Inspired。
4.答案:Analyzing
解析: 根据汉语提示可知,分析analyze,是及物动词,本句已有谓语动词found,且空格前没有连词,所以空处需用非谓语动词作状语,空处动词analyze与主句主语researchers,之间是主动关系,所以需用现在分词analyzing形式,句首单词,首字母需大写。故填Analyzing.
5.答案:embarressed
解析: 此处felt为过去式,原形是feel“感觉”,系动词,后面要跟形容词。embarrass的形容词有embarrassing(使人尴尬的)和embarrassed(尴尬的),前者是指一个事物,一种情况令人尴尬,后者是指某人觉得尴尬,根据题意,用后者,所以答案是embarrassed。
6.答案:being fired
解析: 考查单词填空。根据句意是被开除,所以是be fired,又因为escape,后面要跟doing的形式,所以用being fired.
7.答案:solving
解析: have difficulty doing sth. 做某事有困难,用what构成感叹句作imagine的宾语。故填solving。
8.答案:cleaning/to be cleaned
解析: 考查动词形式,need to be done需要被可以转换为need doing,故填cleaning/to be cleaned。
9.答案:permitting
解析: 考查非谓语。时间允许的话time permitting。
10.答案:settling
解析: 固定短语have trouble doing sth.“做某事有困难”,动名词做宾语,故填settling。
11.答案:repaired
解析: 在该句中含有“get+宾语+宾补”结构,repair与bike是逻辑上的动宾关系,应用过去分词做宾补,故填repaired。
12.答案:joining
解析: 固定短语it is no pleasure doing sth.“做某事不好玩”,故填joining。
13.答案:burying
解析: 句意:他陷入椅子里,用手掩盖了他的脸。空格前面有逗号,此处用bury的ing形式burying,表示伴随,作状语,he作主语,sank into做谓语,这是表示主动的关系,现在分词与过去分词都可以做伴随状语,主要看动作与主语的关系是主动还是被动,主动用ing形式,被动用ed形式。所以burying,作为主动关系,答案是:burying。
14.答案:Judging
解析: 考查非谓语动词。根据句子成分可知,这是非谓语动词作状语,people和judge是逻辑上的主谓关系,故要用现在分词形式表主动。句意:从这个故事可以得出结论,我们不能以貌取人。故填:Judging。
15.答案:rewarding
解析: 句意:当被问到他的观点时,John说他发现那是值得的。所给词reward用作名词或动词,应用对应的形容词rewarding,表示"值得做的;有益的",说明宾语it的性质,故填rewarding。
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