第01讲 句子成分及句子结构 -【暑假自学课】2022年新高一英语暑假精品课（新外研版2019必修1）

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第01讲 句子成分及句子结构
【学习目标】
1. 初步句子结构学习：主谓宾定状补表同是什么？谓语动词是什么？非谓语动词是什么？有哪些从句？
2. 怎样快速拆解高中阅读BCD篇长难句？

【基础知识】
词类
英语全称（缩写）
作用
例词
实词
名词（n.）
表示人或事物的名称
party政党
China中国
代词 (pron.)
用来代替名词、形容词或数词等
He他
that那
数词 (num.)
表示数量或顺序
one一
first第一
形容词（adj.）
用来修饰名词
表示人或事物的特性、性质
safe安全
great伟大
副词 (adv.)
用来修饰动词、形容词或其他副词，表示动作或形状的特性
quickly 迅速地
here这里
动词 (v.)
表示人或事物的动作或状态
eat吃
fly 飞
虚词
冠词 (art.)
用在名词前
帮助说明名词所指的人或事物
an，a，the
介词 (prep.)
用在名词、代词等前面
说明句子中词与词之间的关系
under在……下
in在……里
连词 (conj.)
用来连接词、短语或句子
and和
but但是
感叹词 (interj.)
表示说话时的感情或口气
Hello喂
Emm呃，嘿

一． 10种基本句型
1. Ｓ Ｖ (主＋谓)
2. Ｓ Ｖ Ｐ (主＋系＋表)
3. Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ (主＋谓＋宾)
4. Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ (主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)
5. Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ (主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)
6.Ｓ Ｖ A(主＋谓+状)
7.Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ A(主＋谓＋宾+状)
8.Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ A(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾+状)
9.Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ A (主＋谓＋宾＋宾补+状)
10. There be 结构
二．课前测试
完成下列句子的翻译。
1．女士们、先生们，请系好安全带，飞机就要起飞了。
Ladies and gentlemen, please fasten your seat belts，__________________．
2．当今，许多大城市的人们在抱怨交通拥堵。
Nowadays, people in many big cities _________________________________．
3．在我看来，一个没有朋友的人永远不会幸福。
In my opinion, _________________________________________．
4．幸运的是，她答应再给我一个求职面试的机会。
Fortunately, ____________________________ of a job interview.
5．从古代起，人们就把早起视为一种好习惯。
________________________________________ since ancient times.
6．为了身体健康，我们应该经常锻炼。
In order to keep fit, ______________________________．
7．最后，我们应该经常做些户外运动。
Finally, ______________________________________________．
8．有几条信息我想与你分享。
______________________________ that I'd like to share with you.
9. 下周五，我们学校有一场足球比赛。
There_____________________________________________________.


【考点剖析】
句子成分主要包括主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、补足语、同位语等,虽然高考没有对其进行直接考查,但是句子成分对于判断考和确定答案有非常大的帮助。例如,在考点填空题中,提示词是动词,空格处在句中作目的状语,且与主语是主动关系,则答案为不式。
A.句子成分
英语的句子成分主要有以下几种：即主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语、补语和同位语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾表，定状补同）。具体成分及作用如下。
成分
作用
例句
主语
主语 是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。
We often speak English in class.
谓语
谓语 由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。
We often speak English in class.
宾语
宾语 由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。
We often speak English in class.
表语
表语 多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。
We are young.
定语
定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。
The tall boy under the tree is John.
状语
状语 修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分。
He writes carefully. He walks slowly.
We often speak English in class.
补语
宾语补足语 和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。
His father named him Dongming.
He was elected monitor.
同位语
同位语 是在名词或代词之后的并列名词或代词，对前者加以说明，近乎于后置定语。
We students should study hard.
句子成分分析：
1. I met my best friend Tom who is tall and handsome at the station yesterday.
___________________________________________________________________________________________
2. 我刚刚看见我的同班同学Lisa在教室里认真地看书。
___________________________________________________________________________________________

考点一：主语
主语相当于句子的话题或主题,即要说明的人或物。能用来作主语的有名词、代词、动名词(短语)、动词不定式、主语从句等。如:
1.My pen is green. 我的钢笔是绿色的。(名词作主语)
The rich are not always happy.富人也不总是开心的。(“the+形容词”表示一类人,相当于名词)
2.Her pen is blue, and mine is red.她的钢笔是蓝色的,我的是红色的。(名词性物主代词作主语)
3.Eating too much is bad for your health. 吃得太多对你的身体有害。(动名词作主语)
Taking a walk is much better than staying at home. 散步比待在家里要好得多。(动名词短语作主语)
4.To see is to believe.眼见为实。(动词不定式作主语)
It will take him 3 hours to go to the station on foot.他步行去车站需要3个小时。(it作形式主语,动词不定式短语作真正的主语)
5. It's suggested that we should hold another meeting right away.
有人建议我们马上再召开一次会议。(it充当形式主语,that引导的主语从句作真正的主语)
例1．【单句填空】
1.Many people 　_______live along the coast make a living in fishing
industry.
【答案】　who/that　句意:许多住在海边的人都是靠渔业来谋生的。分析题干可知,“　　_______live along the coast”为定语从句,先行词指人,且关系词在从句中作主语,故用关系代词who/that引导定语从句。
2.The　disappearance_______(disappear) of dinosaurs is not necessarily caused
by astronomical incidents.
【答案】　disappearance　句意:恐龙的消失并不一定是由天文事件引起的。空格处在句中作主语,结合空前的定冠词可知,空格处填名词disap-pearance。

考点二：谓语
句子中用来说明主语的动作或存在的状态的部分叫谓语。谓语一般位于主语之后,谓语中最重要的部分是谓语动词,它有时态、语态和语气的变化,并受主语人称和数的影响。
谓语动词分类
(1)行为动词(或实义动词)具有明确的动作意义。行为动词分为不及物
动词和及物动词,不及物动词本身词义完整,可以独立作谓语,而及物动
词本身词义不完整,必须后跟宾语。
I believe that the committee will consider our suggestion.我相信委员会将
会考虑我们的建议。(believe为及物动词,后加that引导的宾语从句,宾语从句中consider为及物动词,后加our suggestion作宾语)
How time flies! 时间过得真快呀!(fly为不及物动词)
(2)系动词(或连系动词)起连接主语和表语的作用,本身有一定的词义,
它和实义动词一样有时态的变化,也受主语的人称和数的影响。
It was late at night when we finally arrived.我们最后到达时已是深夜。
The dish tastes good.这盘菜尝起来很好。(taste为系动词,后加形容词作表语)
Gong Yue's voice sounds so sweet.龚玥的嗓音听起来真甜。(sound为系动词,后加形容词sweet作表语)
(3)助动词可以协助主要动词构成不同的时态或语态,也可帮助主要动
词一起表示疑问、否定或强调。常见的助动词有be(am/is/are/was/were)、do(does/did)、have(has/had)、will。We are running in the playground.我们正在操场上跑步。(are帮助现在分词running构成现在进行时)
The flowers are often watered by me.我经常给这些花儿浇水。(are帮助过去分词watered构成被动语态)
He doesn't get up early every day.他并非每天起床都很早。(does帮助get up构成一般现在时的否定式)
He does work very hard.他工作的确十分努力。(does帮助行为动词work构成强调结构)
Do you want to pass the exam?你想通过考试吗?(do帮助want构成疑问结构)
By the end of last month, they had finished half of their work.到上月末为止,他们已经完成一半的工作了。(had帮助过去分词finished构成过去完成时)
He will come here tomorrow.他明天将来这里。(will帮助come构成一般将来时)
例2．【单句填空】
1.In the 1950s in the USA, most families 　_______(have) just one phone at
home, and wireless phones hadn't been invented yet.
【答案】　had　句意:在美国20世纪50年代,多数家庭只有一部电话,无线电话还没有被发明出来。空格处在句中作谓语,结合句首的时间状语In the 1950s和语境可知,空格处应用一般过去时态。故空格处填had。
2.It suddenly occurred to him that he 　_______(leave) his keys in the
office.
【答案】　had left　句意:他突然想到他把钥匙落在办公室了。空格处在句中作谓语,且动作发生在occurred之前,因此空格处应使用过去完成时态。故空格处填had left。

考点三：表语
表语在句中用来说明主语的身份、性质、特征、状态、职业、内容、(动作)方向或处所等。表语需位于系动词之后。可以作表语的有名词、代词、形容词、不定式(短语)、分词、动名词(短语)以及从句(表语从句)等。
Five years later, he became an engineer.五年后,他成了一名工程师。(名词作表语)
This is my dictionary. That is yours.这是我的词典,那本是你的。(代词作表语)
We must keep healthy. 我们必须保持健康。(形容词作表语)
My aim is to become a doctor.我的目标是成为一名医生。(不定式短语作表语)
My job is teaching English. 我的工作是教英文。(动名词短语作表语)
The movie is quite moving.这部电影非常感人。(现在分词作表语)
That's why I want to stay here. 那就是我想待在这里的原因。(表语从句作表语)
例3．【单句填空】
1.I cannot control my body well. My legs become 　______(pain).
【答案】　painful　分析句子成分可知,空格处在句中作表语,因此空格处应用提示词的形容词形式。故空格处填painful。
2.Part of the reason Charles Dickens loved his own novel, David Copper-field, was　_______it was rather closely modeled on his own life.
【答案】　that　分析句子成分可知,was之后是表语从句,从句中不缺少成分,且句意完整,因此应用that作为引导词。

考点四：宾语
表示谓语动词动作对象的成分叫宾语,即宾语是动作的承受者。英语中,及物动词(或相当于及物动词的动词短语)、介词须带宾语。可以充当宾语的有名词(短语)、代词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、名词化的形容词以及从句(宾语从句)等。
1.单宾语
I am reading a book. 我在看书。(名词作动词的宾语)
I'm going to Beijing with my father.我计划和我父亲去北京。(名词作介词的宾语)
2.双宾语(间接宾语+直接宾语)
Yesterday my father bought me a new bike. 昨天我父亲给我买了一辆新自行车。(代词me和a new bike分别作动词bought的间接宾语和直接宾语)
3.复合宾语(宾语+宾语补足语)
My teacher advises me to read English aloud every morning.我的老师建议我每天早上大声朗读英语。(me为宾语;to read English aloud every morning为宾语补足语)
例4．【单句填空】
1.Susan made it clear to me that she wished _______(make) a new life for herself.
【答案】　to make　wish之后接不定式作宾语。故空格处填不定式to make。
2.Keep 　_______(hold) your position for a while.
【答案】　holding　该句中Keep之后需要接动名词作宾语。故空格处填holding。

考点五：补足语
补语是用来说明宾语或主语的动作、性质、状态等的一种句子成分。能作补足语的有名词、形容词、不定式和分词(现在分词、过去分词)等。含有宾语补足语的句子在变为被动句时,宾语补足语便成了主语补足语。
We must keep our classroom clean. 我们必须保持教室干净。(形容词作宾补)
We call the bird Polly.我们叫那只鸟波利。(名词作宾补)
Our teacher told us to play outside. 我们老师让我们在外面玩。(动词不定式短语作宾补)
I saw Jack playing under a tree. 我看到杰克在一棵树下玩耍。(现在分词短语作宾补)
My father made me stay at home last night.昨晚我父亲让我待在家里。(不带to的不定式作宾补)
I was seen to come back today by Tom.今天我被汤姆看到回来了。(不定式作主语补足语)
例5．【单句填空】
1.Many airlines now allow passengers 　_______(print) their boarding passes online to save their valuable time.
【答案】　to print　句意:现在,许多航空公司允许乘客在网上打印登机证以节省他们宝贵的时间。空格处在句中作宾语补足语,而allow之后接不定式作宾补,故空格处填to print。
2.I got on the bus and found a seat near the back, and then I noticed a man _______(sit) at the front.
【答案】　sitting 分析句子成分可知,空格处在句中作宾语补足语,且与宾语man之间是逻辑上的主动关系,动作正在进行中,由此结合“notice sb./sth. doing”可知,空格处应填sitting。
3.The aim of education is to teach young people 　_______(think) for themselves and not to follow others blindly.
【答案】　to think　句意:教育的目的是教会年轻人去自己思考和不要盲目地跟从别人。空格处在句中作宾语补足语,而teach之后接不定式作宾补,故填to think。

考点六：定语
修饰名词或代词的词、短语或句子叫定语。英语中的定语可以前置,也可以后置。能作定语的有形容词、名词、分词(短语)、动名词、动词不定式、介词短语以及定语从句等。
The beautiful picture was drawn by a famous artist.
那幅美丽的画是一位著名的艺术家画的。(形容词作定语)
The apple trees were planted 3 years ago.那些苹果树是3年前种的。(名词作定语)
The boy under the tree is Jack. 树下的那个男孩儿是杰克。(介词短语作后置定语)
The destroyed bridge was rebuilt last winter. 被毁掉的那座桥是去年冬天重建的。(过去分词作定语)
I know a boy called Tom.我认识一个名叫汤姆的男孩儿。(过去分词短语作后置定语)
The flying birds are moving towards the south because of the coming win-ter. 那些飞翔的鸟儿正向南方飞去,因为冬天快到了。(现在分词作定语)
The car running in the playground is my uncle's.在操场上奔驰的那辆汽车是我叔叔的。(现在分词短语作后置定语)
At last, we had nothing to eat but a little water.最后我们没有任何吃的了,只剩下一点儿水。(动词不定式作后置定语)
I often go to the reading room in the evening.我经常在晚上去阅览室。(动名词作定语)
I know the two boys who broke the window yesterday.我认识昨天打坏玻璃的那两个男孩子。(定语从句)
例6．【单句填空】
1.Although birds use 　_______(they) feathers for flight, some of their feathers are for other purposes.
【答案】　their　句意:虽然鸟类的羽毛是用来飞行的,但是它们的羽毛也有其他用途。空格处在句中作名词feathers的定语,故空格处填形容词性物主代词their。
2.“That would be a very 　_______(reason) thing to do in a big city, but it could destroy a small village like ours,” Nick said.
【答案】　reasonable　空格处作名词thing的定语,因此应用提示词的形容词形式。故填reasonable。

考点七：状语
修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子的词、短语或从句(状语从句)叫状语。状语在句中可以表示时间、地点、目的、原因、结果、条件、让步、程度、方式、比较、方向以及伴随状况等。能作状语的有副词、介词短语、分词、动词不定式及状语从句等。如:
He plays the guitar well.他吉他弹得很好。(副词作状语)
Luckily, he didn't hurt himself.幸运的是,他没伤到自己。(副词作状语)
He works hard to earn money.他努力工作挣钱。(不定式作状语)
If it rains tomorrow, we will stay at home.如果明天下雨,我们就待在家里。(从句作状语)
例7．【单句填空】
1.I was driving down to London when I 　_(sudden) found that I was on the wrong road.
【答案】　suddenly　空格处在句中作状语,因此空格处应用提示词的副词形式。故空格处填写suddenly。
2.　_____ (sad), he didn't pass the exam the other day.
【答案】　Sadly　放于句首,修饰整个句子常用副词形式。
3.I got to the office earlier that day, 　having_____(catch) the 7:30 train from Paddington.
【答案】　having caught　逗号之后为非谓语动词短语作原因状语,空格处与逻辑主语之间是主动关系,且动作已经完成,因此现在分词的完成式having caught符合题意。

考点八：同位语
所谓同位语,是指跟在某些名词的后面,对前者作进一步的解释、说明、补充和概括的句子成分。常用来作同位语的有名词、数词、不定代词(each, both, all)、从句等。
The youngest boy, Peter, refused to accept the money.那个最小的男孩彼得拒绝接受那笔钱。(名词作同位语)
We four were greatly touched to hear the old man's story. 听了这个老人的故事,我们四个都很受感动。(数词作同位语)
They each have a dictionary.他们每人都有一本词典。(each作同位语)

例8．【单句填空】
We are not looking into the question _________ he is worth trusting.我们正在调查的问题不是他是否值得信赖的问题。(从句作同位语)

考点九：独立成分
句子的独立成分是一种与全句没有考点关系或关系不密切的成分。感叹词、称呼语和插入语是英语中常见的三种独立成分。
Oh, look. Here comes the bus. 哦,看,公共汽车来了。(感叹词)
Hi, Mary. You are giving a lecture again! 嗨,玛丽,你又在演讲了!(称呼语)
By the way, I hope you will come here soon. 顺便说一下,我希望你能尽快来这儿。(插入语)
例9．【单句填空】
1.The only way to succeed at the highest level is to have total belief 　______ you are better than anyone else in the sports field.
【答案】　that　belief后面是同位语从句,从句句意完整,不缺少成分,故用that作为引导词。
2.News came from the school office 　_______Wang Lin had been admitted to Beijing University.
【答案】　that　office之后是News的同位语从句,从句中不缺少成分,故that符合题意。

1．主语＋谓语(不及物动词)
该句型常用来表示主语的动作或状态。其特点为：句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。
①Every second counts．分秒必争。
②Our efforts_______________．我们的努力有所回报。
2．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语
该句式特点为：谓语动词均为实义动词，都是主语发出的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟一个宾语(宾语可以由名词、代词、动名词、不定式等来充当)，即动作的承受者，才能表达完整的意思。
①And he stressed the importance of working with our own hands．而且他强调了我们动手劳动的重要性。
②I appreciated my maths teacher's ________________．我感谢我的数学老师的称赞和鼓励。
3．主语＋系动词＋表语
该句式就是常说的主系表结构。此句式侧重说明主语是什么或怎么样，谓语动词需用系动词(主要是be动词)，表语多为形容词，也可以是名词、介词短语、不定式及分词等。
①We feel __________________ in school uniform every day.每天我们穿着校服感到很轻松。
②To be frank, studying for a degree in a different culture is never easy．
坦率地讲，在一个不同的文化环境中学习并获得一个学位绝非易事。
4．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋间接宾语＋直接宾语
此句式中的谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。一个是表示人的间接宾语；一个是表示物的直接宾语。一般间接宾语在前面，直接宾语在后面。
①Now I would like to offer you some advice．现在我想给你提供一些建议。
②First he showed ______________________________ of making dough figurines.
首先他向我们展示了做面人的基本步骤和技能。
5．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋宾语补足语
此句式中的动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来说明宾语，才能使意思完整。宾语补足语是用来补充说明宾语的情况的，直接跟在宾语之后。
①I'd like to invite you to join us in a performance．我想邀请你和我们一起表演节目。
②The traditional Chinese clothes will make the occasion ____________________________ to the British guests.这种中国传统服装可使得这个场合中国味十足，对英国客人极具吸引力。
6．主语＋谓语(不及物动词)＋状语
在很多情况下，作谓语的不及物动词后需跟上状语意思才完整，状语可以是副词、介词短语、不定式短语、分词短语、状语从句等。
①I am writing __________________________．我写信的目的是申请做志愿者。
②What's more, the stadium opens from 9 a．m. to 5 p．m. Monday to Friday．
另外，体育馆开放时间是周一至周五的上午9点到下午5点。
7．主语＋谓语(及物动词)＋宾语＋状语
有些作谓语的及物动词，后面有宾语，但仍需要加上状语意思才更完整。
①I'm writing this email to express my gratitude to you for your help．
我写这封邮件以表达我对你帮助的感谢。
②I will spend _______________________ in the countryside．我将在乡下过暑假去放松。
8.Ｓ Ｖ ｏ Ｏ A(主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾+状)
此句式中的谓语动词必须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。一个是表示人的间接宾语；一个是表示物的直接宾语。一般间接宾语在前面，直接宾语在后面。
Her father bought her a dictionary ____________________. 昨天她的爸爸给她买了一本字典作为生日礼物。
The old man always tells the children stories about the heroes in the Long March .
9.Ｓ Ｖ Ｏ Ｃ A (主＋谓＋宾＋宾补+状)
此句型的句子的共同特点是：动词虽然是及物动词，但是只跟一个宾语还不能表达完整的意思，必须加上一个补充成分来补足宾语，才能使意思完整。这种句型中的“宾语＋补语”统称为“复合宾语”。
My father likes to watch the boys playing basketball. (现在分词)
I would like to invite _______________________．我想邀请你和我们一起表演节目。
10．there be句型
There be句型有不同的时态，而且可以和各种助动词、情态动词连用。另外，There be句型有许多固定表达，它们的适当应用对写作会大有提升。
①For example, _________ so many reference books that I am often confused about how to choose.例如，有大量的参考书，我对于如何选择经常感到困惑。
②I'm writing to inform you that _____________a Chinese paper­cutting exhibition these days.
我写信的目的是要告诉你这些天将会有一场中国剪纸艺术展。
③______________________to worry about it as the government is now making every effort to provide more jobs.没必要担心，因为政府正在尽一切努力提供更多的工作岗位。
利用10种基本句型，结合汉语提示补全短文并背诵。
Dear Sir or Madam，
I am Li Hua from Class One, Senior Three.1．__________________(我写信是想申请) to be one of the host families for the foreigners.
In my view, 2.____________________(这项活动意义重大) because the students participating in it will benefit a lot.
3．________________________(毫无疑问) my family can undertake the task.To begin with, 4.___________________________________________________(我流利的英语使我能与外国朋友交流)．In addition, my house is big enough to accomodate them.5.___________________________________________(我的家人会为他们提供最好的服务)．We also plan to invite them to have a taste of local snacks and hot pots.
6．____________________________(我会感激) if my application is taken into consideration.
Best regards.
Yours sincerely，
Li Hua

【真题演练】
Ⅰ.【单句填空】
1.The 　　　 (nation) park has a large collection of wildlife, ranging from butterflies to elephants.  
【答案】　national　空格处在句中作名词park的定语,故填提示词的形容词形式national。
2.The 　 　 (fail) was a big blow to him, but he wasn't discouraged and soon got as enthusiastic as ever.  
【答案】　failure　句意:这次失败对他来说是个沉重的打击,可是他没有气馁,很快他又像以前那样情绪高涨了。空格处在句中作主语,结合空前的定冠词可知,应填名词failure。
3.Dashan, 　　　 has been learning crosstalk, the Chinese comedic tradition, for decades, wants to mix it up with the Western stand-up tradition. 
【答案】　who　句意:几十年来,一直在学习中国喜剧传统相声的大山想把相声和西方喜剧传统融合起来。前两个逗号之间为非限制性定语从句,先行词指人,关系词在从句中作主语,故用who引导定语从句。
4.She asked me whether I had returned the books to the library, and I 　　　 (admit) that I hadn't. 
【答案】　admitted　句意:她问我是否已经把书还给图书馆了,我承认我还没有还。空格处在句中与asked作并列谓语,且表示过去发生的动作,因此应用一般过去时态。故空格处填admitted。
5.Mr. and Mrs. Brown would like to see 　　　 (they) daughter settle down, get married, and have kids.  
【答案】　their　句意:布朗先生和夫人想要看到他们的女儿安顿下来,结婚生子。空格处在句中作名词daughter的定语,故填形容词性物主代词their。
6.We offer an excellent education to our students; in return, we expect them 　　　 (work) hard. 
【答案】　to work　句意:我们为我们的学生提供良好的教育;作为回报,我们希望他们努力学习。空格处在句中作宾补,结合“expect sb. to do sth.”可知,空格处填to work。
7.That young man is 　　　 (honesty), cooperative, and always there when you need his help.  
【答案】　honest　句意:那个年轻人诚实、有合作精神,并且当你需要他的帮助时,他总是在那里。空格处在句中作表语,结合语境可知,空格处填honest。
8.When the time came to make the final decision for a course, I 　　　 (decide) to apply for the one that reflected my interest. 
【答案】　decided　句意:当最后决定课程的时候到了,我决定申请能反映我兴趣的课程。空格处在句中作谓语,且表示过去发生的动作,故用一般过去时态。
9.It was really 　　　 (annoy); I couldn't get access to the data bank you had recommended to me. 
【答案】　annoying　句意:真令人烦恼,我无法访问你推荐给我的数据库。空格处在句中作表语,结合空前的It可知,空格处填annoying。
10.Nick's guests, 　　　 had heard their conversation, asked why they should not buy salt more cheaply if they could.  
【答案】　who　分析句子结构可知,两个逗号之间为非限制性定语从句,先行词“guests”指人,且在从句中作主语,因此应用关系代词who引导定语从句。故空格处填who。
11.Five others on the bus began talking about what the boy had done and the crowd of strangers 　　　(sudden) became friendly to one another.  
【答案】　suddenly　空格处在句中作状语,因此空格处应用提示词的副词形式。故空格处填suddenly。
12.To warm　　　 (he), the sailor sat in front of the fire rubbing one bare foot against the other. 
【答案】　himself　句意:为了给自己取暖,那位海员坐在火炉前,光着的双脚相互摩擦着。空格处在句中作宾语,结合主语和语境可知,空格处填反身代词himself。
13.September 30 is the day by 　　　 you must pay your bill. 
【答案】　which　句意:9月30日是你必须付账单的日期。the day是先行词,关系词在从句中作介词by的宾语,故应用关系代词which。
14.The witnesses 　　　 (question) by the police just now gave very different descriptions of the fight. 
【答案】　questioned　句意:警察刚才询问的目击者对于打斗的描述出入很大。空格处在句中作名词的后置定语,且表示被动完成,故空格处填过去分词questioned。
15.As Jack left his membership card at home, he wasn't allowed 　　　 (go) into the sports club. 
【答案】　to go　句意:因为杰克把会员卡落在家里了,所以体育俱乐部不允许他进入。空格处在句中作补足语,此处实际上是“allow sb. to do sth.”的被动形式,即“sb. be allowed to do sth.”,故空格处填不定式to go。
16.I'd appreciate it if you would like to teach 　　　 (I)how to use the computer. 
【答案】　me　句意:如果你教我如何使用电脑我将感激不尽。空格处在句中作宾语,结合语境可知,空格处填提示词的宾格形式。故填me。
17.I made a promise to myself 　　　 this year, my first year in high school, would be different. 
【答案】　that　句意:我向自己承诺,今年,我在高中的第一年,将会有所不同。myself之后为同位语从句,从句中不缺少句子成分,且句意完整,故空格处填that。
18.You can borrow my car as long as you promise not 　　　 (drive) too fast. 
【答案】　to drive　句意:只要你保证不开得太快,你就可以借我的车。动词promise之后应该接动词不定式to drive作宾语。

【过关检测】
练习一：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
1. The students got on the school bus.
2. He handed me the newspaper.
3. I shall answer your question after class.
4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!
5. They went hunting together early in the morning.
6. His job is to train swimmers.
7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.
8. There is going to be an American film tonight.
9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.
10. His wish is to become a scientist.
11. He managed to finish the work in time.
12. Tom came to ask me for advice.
13. He found it important to master English.
14. Do you have anything else to say?
15. To be honest， your pronunciation is not so good.
16. Would you please tell me your address?
17. He sat there, reading a newspaper.
18. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.
19. He noticed a man enter the room.
20. The apples tasted sweet.
练习二：分析下列句子的结构：
1.This is an English-Chinese dictionary.
2.The dinner smells good.
3.He fell in love.
4.Who knows the answer?
5.She smiled her thanks.
6.He has refused to help them.
7.She cooked her husband a delicious meal.
8.He brought you a dictionary.
9.They appointed him the manager.
10.They painted the door green.
11.This set them thinking.
12.I saw them getting on the bus.
13.Who cares?
14.It doesn’t matter.
15.Everything looks different.
16.He grows tall and strong.
17.They are short of money.
18.He enjoys reading.
19.He said"Good morning."
20.I showed him my pictures.
练习一：指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分：
【答案】1、主语，定语；2、间接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语；5、状语，；6、表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语；9、谓语；10、主语，表语；11、谓语，宾语；12、状语；13、形式宾语，真正宾语；14、宾语、定语；15、插入语，表语；16、宾语(间宾+直宾)；17、状语，状语；18、形式主语，表语，宾补；19、宾补；20、表语
练习二：分析下列句子的结构：
【答案】
1这是本英汉辞典。主系表 
2午餐的气味很好。主系表 
3他堕入了情网。主系表 
4谁知道答案？主谓宾 
5她微笑表示感谢。主谓宾。
6他拒绝帮他们的忙。主谓宾 
7她给丈夫煮了一餐美馔。主谓双宾 
8他给你带来了一本字典。主谓双宾 
9他们任命他当经理。主谓宾补 
10他们把门漆成绿色。主谓宾补 
11这使得他们要细想一想。主谓宾补 
12我看到他们登上汽车。主谓宾补 
13管它呢？主谓 
14没关系。主谓 
15一切看来都不同了。主系表 
16他长得又高又壮。主系表。 
17他们缺少钱。主谓宾，be short of做谓语 
18他喜欢看书。主谓宾 
19他说：“早上好！”主谓宾 
20我给他看我的照片。主谓双宾 

Ⅱ.考点填空
(2021山东济宁一模)
Around three in five people in the UK will find　1　necessary to care for an elderly or a disabled loved one at some point. This can be made much　2　(easy)by bearing in mind a few simple principles and pieces of advice. 
　3　(care)for an elderly loved one, most likely a parent,is never easy. It can cause great pain emotionally and　4　(physical)and the financial challenges can sometimes seem difficult to deal with,too. 
Often one of the hardest things is striking a balance between your parents' desire　5　(feel)independent and the need to ensure that they are safe and their health needs are being attended to. Sometimes this can create tensions and　6　(argue),only adding to the stress of an already difficult situation. It is important here to make them feel that they are being listened to and　7　you only have their best interests at heart. 
The same applies　8　financial issues. In order to cover the costs of their parents' care—including bills and medicine—many people will investigate options such as selling the family home. The most important thing here is communication—it is vital to make sure that everyone involved,including other brothers and sisters,　9　(be)aware of what's being proposed and cooperates to find a solution　10　satisfies everybody. 
1.　　　　2.　　　　3.　　　　4.　　　　5.　　　 
6.　　　　7.　　　　8.　　　　9.　　　　10.　　　 
【答案】　
[语篇解读]　本文介绍了在照顾年迈的亲人时应该注意的事项。
1.it　句意:大约有五分之三的英国人都认为有必要在某种情况下照顾年迈的或有残疾的亲人。本题考查代词。设空处用it作形式宾语,to care for an elderly or a disabled loved one at some point为真正的宾语。
2.easier　句意:通过牢记几个简单的原则和建议就可以使这件事变得更加容易。根据设空处前的much可知设空处用形容词比较级形式。修饰形容词比较级的副词有much, rather, even等。
3.Caring　句意:照顾年迈的亲人,最可能是自己的父亲或母亲,从来就不容易。本题考查非谓语动词作主语。设空处泛指某种行为而非具体某一次的行为,故填动名词形式Caring。
4.physically　句意:那可能会给人们的身心造成很大的痛苦,并且经济挑战有时也可能很难处理。根据设空处前的emotionally可推知设空处需用副词与emotionally并列作状语。
5.to feel　本题考查非谓语动词作定语。名词desire后需用不定式作定语,故填to feel。
6.arguments　句意:有时这可能会造成紧张和争执,……。argument(争执)为可数名词,根据设空处前的tensions(复数形式)可推知设空处需填名词复数形式,故填arguments。
7.that　句意:让他们感到他们在被倾听并且你把他们的最大利益一直挂在心上是很重要的。“　7　you only have their best interests at heart”和“that they are being listened to”并列作feel的宾语;设空处所在的宾语从句不缺任何成分,故用that引导,且不能省略。 
8.to　本题考查动词短语。apply to为固定短语,意为“适用于”。
9.is　本题考查主谓一致。设空处为谓语,主语是everyone,属于单数第三人称,故填is。
10.that/which　本题考查定语从句。先行词为a solution,将先行词代入定语从句后可知关系词在定语从句中作主语,且指“物”,故填that或which。
B
Using social media too much and posting many selfies (自拍)　1　(cause) a rise in narcissism (自恋) since the social media became popular, according to a newly published study. Narcissism is when someone becomes very　2　(self) and believes they are very talented and beautiful. They need attention from other people, 　3　(think) they are better than everyone else. Researchers found that heavy users of social media like Facebook showed a 25% rise in narcissism in just four months. They studied how 74 people 　4　(age) 18 to 34 used social media and looked at how their personalities changed. They said that posting selfies seemed to increase more levels of narcissism 　5　 text-messaging. 
Professor Phil Reed, who is from　6　 Department of Psychology at Swansea University, said:“There have been suggestions of links 　7　 narcissism and the use of selfies on social media, but until this study, it wasn't known if 　8　(use) such platforms is related to the growth in narcissism. The results of this study suggest that posting selfies can increase narcissism.” Professor Reed said that “nearly 20% of people may develop narcissism” because they want attention and 　9　(approve) from others after posting a selfie. They also want to show others their life is 　10　(good) and that they are more beautiful or attractive. 

[语篇解读]　本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。随着各种社交媒体越来越流行,人们也越来越多地使用社交媒体发自拍照来满足自己的自恋感。
1.【答案】have caused　自从社交媒体变得流行以来,过多使用社交媒体和发自拍照已经引起了自恋现象的增加。设空处是句子的谓语动词,根据since引导的时间状语可知此处要用现在完成时,主语是并列连词and连接的两个并列主语,谓语动词要用复数形式,故填have caused。
2.【答案】selfish　考查形容词。句意:自恋是指一个人变得非常自私,认为自己很有才华、很漂亮。根据语境可知设空处在句中充当表语,所以要用形容词形式,故填selfish。
3.【答案】thinking　考查非谓语动词。句意:他们需要别人的关注,认为他们比其他所有人都好。逗号后是非谓语动词作状语,设空处动作与其逻辑主语they之间是主动关系,应该用v.-ing形式,故填thinking。
4.【答案】aged　考查形容词。句意:他们研究了74个年龄在18到34岁的人使用社交媒体的情况,看看他们的个性是怎么改变的。设空处是形容词作定语,表达:……岁的,修饰前面的名词people。
5.【答案】than　考查比较级。他们说发自拍照似乎比发信息更能提高自己的自恋程度。根据语境和句子中的比较级more可知,此处应该用than。
6.【答案】the　考查冠词。定冠词the表示特指意思,此处特指:瑞典大学的心理学系。
7.【答案】between　考查介词。此处表达:有人认为自恋和在社交媒体上使用自拍照之间存在联系。links between A and B:A和B之间的联系。
8.【答案】to use/using　考查非谓语动词。此处表达:但在这项研究之前,我们不知道使用这样的平台是否与自恋的增长有关。设空处是非谓语动词作主语,所以要用v.-ing形式或不定式形式。
9.【答案】approval　考查名词。他们想得到别人的关注和认可。并列连词and连接两个并列的名词:attention和approval。
10.【答案】better　考查形容词比较级。句意:他们也想向别人展示自己的生活更好,他们更漂亮更有魅力。并列连词and连接两个并列的宾语从句,根据第二个从句中的more可知设空处也要用比较级better。