专题09 阅读理解之七选五阅读-十年(2013-2022)高考英语真题分项详解

这是一份专题09 阅读理解之七选五阅读-十年(2013-2022)高考英语真题分项详解，共86页。


十年（2013-2022）高考英语真题分项详解
阅读理解·七选五阅读
2021-2022题组
1
（2022·全国）Important Things to Know When Dining Out
Cultural dining etiquette (礼节) might surprise you with some of its important rules. ___235___. Knowing some tips will help ensure that you have an enjoyable meal with friends or family — no matter where you are in the world.
Chopstick Rules
The way you handle chopsticks is important to avoid annoying your companions. When you put them down between bites, always put them down together so they are parallel with the edge of the table in front of you. ___236___.
Hands or Utensils (餐具)
In India and the Middle East, it’s considered very rude to eat with your left hand. People in France expect you to eat with a utensil in each hand. ___237___, instead preferring to use their hands. In Chile, you may never touch any food with your fingers. People in Thailand generally use their forks only to push food onto their spoons.
Making Requests
___238___. In Portugal, this would be a serious mistake, because it shows the chef that you don’t like their seasoning skills. Similarly, in Italy, never ask for extra cheese to add to your food.
Some of these cultural dining etiquette rules may seem random and strange, but they are important in various countries. ___239___, the more comfortable you’ll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices.
A. The more friends you make in your lifetime
B. The more time you spend in any given country
C. Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils
D. Don’t get caught making an embarrassing mistake at a restaurant
E. It’s a good sign for the chef if you make a mess around your plate
F. Never stick them upright in your food or cross them as you use them
G. It may seem like a simple request to ask for salt and pepper at a meal
【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些外出就餐时要知道的一些重要事情。
235. 根据文章标题“Important Things to Know When Dining Out (外出就餐时要知道的重要事情)”可知，本文主要介绍的是外出就餐时应该知道的重要事情。由此可知，D项“Don’t get caught making an embarrassing mistake at a restaurant (不要在餐馆犯尴尬的错误)”符合语境，其中“at a restaurant”对应标题中的“When Dining Out”，同时引起下文“Knowing some tips will help ensure that you have an enjoyable meal with friends or family — no matter where you are in the world. (知道一些技巧将有助于确保你和朋友或家人一起享受一顿愉快的晚餐——无论你在世界的哪个地方)”。故选D。
236. 根据本段小标题“Chopstick Rules”可知，本段主要讲述的是使用筷子的规则。根据上文“When you put them down between bites, always put them down together so they are parallel with the edge of the table in front of you. (当你在吃的间隙把它们放下来的时候，一定要把它们放在一起，这样它们就和你面前的桌子边缘平行了)”可知，此处讲述了正确使用筷子的方式。由此可知，F项“Never stick them upright in your food or cross them as you use them (不要把它们笔直地插在你的食物中，也不要在使用它们时交叉放置)”讲述的也是使用筷子时的注意事项，符合此处语境，其中“them”指的是上文的“chopsticks”。故选F。
237. 根据本段小标题“Hands or Utensils (餐具)”可知，本段主要讲述的是手和餐具的问题。根据上文“In India and the Middle East, it’s considered very rude to eat with your left hand. People in France expect you to eat with a utensil in each hand. (在印度和中东，用左手吃饭被认为是非常不礼貌的。法国人希望你每只手拿一个餐具吃饭)”及下文“instead preferring to use their hands (相反更愿意使用他们的双手)”可知，此处在讲述不同国家就餐时习惯使用哪只手的问题。由此可知，C项“Mexicans consider it inappropriate to eat with utensils (墨西哥人认为用餐具吃饭是不合适的)”符合语境，与下文形成转折关系。故选C。
238. 根据本段小标题“Making Requests”可知，本段主要讲述的是用餐时提请求的问题。根据下文“In Portugal, this would be a serious mistake, because it shows the chef that you don’t like their seasoning skills. Similarly, in Italy, never ask for extra cheese to add to your food. (在葡萄牙，这将是一个严重的错误，因为这向厨师表明你不喜欢他们的调味技巧。同样，在意大利，永远不要要求在食物中添加额外的奶酪)”可推知，在一些国家，用餐时提出要求是很无礼的。由此可知，G项“It may seem like simple request to ask for salt and pepper at a meal (吃饭时要盐和胡椒看似很简单)”符合此处语境，其中“request”是关键词，说明，在用餐时提出一些我们看来很平常的要求在某些国家是无礼的。故选G。
239. 根据下文“the more comfortable you’ll begin to feel with its foreign cultural practices. (你就会对它的外国文化习俗感到越舒服)”可推知，此处指在一个国家待得越久，就会越习惯当地习俗，且此处是“the+比较级，the+比较级”结构，B项“The more time you spend in any given country (你在某个国家待的时间越长)”符合文意，引出下文。故选B。
2
（2022·全国）Friendship needs care and attention to keep it in good health. Here are five ways to sustain (保持) long-distance friendships.
·Set a regular date
Long-lasting friendships share the characteristic that both sides equally contact (联系) and share with one another. With busy schedules, squeezing in phone calls can be a challenge. ___240___.
·More isn’t always merrier
Make sure you have communicated with your friend about how frequently each of you wants to be contacted and what method works best for you both. ___241___. There are alternatives to constant written communication, such as leaving voice messages or having a group chat.
·Practise empathy (共情)
___242___. The friend who is remaining needs to be sensitive to all the additional time demands placed on the friend who has moved. The one in the new environment should be sympathetic to the fact that your friend may feel abandoned.
· ___243___
Anniversaries and birthdays carry even more weight in long-distance friendships. Although technology might make day-to-day communication possible, extra effort goes a long way on special days. Simply keeping a diary that keeps track of friends’ birthdays and other important dates will make sure nothing slips by you.
·Don’t rely on technology alone
___244___, but long-distance friendships — even close ones — may require more conscious effort to sustain. Try to seek out chances to renew friendships. How to do it? Just spend face-to-face time together whenever possible.
A. Remember important dates
B. Compensate by writing letters
C. It is also helpful for you to be a friendship keeper
D. Try to find a time that works for both of you and stick to it
E. Friends need to talk about their preferred methods of communication
F. It is easy to have a sense of connectedness through social media
G. You may be the friend who left or the one who was left behind
【答案与解析】本文是一篇应用文，介绍了五种维系异地友谊的方法。
240. 上文“With busy schedules, squeezing in phone calls can be a challenge.”（平日繁忙，很难抽出时间打电话。）讲的是双方都很忙碌，很难有时间给对方打电话，D项“尽量找个双方都有空的时间去打电话，并坚持下去” 给出了解决没时间打电话这个问题的方法，符合题意。故选D项。
241. 上文“Make sure you have communicated with your friend about how frequently each of you wants to be contacted and what method works best for you both.”（确保你已经和你的朋友沟通过，了解你们想要联系的频率，以及哪种方法对你们双方都最有效。）提到异地朋友之间要商量沟通方式，E项“朋友需要谈论他们喜欢的交流方式”承接上文，进一步提出对交流的方法的沟通，下文“There are alternatives to constant written communication, such as leaving voice messages or having a group chat.”（除了持续的文字交流，还有其他选择，比如留下语音信息或进行群聊。）对E项中的“methods of communication”进行了举例说明，上下文语意连贯。故选E项。
242. 下文“The friend who is remaining”（留下来的朋友）和“The one in the new environment”（在新环境中的那个）提到朋友的两个不同处境，G项“你可能是朋友中离开的那一方，也可能是被留下的那一方”指出了异地友谊中分为离开的一方和留下的一方，其中“the friend who left”和“the one who was left behind”分别对应下文“The one in the new environment”和“The friend who is remaining”，所以G项符合题意。故选G项。
243. 分析文章结构可知，设空处的内容是维系异地友谊的第四个方法，是第五段的小标题。下文“Anniversaries and birthdays carry even more weight in long-distance friendships.”（周年纪念日和生日对于异地友谊而言是非常重要的。）讲的是诸如周年纪念日和生日等重要的日子对于维系异地友谊是非常重要的，由此推知，这段对应的维系异地友谊的方法是A项“记得重要的日子”，所以A项符合题意。故选A项。
244. 设空处所在句子的后半句“but long-distance friendships — even close ones — may require more conscious effort to sustain.”（但是异地友谊——甚至是关系亲密的友谊——可能需要更加自觉地去维系。）讲的是我们要更加自觉地维系异地友谊，其中“but”说明后半句与设空处形成转折，而F项“朋友之间很容易通过社交媒体产生一种联结感”讲的是可以通过社交媒体这种方式很容易与朋友产生联结，与后半句“require more conscious effort to sustain”形成转折，而且其中的“social media”呼应了该段的小标题“Don’t rely on technology alone”（不要仅仅依赖技术）中的“technology”。故选F项。
3
（2022·全国）Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled “Five Reasons to Thank Your Workout Partner.” One reason was: “You’ll actually show up if you know someone is waiting for you at the gym, ” while another read: “___245___”   With a workout partner, you will increase your training effort as there is a subtle (微妙) competition.
So, how do you find a workout partner?
First of all, decide what you want from that person. ___246___ Or do you just want to be physically fit, able to move with strength and flexibility? Think about the exercises you would like to do with your workout partner.
You might think about posting what you are looking for on social media, but it probably won’t result in a useful response. ___247___ If you plan on working out in a gym, that person must belong to the same gym.
My partner posted her request on the notice board of a local park. Her notice included what kind of training she wanted to do, how many days a week and how many hours she wanted to spend on each session, and her age. It also listed her favorite sports and activities, and provided her phone number. ___248___
You and your partner will probably have different skills. ___249___ Over time, both of you will benefit — your partner will be able to lift more weights and you will become more physically fit. The core (核心) of your relationship is that you will always be there to help each other.
A. Your first meeting may be a little awkward.
B. A workout partner usually needs to live close by.
C. You’ll work harder if you train with someone else.
D. Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport?
E. How can you write a good “seeking training partner” notice?
F. Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.
G. Any notice for a training partner should include such information.
【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如何找到一个一起锻炼的伙伴。
245. 根据前文“Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled “Five Reasons to Thank Your Workout Partne.” One reason was: “You’ll actually show up if you know someone is waiting for you at the gym,”(《健身杂志》最近刊登了一篇题为《感谢健身伙伴的五个理由》的文章。一个理由是：“如果你知道有人在健身房等你，你就会去锻炼。”)”可知，这里陈述另一个和别人一起锻炼的理由。所以选择项C“You'll work harder if you train with someone else.(如果你和别人一起训练，你会更努力。)”符合上下文语境。故选C。
246. 根据前文“First of all, decide what you want from that person. (首先，决定你想从那个人身上得到什么。)”和后文“Or do you just want to be physically fit, able to move with strength and flexibility?(或者你只是想要身体健康，能够移动的力量和灵活性?)”可知，这里是一个问句，反问自己结伴锻炼的目的。所以选择项D“Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport? (你想在你最喜欢的运动项目上成为更好的运动员吗?)”符合上下文语境。故选D。
247. 根据前文“You might think about posting what you are looking for on social media, but probably won't result in a useful response. (你可能会考虑在社交媒体上发布你想要的东西，但可能不会得到有用的回应。)”和后文“If you plan on working out in a gym, that person must belong to the same gym.(如果你打算在健身房锻炼，那个人一定是同一个健身房的。)”可知，寻找的锻炼伙伴要具有便利性的特点。所以选择项B“A workout partner usually needs to live close by. (锻炼伙伴通常需要住在附近。)”符合上下文语境。故选B。
248. 根据前文“My partner posted her request on the notice board of a local park. Her notice included what kind of training she wanted to do, how many days a week and how many hours she wanted to spend on each session, and her age. It also listed her favorite sports and activities, and provided her phone number. (我的搭档把她的要求贴在了当地公园的布告栏上。她的注意事项包括她想要做什么样的锻炼，每周多少天，每次培训要花多少小时，以及她的年龄。它还列出了她最喜欢的运动和活动，并提供了她的电话号码。)”可知，本段作者以自己的锻炼伙伴为例，说明寻找锻炼伙伴布告所要包括的信息。所以选择项G“Any notice for a training partner should include such information. (任何锻炼伙伴的布告都应包括这些信息。)”符合上下文语境。故选G。
249. 根据前文“You and your partner will probably have different skills. (你和你的伴侣可能有不同的技能。)”和后文“Over time, both of you will benefit -- your partner will be able to lift more weights and you will become more physically fit.(久而久之，你们双方都会受益——你的伴侣会举起更多的重量，你也会变得更健康。)”可知，要学会求同存异，一起合作，共同提高。所以选择项F“Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other. (接受你们的不同，学会彼此合作。)”符合上下文语境。故选F。
4
（2022·全国）Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. However, the process can be made easier if you learn to practice three simple techniques.
___250___ When you are first trying to think of ideas for an essay, put your pen to your paper and write nonstop for ten or fifteen minutes without letting your pen leave the paper. Stay loose and free. ___251___ Don’t worry about grammar or spelling. Even though this technique won’t work for everyone, it helps many people get a good store of ideas to draw on.
The next technique is to write your draft rapidly without worrying about being perfect. ___252___ Yet, by learning to live with imperfection, you will save yourself headaches and a wastepaper basket full of crumpled (弄皱) paper. Think of your first draft as a path cut out of the jungle—as part of an exploration, not as a complete highway.
The third technique is to try printing out a triple—spaced (三倍行距) copy to allow space for revision. ___253___ As a result, these writers never get in the habit of crossing out chunks (大块) of their draft and writing revisions in the blank space. After you have revised your draft until it is too messy to work from anymore, you can enter your changes into your word processor. ___254___ The resulting blank space invites you to revise.
A. Make sure your handwriting is neat.
B. Let your pen follow the waves of thought.
C. The second draft of the essay should be better.
D. First of all, learn the technique of nonstop writing.
E. Too many writers try to get their drafts right the first time.
F. Many beginning writers don’t leave enough space to revise.
G. Then you can print out a fresh draft, again setting your text on triple-space.
【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是写文章的技巧。
250. 空格处是本段的主题句，由空后的“When you are first trying to think of ideas for an essay, put your pen to your paper and write nonstop for ten or fifteen minutes without letting your pen leave the paper.(当你第一次想写一篇文章的时候，把笔放在纸上，不间断地写10到15分钟，不要让笔离开纸。)”可知，本段主要讲的是要学会不间断地写，D选项“First of all, learn the technique of nonstop writing.(首先，学习不间断写作的技巧。)”概括了本段的主要内容，可作为主题句，故选D。
251. 空前说“Stay loose and free.(保持宽松和自由。)”，空后说“Don’t worry about grammar or spelling.(不要担心语法和拼写。)”，因此空格处应说按心里想的写，自由发挥，B选项“Let your pen follow the waves of thought.(让你的笔跟随思想的波浪。)”说明了按自己的思路和想法来写，因此承上启下，符合语境，故选B。
252. 空前说“The next technique is to write your draft rapidly without worrying about being perfect.(下一个技巧是快速写草稿，不要担心是否完美。)”，空后说“Yet, by learning to live with imperfection, you will save yourself headaches and a wastepaper basket full of crumpled (弄皱) paper.(然而，通过学习与不完美共存，你将避免自己的头痛和一个装满皱巴巴的废纸篓。)”，E选项“Too many writers try to get their drafts right the first time.(太多的作家试图在第一次就把草稿写好。)”中的“get their drafts”和上文的“write your draft”相呼应，说明了有很多人想一次就写好，这是不合理的，要学会允许不完美的存在，因此E选项承上启下，符合语境，故选E。
253. 空前说“The third technique is to try printing out a triple—spaced (三倍行距) copy to allow space for revision.(第三种方法是打印出三倍行距的副本，以便有修改的空间。)”，F选项“Many beginning writers don’t leave enough space to revise.(许多初来乍到的作者没有留出足够的修改空间。)”中的“revise”和前面的“revision”一致，指出了新手作者的常见做法，且其中的“Many beginning writers”和后文的“these writers”相互呼应，因此F选项承上启下，符合语境，故选F。
254. 空前说“After you have revised your draft until it is too messy to work from anymore, you can enter your changes into your word processor.(当你修改你的草稿，直到它太乱以至于无法继续工作，你可以把你的修改输入到你的文字处理器中。)”，空后说“The resulting blank space invites you to revise.(由此产生的空白允许您修改。)”，因此空格处应说输入到文字处理器后应该做什么，G选项“Then you can print out a fresh draft, again setting your text on triple-space.(然后你可以打印一份新的草稿，同样将文本设置为三倍行距。)”说的是输入到你的文字处理器后的做法，其中的“triple-space”和后文的“The resulting blank space”相呼应，因此G选项承上启下，符合语境，故选G。
5
（2022·浙江）I have the same 24 hours in a day as you do, but I have made specific choice that allow me to make the most of every day and still feel happy and relaxed. ____255____
Pick the most important.
____256____ Focus on spending time that for you is fun and productive. I chose the life of an adviser because I like to work with companies, but don't want the life of a big company CEO. My choices are based on the lifestyle I want.
Combine your activities.
Many people go crazy trying to figure out how to spend time with friends, family, work, play, etc. ____257____ Find ways to enjoy them in a combined manner. Build your social life around people your work environment. Find people in your company who share common interests and develop your career (职业) around the people and activities you love.
____258____
You would think learning takes more time from you, but actually there are always new ways of doing things that can save you time on daily tasks, freeing you up for the most important. Always be looking for a new way to gain back an hour here or there.
Lighten up.
The world won't come to an end in most cases just because you left a few things undone. Celebrate progress and keep refining (改进) toward a happy productive existence. ____259____ Every completion is a small victory that adds up in a big way.
A. Speed up.
B. Be an active learner.
C. Stop trying to balance time between them all.
D. Make choices about what is meaningful in your life.
E. The things you do well usually give you greater joy.
F. Perhaps these tips will help you make the most of your time.
G. This is why making lists is important in any productivity handbook.
【答案与解析】本文是说明文。作者给出了既可以充分利用时间又可以快乐放松的有效建议。
255. 上文“I have the same 24 hours in a day as you do, but 1 have made specific choice that allow me to make the most of every day and still feel happy and relaxed.( 我和你一样，每天都有24小时，但我做了具体的选择，让我充分利用每一天，仍然感到快乐和放松)”说明作者做出选择，充分利用每一天，但仍旧感到快乐和轻松，根据下文段落小标题可知，下文就如何充分利用每一天给出了建议，因此空格处应是承上启下，F项中的“help you make the most of your time”与上文“to make the most of every day”一致，“tips”引出下文的建议，因此F项“也许这些建议会帮助你充分利用你的时间”符合语境，承上启下。故选F。
256. 根据段落标题“Pick the most important.”可知，本段建议挑选最重要的，下文“Focus on spending time that for you is fun and productive.( 把时间花在那些对你来说有趣和富有成效的事情上)”说明要挑选一些有趣的和富有成效的事情去做，D项中的“what is meaningful in your life”与标题中的“the most important”一致，下文是对“Make choices”具体解释。因此推断D项“选择你生活中有意义的东西”符合语境。故选D。
257. 上文“Many people go crazy trying to figure out how to spend time with friends, family, work, play, etc.( 许多人疯狂地试图弄清楚如何在朋友，家庭，工作，娱乐等方面度过时间)”说明许多人想要弄清楚在生活中如何分配好时间，下文“Find ways to enjoy them in a combined manner.( 找到一种结合的方式来享受它们)”说明可以把事情组合在一起享受，因此推断空格处与上文是转折关系，说明不要试图均衡时间，C项“不要试图在它们之间平衡时间”符合语境。故选C。
258. 空格处为段落小标题。根据下文“You would think learning takes more time from you, but actually there are always new ways of doing things that can save you time on daily tasks, freeing you up for the most important. Always be looking for a new way to gain back an hour here or there. Always be looking for a new way to gain back an hour here or there. (你可能会认为学习需要花费了你更多的时间，但实际上总有一些新的方法可以为你节省出做日常事务的时间，为你腾出时间去做最重要的事情。寻找在这里或者那里赢回一个小时的新方法)”可推断，本段讲述学习虽然花费很多时间，但总是能有一些方法为你节省时间做其他事情，因此要做有效的学习者。因此推断B项“做有效的学习者”为段落标题，故选B。
259. 下文“Every completion is a small victory that adds up in a big way.( 每一次的完成都是一个小的胜利，累积起来就是一个大的胜利)”说明事情要一件一件去做，G项中的“making lists”与之呼应，因此推断G项“这就是为什么列清单在任何生产手册中都很重要的原因”符合语境，this指代上文“The world won't come to an end in most cases just because you left a few things undone. Celebrate progress and keep refining (改进) toward a happy productive existence.( 在大多数情况下，世界不会因为你没做完几件事而走向末日。庆祝进步，不断改进走向一个快乐而富有成效的存在)”解释了列出清单一件一件完成任务的原因。故选G。
6
（2021·全国）According to Jessica Hagy, author of How to Be Interesting, it’s not difficult to make yourself interesting at a dinner party.
__205__, if you’re out of your comfort zone or if you’re wandering into somebody’s house for the first time. So the main thing is just to show up and be adventurous, trying different foods and talking to strangers.
People love to talk about themselves. If you can start the conversation with a question other than “What do you do for a living?”, you’ll be able to get a lot more interesting conversation out of whomever it is you’re talking to. __206__, it can bring in “I have this old, broken-down vehicle” or “I rode the bus with these crazy people who were laughing at silly jokes in the back.” It just opens up conversation.
__207__? If you can’t take their wine away, you should certainly try to take away their soapbox （讲台）. If you’re the host, you can ask them to help you in the kitchen with something and just remove them from the situation.__208__.
And what about that other dinner-party killer: awkward silence? If you’re faced with an awkward silence at a dinner party, the only thing that always gets everyone talking again is to give the host a compliment（赞扬）. __209__. Just quickly turn around and say, “This cake is extremely delicious and you have to tell me all about it.”
So being interesting at a dinner party isn’t that hard.
A. How do you know the host
B. The first step is to go exploring
C. If you ask the question “How did you get here?”
D. Be prepared to have awkward conversations with strangers
E. Or turn the conversation into a topic where they have little to say
F. What about that person who had too much to drink or won’t stop talking
G. He or she is the person who is feeling the weight of that awkwardness the most
【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在晚宴上让自己表现得有趣的一些方法。
205. 根据上文“it’s not difficult to make yourself interesting at a dinner party (在晚宴上让自己变得有趣并不难)”可知，下文应主要讲述如何在晚宴上让自己变得有趣。下文“So the main thing is just to show up and be adventurous, trying different foods and talking to strangers. (所以最主要的事情就是去尝试，去冒险，尝试不同的食物，和陌生人交谈)”可推知，本段主要说明想在晚宴上让自己变得有趣，就要勇于冒险，勇于探索。由此可知，B项“The first step is to go exploring(第一步是去探索)”承上启下，符合题意。故选B项。
206. 根据下文“it can bring in “I have this old, broken-down vehicle” or “I rode the bus with these crazy people who were laughing at silly jokes in the back.” It just opens up conversation. (它可以带入“我有这辆破旧的车”或“我和那些在后面嘲笑愚蠢笑话的疯子一起乘坐公共汽车。”它只是打开了对话)”可知，设空处应该是提了一个不太好的问题，只是开始交流，但并不会给人留下有趣的印象。由此可知，C项“If you ask the question “How did you get here?”(如果你问“你是怎么到这里来的？”这个问题)”能够承接下文，符合题意。故选C项。
207. 根据下文“If you can’t take their wine away, you should certainly try to take away their soapbox. If you’re the host, you can ask them to help you in the kitchen with something and just remove them from the situation. (如果你不能拿走他们的酒，你当然应该让他们离开讲话的地方。如果你是主人，你可以让他们到厨房帮你做点什么，只是为了让他们摆脱那种情景)”可知，此处指出了一个问题的解决办法。由此推知，设空处提到了一个棘手的问题。F项“What about the person who has had too much to drink or won’t stop talking(喝太多酒或一直说个不停的人怎么办)”正是提出的问题，引出下文的解决办法，符合题意。故选F项。
208. 根据上文“If you can’t take their wine away, you should certainly try to take away their soapbox (讲台). If you’re the host, you can ask them to help you in the kitchen with something and just remove them from the situation. (如果你不能拿走他们的酒，你当然应该让他们离开讲话的地方。如果你是主人，你可以让他们到厨房帮你做点什么，只是为了让他们摆脱那种情景)”可知，本段主要是为解决“喝太多酒或一直说个不停”这个问题提供方法。由此可知，E项“Or turn the conversation into a topic where they have little to say(或者把谈话变成他们没什么可说的话题)”是提出的另一个解决办法，承接上文，符合题意。故选E项。
209. 根据上文“If you’re faced with an awkward silence at a dinner party, the only thing that always gets everyone talking again is to give the host a compliment.(如果你在晚宴上遭遇了尴尬的沉默，唯一能让大家再次交谈的方法就是赞美主人)”可知，此处指出赞美主人可以缓解尴尬的沉默，设空处承上启下，下文“This cake is extremely delicious and you have to tell me all about it.(这蛋糕特别好吃，你得告诉我它的一切)”对主人进行了赞美。由此可知，宴会上出现尴尬的沉默时，最尴尬的就是主人，所以需要赞美主人来缓解尴尬。G项“He or she is the person who is feeling the weight of that awkwardness the most(他或她是最能感受到那种尴尬的人)”承上启下，符合题意。故选G项
7
（2021·全国）My husband and I just spent a week in Paris.____210____So the first thing   we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth-floor apartment the size of a cupboard. It was so tiny that we had to leave our suitcases in the hallway.
The place wasn’t entirely authentic, though. Unlike a normal Parisian apartment, the plumbing ( 水 管 ) worked. ____211____Our building even had a tiny lift with a female voice that said, “Ouverture des portes,” in perfect French. That is the only French phrase I mastered, and it’s a shame I don’t have much use for it.
Parisians are different from you and me. They never look lazy or untidy. As someone noted in this paper a couple of weeks ago, they eat great food and never gain weight. ____212____ French strawberries do not taste like cardboard. Instead, they explode in your mouth like little flavor bombs.
____213____ On our first morning in Paris, I went around the corner to the food market to pick up some groceries. I bought a handful of perfectly ripe small strawberries and a little sweet melon. My husband and I agreed they were the best fruit we had ever eaten. But they cost $18!
In France, quality of life is much more important than efficiency.
You can tell this by cafés life. French cafés are always crowded.____214____When do these people work? The French take their 35-hour workweek seriously — so seriously that some labor unions recently struck a deal with a group of companies limiting the number of hours that independent contractors can be on call.
A. Not all the customers are tourists.
B. The quality of life in France is equally excellent.
C. There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.
D. The amazing food is mainly consumed by local farmers.
E. That’s not the only reason the French eat less than we do.
F. Our aim was to see if we could live, in some way, like real Parisians.
G. The food is so delicious that you don’t need much of it to make you happy.
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。主要讲述了作者夫妇两人在巴黎的居住的感受。首先，作者介绍了她住的房子；其次，说明了巴黎人生活非常精致的原因；最后，说明法国人对待生活的态度，相较于工作效率他们更看重生活品质。
210. 上文“My husband and I just spent a week in Paris.(我丈夫和我刚在巴黎待了一周)”说明了背景；下文“So the first thing we did was rent a fantastically expensive sixth-floor apartment the size of a cupboard.(所以我们做的第一件事就是租了一个非常昂贵公寓，在第六层，只有一个橱柜那么大)”是空格处的结果，因此空格处需要填原因；根据F项“Our aim was to see if we could live, in some way, like real Parisians.(我们的目标是看看我们是否在某种程度上可以活的像巴黎人。)”可知，作者要在巴黎住下来，所以需要租房子，两句构成因果关系。故选F项。
211. 上文“The place wasn’t entirely authentic, though.(不过，这个地方并不是地道的法国住房)”是段落的中心句，说明第二段主要内容是讲解公寓的情况。下文提到了楼宇和电梯的情况。C项“There was a nice kitchen and a comfortable bed.(有一个漂亮的厨房和一张舒适的床)”提到了厨房和床，这些都属于公寓的配置。故选C项。
212. 上文“... they eat great food and never gain weight.(他们吃得很好，而且从不发胖)”提及了食物。下文“French strawberries do not taste like cardboard. Instead, they explode in your mouth like little flavor bombs.(法国草莓尝起来不像纸板。相反，它们会像小炸弹一样在你嘴里爆炸)”在说明法国的草莓很好吃。上下文结合可知，因为法国的食物质量很高，所以不用吃很多就能很满足，同时吃的少也就不会发胖了。G项“The food is so delicious that you don’t need much of it to make you happy. (食物是如此美味，你不需要吃太多就能使你快乐)”符合语境要求。故选G项。
213. 第三段主要描述了作者夫妻去了采购了食物，买了草莓。下文“My husband and I agreed they were the best fruit we had ever eaten. But they cost $18!(我丈夫和我都认为这是我们吃过的最好的水果。但它们要18美元!)”说明法国的水果好吃但是也很贵。选项E“That's not the only reason the French eat less than we do.(这并不是法国人吃得比我们少的唯一原因)”承接了上一段关于法国人吃的少但是不胖的话题，同时引起下文，给出了法国人吃的少的另一个原因‘物价贵’。故选E项。
214. 根据上文“In France, quality of life is much more important than efficiency (效率). You can tell this by cafés life. French cafés are always crowded. (在法国生活质量比效率更重要。这一点你能从咖啡馆生活看出来。法国的咖啡厅总是很拥挤)”可知，上文说明了法国人对待工作不是很积极且咖啡厅里顾客很多。下文“When do these people work?(这些人什么时候工作？)”是一个问句，说明本句属于过渡句，承接上文说明咖啡厅里的造成拥挤的客人的情况，A选项中有“customer”符合咖啡馆的情境设定，同时讲述了不是所有的客人都是游客，那么意味着大部分人都是当地人，符合下文的提问。故选A项。
8
（2021·全国）If the only reading you ever do is the novel or magazine, the speed at which you read -probably does not matter very much. But if you have to read a great deal for study, you will appreciate the benefits of being able to read more quickly. ____215____
·Before you open the book, make sure that you are comfortable. You need a seat which supports your back and the book should be at the right distance from your eyes. ____216____
____217____ Look at the table of contents, the preface, the chapter heading,etc.This will help you to decide whether you really need to read the whole book or only certain parts of it. Ten minutes spent in this way could save you quite a lot of time in the long run.
If you decide that you need to read the whole book, decide how much you can read at a time. ____218____ A history book which may contain the facts in story form will be easier to read than one dealing with scientific subjects. In the former case you may be able to read a chapter. In the latter you may only be able to read one page.
Always keep a pencil and paper beside you. ____219____Note also the facts important for your purpose as well as anything which leads you to further research. You don't have to write these things in detail. It is enough to put the page number and one or two words as a reminder .
A. Stop to have a rest now and then.
B. Spend a few minutes looking through the book.
C. This depends on the type of book you are reading.
D. Here are some tips to help improve your reading speed.
E. Make a note of any page which is of special importance.
F. You may find yourself having to learn something by heart.
G. Keep the room cool rather than warm to avoid feeling sleepy.
【答案与解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一些帮助提高阅读速度的建议。
215. 根据上文“If the only reading you ever do is the novel or magazine, the speed at which you read -probably does not matter very much. But if you have to read a great deal for study, you will appreciate the benefits of being able to read more quickly.（如果你唯一的阅读是小说或杂志，那么你阅读的速度可能并不重要。但是，如果你必须大量阅读来学习，你就会感激能够更快地阅读的好处。）”可知，接下来要介绍提高阅读速度的方法。D项：Here are some tips to help improve your reading speed.（这里有一些帮助提高阅读速度的建议。）符合语境。故选D。
216. 根据本段主题句“Before you open the book, make sure that you are comfortable.（在你打开书之前，确保你感到舒服。）”可知，本段主要说明要给自己创造舒适的阅读环境。G项：Keep the room cool rather than warm to avoid feeling sleepy.（保持房间凉爽而不是温暖以避免困倦。）符合语境。故选G。
217. 空处为段落主题句。根据下文“Look at the table of contents, the preface, the chapter heading,etc（查看目录、前言、章节标题等。）”可知，本段主要讲述在阅读一本书之前要先浏览一下大致内容。B项：Spend a few minutes looking through the book.（花几分钟浏览一下这本书。）符合语境。故选B。
218. 根据上文“If you decide that you need to read the whole book, decide how much you can read at a time.（如果你决定要读完整本书，决定一下你一次能读多少。）”和下文“A history book which may contain the facts in story form will be easier to read than one dealing with scientific subjects.（以故事形式包含事实的历史书比科学题材的书更容易阅读。）”可知，看书时间的长短取决于书的类型。C项：This depends on the type of book you are reading.（这取决于你读的书的类型。）符合语境。故选C。
219. 根据段落主题句“Always keep a pencil and paper beside you.（总是在身边放一支铅笔和一张纸。）”可知，本段强调要随时注意记笔记。E项：Make a note of any page which is of special importance.（把任何有特别重要的一页都记下来。）符合语境。故选E。
9
（2021·北京）Music has long been considered to be an enjoyable pastime for many people. ____220____ The mental health benefits from music can't be argued. Music could also be helping you with many other health problems behind the scenes. ____221____However，for the same reason，music can be very beneficial if one is in pain. By distracting （分心） the mind from the pain，music，people say，can lower stress and anxiety levels. This，of course，can lead to less pain. Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed. ____222____While the validity of the idea is still being assessed，the lowered stress can even be tied back to blood pressure. Similarly, according to researchers，listening to just 30 minutes of soft music every day may help with healthy blood sugar levels， through the lowering of stress and anxiety. When it comes to heart health，there is speculation （推测） that it's not the style of music， but rather the tempo that makes it so good for your heart health. In one European study，participants listened to music as the researchers monitored their heart rates and blood pressure. ____223____ On the other hand，when the music slowed，the participants' stress and anxiety levels became lower and the effects on heart rates appeared to follow suit. ____224____But there is a whole range of other health issues that turning up the radio could be beneficial for，which is what makes music so valuable.
A. This feeling can also result in many other health problems. B. Some experts say that music can be harmful if it is too loud. C. This idea is a little off-the-wall but still has scientific backing. D. They say it can play a big role in calming the brain enough to sleep. E. The implications of music on overall well-being are really impressive. F. It is also highly popular due to the individualized effects on stress and anxiety. G. Interestingly，the more cheerful the music was，the faster their heart rates were.
【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要讲的是音乐对身体的好处。
220. 空格后说“The mental health benefits from music can't be argued”（音乐对心理健康的益处是毋庸置疑的），F选项It is also highly popular due to the individualized effects on stress and anxiety中的stress and anxiety照应了mental health benefits，因此F选项切合题意，故选F。
221. 空格后说“However，for the same reason，music can be very beneficial if one is in pain”（然而，出于同样的原因，当一个人处于痛苦中时，音乐是非常有益的），However表转折，因此空格处为对音乐的负面评价，B选项Some experts say that music can be harmful if it is too loud中的harmful就是负面评价，因此B选项切合题意，故选B。
222. 空格前说“Many people enjoy relaxing music in the evening prior to going to bed”（许多人喜欢在晚上睡觉前听些轻松的音乐），D选项They say it can play a big role in calming the brain enough to sleep中的sleep和going to bed相呼应，因此D选项切合题意，故选D。
223. 空格前说“In one European study，participants listened to music as the researchers monitored their heart rates and blood pressure”（在欧洲的一项研究中，参与者听音乐，研究人员监测他们的心率和血压），G选项Interestingly，the more cheerful the music was，the faster their heart rates were中的heart rates和前面的heart rates相照应，因此G选项切合题意，故选G。
224. 空格后说“But there is a whole range of other health issues that turning up the radio could be beneficial for，which is what makes music so valuable”（但是，开着收音机还可以对一系列其他的健康问题有益，这就是音乐如此有价值的原因），因此本段讲的是音乐对身体总的好处，E选项The implications of music on overall well-being are really impressive讲的是音乐对整体健康的影响是非常令人印象深刻的，因此E选项切合题意，故选E。
10
（2021·浙江）You run into the grocery store to pick up one bottle of water. You get what you need, head to the front, and choose the line that looks fastest.
You chose wrong. People who you swear got in other lines long after you are already checked out and off to the parking lot. ___225___
It turns out, it's just math working against you; chances are, the other line really is faster.
Grocery stores try to have enough employees at checkout to get all their customers through with minimum delay. ___226___Any small interruption - a price check, a chatty customer-can have downstream effects, holding up an entire line.
If there are three lines in the store, delays will happen randomly at different registers. Think about the probability:____227____So it's not just in your mind: Another line probably is moving faster.
Researchers have a good way to deal with this problem. Make all customers stand in one long, snaking line- called a serpentine line - and serve each person at the front with the next available register. ___228___This is what they do at most banks and fast-food restaurants. With a serpentine line, a long delay at one register won't unfairly punish the people who lined up behind it. Instead, it will slow down everyone a little bit but speed up checkout overall.
____229____It takes many registers to keep one line moving quickly, and some stores can't afford the space or manpower. So wherever your next wait may be: Good luck.
A. Why does this always seem to happen to you?
B. So why don't most places encourage serpentine lines?
C. Some of the may have stood in a queue for almost an hour.
D. The chances of your line being the fastest are only one in three.
E. How high is the probability that you are in the fastest waiting line?
F. With three registers, this method is much faster than the traditional approach.
G. But sometimes, as on a Sunday afternoon, the system gets particularly busy.
【答案与解析】本文是说明文。文章说明了杂货店排队方式以及研究人员提出的蛇形队伍的新方式，并分析了各自的利弊。
225. 下文“It turns out, it's just math working against you; chances are, the other line really is faster. （原来，这只是你的数学问题；很可能，另一个队伍真的更快。）”解释了上文“You chose wrong.(你选错了)”的原因，下文与空格处是因果关系，所以本空应该是对前文选错提出疑惑，故选A项。
226. 上文“Grocery stores try to have enough employees at checkout to get all their customers through with minimum delay.（杂货店尽量让足够的员工在结账时让所有的顾客以最小的延误完成结账。）”解释了杂货店之前的工作模式，下文“Any small interruption a price check, a chatty customer -can have downstream effects, holding up an entire line.（任何一个小小的中断，一个价格检查，一个喋喋不休的顾客，都会产生下游效应，拖住整个生产线。）”描述了杂货店的特殊情况，故本空应该填出现特殊情况的原因，故选G项。
227. 根据上文“If there are three lines in the store, delays will happen randomly at different registers. （如果杂货店中有三列队伍，延迟将在不同的队伍中随机发生。）”联系下文“So it's not just in your mind: Another line probably is moving faster.（所以这不仅仅是在你的脑海里：另一条队伍可能移动得更快。）”可知本空说的是任何一个队伍都有可能出现问题。你的队伍跑得最快的几率只有三分之一。故选D项。
228. 根据“上文Researchers have a good way to deal with this problem.(我们得知研究人员有一个很好的方法来处理这个问题)”以及下文“This is what they do at most banks and fast-food restaurants. With a serpentine line, a long delay at one register won't unfairly punish the people who lined up behind it. Instead, it will slow down everyone little bit but speed up checkout overall.（这个大多数银行和快餐店都是这样做的。有了一条蜿蜒的队伍，在一个登记处长时间拖延不会不公平地惩罚后面排队的人。相反，它会减慢每个人一点点，但加快了整体结帐速度。）”说明这个新方案迅速有效，联系上下文可知，空格中应该是与旧的结账方案作比较。故选F项。
229. 结合下文“It takes many registers to keep one line moving quickly, and some stores can't afford the space or manpower.（要保持一条生产线的快速运转，需要很多的收银机，而且有些商店负担不起空间和人力。）”说明了一个原因，由此可知，空格处提出了一个问题；通过“It takes many registers to keep one line moving quickly.(保持一条生产线的快速运转)”可知这里描述的是不鼓励蛇形队伍的原因。故选B项。
11
（2021·全国）You've got mail…and it's a postcard
Paulo Magalhaes, a 34-year-old Portuguese computer engineer, loves to open his mailbox and find a brightly colored picture of Rome's Colosseum. Or Africa's Victoria Falls. Or China's Great Wall. ___230___
"I often send postcards to family and friends." he says to China Daily, "but you can imagine that after a while, you never receive as many as you send, and you realize that not everyone is into it ___231___ ” Seeking other like-minded souls, however, Paulo started looking in a somewhat unlikely place: online. Many would say the Internet is a place for people who have given up on the traditional postal service, but Paulo's hunch（直觉）paid off.
Today his hobby has developed into the website postcrossing.com, a social network that has grown to 575,217 registered users in 214 countries and regions since he started it 10 years ago. ___232___ Running the website has almost turned into a full-time job.
Language is certainly a harrier for many people. For postcrossing to work worldwide, a common communication language is needed so that everyone can understand each other. As cool as it may be to receive a postcard written in Chinese, the concept doesn't work if one doesn't understand it. ___233___ So a common language is required and in postcrossing that's English since it's widely spoken.
"Many people in China have limited exposure to English. ___234___ That said, we know of many postcrossing members, including Chinese, who have actually improved their English skills through their use of postcrossing," Paulo says.
A. And that's totally fine
B. That makes it extra hard to learn and practice it
C. He likes to think of sending postcards as a family-friendly hobby
D. Many love to make a connection with someone from across the world.
E. On August 5, the number of postcards exchanged by members topped 31 million.
F. Similarly, if you speak only Chinese, receiving a card in Swedish takes part of the fun away.
G. In short, he loves postcards, and the excitement of getting a hand-written note from someone far away.
【答案与解析】本文是一篇说明文。主要介绍了Paulo Magalhaes创建postcrossing.com的过程及其现状。Paulo Magalhaes非常喜欢明信片但是苦于身边没有与他志趣相投的人，于是他开始从网上寻求志同道合的人，因而创立了postcrossing.com。随着公司在全球不断壮大，语言成为沟通的主要障碍，后来英语被选为共同语言方便大家交流。
230. 上文“Paulo Magalhaes, a 34-year-old Portuguese computer engineer, loves to open his mailbox and find a brightly colored image of Rome's Colosseum. Or Africa's Victoria Falls. Or China’s Great Wall.( 34岁的葡萄牙电脑工程师Paulo Magalhaes喜欢打开他的邮箱，然后发现一个色彩鲜艳的罗马斗牛场图像。或者非洲的维多利亚瀑布。或者是中国的长城)”介绍了Paulo喜欢明信片的个人爱好。下文“... and you realize that not everyone is into it.”说明他身边缺少与他志趣相投的人。选项G“In short, he loves postcards, and the excitement of getting a scribbled note from someone far away.(简而言之，他喜欢明信片，也喜欢收到远方某人潦草的便条时的那种兴奋)”起到承上启下的作用，总结了上文Paulo喜欢明信片，也引出下文关于他的喜好得不到回应的问题。故选G项。
231. 上文““I often send postcards to family and friends." he says to China Daily, “but you can imagine that after a while, you never receive as many as you send, and you realize that not everyone is into it(“我经常给家人和朋友寄明信片， ”他说，“但你可以想象，过一段时间，你收到的明信片不会像你寄的那么多，而且你意识到并不是每个人都喜欢这样。”)”说明Paulo意识到身边的亲人和朋友不是都和他有相同的爱好，因此他也很坦然接受这个事实，因此选项A“那完全没问题”符合语境。故选A项。
232. 上文“Today his hobby has evolved into the website Postcrossing.com, a social network that has grown to 575,217 registered users in 214 countries and regions since he launched it 10 years ago.(如今，他的这个爱好已经发展成了Postcrossing.com这个社交网站。自从10年前他创建这个网站以来，已经有来自214个国家和地区的575217名注册用户)”是在介绍目前网站的发展状况，因此符合文意的只有E选项“8月5日，会员互赠的明信片数量达到3100万张”是在介绍该网站相关的数据。故选E项。
233. 上文“As cool as it may be to receive a postcard written in Chinese, the concept doesn't work if one doesn't understand it.(收到一张用中文写的明信片可能很酷，但如果你不理解它，这个概念就行不通)”是举例说明他国人收到中文明信片时的问题。选项F“Similarly, if you speak only Chinese, receiving a card written in Swedish takes part of the fun away.(同样地，如果你只会说中文，收到瑞典语的卡片也会夺走一部分乐趣)”是举例说明中国人收到他国语言明信片时也会遇到相同的问题。两句相结合，符合结论句的语义要求，故选F项。
234. 上文“Many people in China have limited exposure to English.(许多中国人很少能接触到英语)”说明对某些人来说学习英语的门槛较高。结合下文“... who actually improved their English skills through their use of postcrossing.(他们实际上通过使用明信片来提高他们的英语技能)”可知，写明信片成为一种练习英语的渠道。因此选项B “这使得学习和练习它变得格外困难 ”符合语境要求，说明对一些人来说学习和练习英语的难度较高，因为渠道较少。故选B项。
2013-2020题组
1.（2020年，全国卷I）
A Few Tips for Self-Acceptance
We all want it… to accept and love ourselves. But at times it seems too difficult and too far out of reach. 1. Here’s a handful of ways that will set you in the right direction.
●2. Do not follow the people who make you feel not-good-enough. Why do you follow them? Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs? Know that your life is your own;you are the only you in this world.
●Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made. We are often ashamed of our shortcomings, our mistakes and our failures. 3. You will make mistakes, time and time again. Rather than getting caught up in how you could have done better, why not offer yourself a compassionate (有同情心) response? ＂That didn’t go as planned. But, I tried my best.＂
●Recognize all of your strengths. Write them down in a journal. Begin to train your brain to look at strength before weakness. List all of your accomplishments and achievements. You have a job, earned your degree, and you got out of bed today. 4.
●Now that you’ve listed your strengths, list your imperfections. Turn the page in your journal. Put into words why you feel unworthy, why you don’t feel good enough. Now, read these words back to yourself. 5. Turn to a page in your journal to your list of strengths and achievements. See how awesome you are?
A.Feeling upset again?
B.Where do you start?
C.Nothing is too small to celebrate.
D.Remember, you are only human.
E.Set an intention for self-acceptance.
F.Stop comparing yourself with others.
G.When does the comparison game start?
【答案】1.B 2.F 3.D 4.C 5.A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了几个自我接纳的小技巧。
1.根据题目A Few Tips for Self-acceptance(自我接纳的几点建议)及下文的Here's a handful of ways that will set you in the right direction.(这有很多可以帮你找到正确方向的方法。)可知，选项B. Where do you start? (从哪里开始那？)最合下文语境，故选B项。
2.根据下文Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs? Know that your life is your own; you are the only one in this world.(你是否希望最终你会因为自己的生活比他们的好而感到有力量？要知道，你的生活是你自己的；你在这个世界上是独一无二的。)可知，本段主要讲述不要把自己和别人作比较，因为生活是我们自己的，我们也是世界上独一无二的。故F. Stop comparing yourself with others.(停止把自己和别人进行比较。)可以作为本段中心句，故选F项。
3.根据本文的中心句Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made. (原谅自己所犯的错误。)及下文的You will make mistakes, time and time again. (你会一次又一次地犯错误。)可知，本句是在说明要讲自己看作一个普通人，普通人是会犯错的。选项D. Remember, you are only human.(记住，你只是个人。)与上下文衔接最好，故选D项。
4.根据上文List all of your accomplishments and achievements. You have a job, earned your degree, and you got out of bed today.(列出你所有的成就。你有了一份工作，拿到了学位，今天你拜托了困境。)可知，这些小事都是你取得的成就，都值得庆祝，即没有什么事是太小而不值得庆祝的。故选C项。
5.结合上文Put into words why you feel unworthy, why you don't feel good enough. Now, read these words back to yourself.(用语言来解释为什么你觉得自己不值得，为什么你觉得自己不够好。现在，自己读一下这些话。)和下文的Turn to a page in your journal to your list of strengths and achievements. See how awesome you are? (翻到你日记本上记下你的优点和成就的那页。看到你有多棒了吗？)可推知本句是在说明“再次感到心烦意乱”的情况。选项A. Feeling upset again?(再次感觉心烦意乱了吗？)最合上下文语境，故选A项。
2.（2020年，全国卷III）
A housewarming party is a special party to be held when someone buys or moves into a new apartment or house. The person who bought the house or moved is the one who throws the party. The party is a chance for friends and family to congratulate the person on the new home. 6. And it is good time to fill the new space with love and hopeful presents.
7. Some people register a list of things they want or need for their new home at a local stores. Some common things people will put on a gift registry include kitchen tools like knives and things like curtains. Even if there isn’t a registry, a good housewarming gift is something to decorate the new house with, like a piece of art or a plant.
8. This is often appreciated since at a housewarming there isn’t a lot of food served. There are usually no planned activities like games at a housewarming party. The host or hostess of the party will, however, probably give all the guests a tour of their new home. Sometimes, because a housewarming party happens shortly after a person moves into their new home, people may be asked to help unpack boxes. 9.
Housewarming parties get their name from the fact that a long time ago people would actually bring firewood to a new home as a gift. 10. Now most homes have central heating and don’t use fires to keep warm.
A.This isn’t usual though.
B.It is traditional to bring a gift to a housewarming party.
C.You can also bring food or drinks to share with the other guests.
D.If you’re lucky enough to receive gifts, keep them in a safe place.
E.It also gives people a chance to see what the new home looks like.
F.The best housewarming parties encourage old friends to get together.
G.This was so that the person could keep their home warm for the winter.
【答案】6.E 7.B 8.C 9.A 10.G
【解析】
本文是说明文，介绍了乔迁聚会的目的，礼物的选取，活动安排和名称的由来。
6.上句 The party is a chance for friends and family to congratulate the person on the new home.(这个聚会是朋友和家人祝贺新家的机会)。介绍庆祝乔迁之喜的聚会是亲戚朋友祝贺搬新家的人的一次机会，下句 And it is a good time to fill the new space with love and hopefully presents.(现在是时候用爱和希望的礼物来填补新家了)。介绍这也是给新家装满爱和希望礼物的好时机。E项：它也给了人们一次看看新家什么样的机会。与上下句并列，都是庆祝乔迁之喜聚会的目的，故选E。
7.下文Some common things people will put on a gift registry include kitchen tools like knives and things like curtains.和like a piece of art or a plant. 列举了参加聚会所带礼物的清单，可以是厨房工具、窗帘、艺术品或绿植。这些都和参加聚会带礼物有关，B项：带礼物去参加乔迁派对是一种传统，概括了本段内容，引出下文，故选B。
8.本段介绍了聚会的活动安排，根据后文This is often appreciated since at a housewarming there isn' t a lot of food served.(这一点通常是值得赞赏的，因为在乔迁派对上不会提供很多食物)。指出因为新搬家，所以主人不会准备太丰盛的食物或太多的活动。那么本句是在建议你可以带上自己的食物或饮料与其他客人分享搬家，所以主人不会准备太丰盛的食物或太多的活动。C项：你也可以带上食物或饮料与其他客人分享。故选C。
9.本段提到在乔迁聚会上人们会聚餐，主人带领客人参观新家。上句提到，由于乔迁聚会是在搬进新家后不久举行的，人们可能会被要求帮助打开箱子。根据常识可知在乔迁聚会上让客人们帮忙干活是不常见的，A项：但这并不常见。表达了此意，与上文衔接，故选A。
10.上句介绍了乔迁聚会名称的由来，根据bring firewood to a new home as a gift.可知人们会带柴火作为礼物，那么本空承接上文说明了带柴火的目的和作用。G项：这样人们就可以在冬天的时候保持家里温暖。符合语境。故选G。
3.（2020年7月，浙江卷）
I experienced years of loneliness as a child. 11. His friends teased him about babysitting his sister and his interests were far different from mine. With no other kids of my age in the neighborhood, I had to spend hours by myself.
A bright spot for me turned out to be reading. My love of the written word began early as my mother read to me every evening. 12. I started reading books on my own before age 5 and my mother took me to the public library once a week to borrow several books. I quickly graduated from typical children’s books to ones with fewer pictures and longer chapters. Reading opened new worlds to me. 13.
My mother also encouraged me to make what I wanted. I tried making toy cars with cardboard boxes and constructing buildings from leftover cardboard and bits of wood my father gave me. When my mother saw my creations, she told me how creative my designs were. 14. I learned a lot about how to extend the life of objects and transform them into something new and useful. It was a trait(特点) others found helpful, and I soon had friends who wanted to make things with me.
15.My parents made it a point for their two kids to spend time outside, no matter the weather or season. My brother, of course, raced off to be with his friends, while I had plenty to do myself. There was making leaf houses in autumn, ice skating in winter, and so much more. They’re all memories I treasure today.
A.I wasn't alone any longer.
B.I enjoyed reading stories aloud.
C.I was invited to play with another kid.
D.I loved the colorful photographs in the books.
E.Another habit I formed early was being outdoors.
F.Thus, I began my lifelong interest in making things.
G.My older brother couldn’t be bothered to play with me.
【答案】11.G 12.D 13.A 14.F 15.E
【解析】这是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了作者养成几个生活习惯的原因。
11.设空在段中，应是承前启后句。根据后文“His friends teased him about babysitting his sister and his interests were far different from mine”可知，设空句应提及“his”的身份，即G项中的“My elder brother”，且G项“我哥哥懒得和我一起玩”在此起到了承上启下的作用。故选G项。故选G项。
12.根据前句提到“我对文字的爱始于母亲每天晚上给我读故事的时候”可知，D项“我喜欢书中的彩色照片”和上句构成进一步说明。同时D项中的“书”指代上句提到的母亲每天给我读故事的书。D项切题。故选D项。
13.根据前句提到“阅读为我打开了新世界”可知，A项“我不在孤独”和上句构成了因果关系。A项切题。故选A项。
14.根据前句“当我的母亲看到我的创作时，她说我的设计很有创意”可知，F项“于是，我开始对制造东西产生了长久的兴趣”和上句构成因果关系，我正是在听了母亲那句话后才开始了对制造东西产生兴趣。F项切题。故选F项。
15.根据后句“无论天气或季节，我的父母都要让他们的两个孩子花时间在户外”可知，E项“我很早养成的另一个习惯是去户外”和前句表示因果逻辑。作者有去户外的习惯是因为后句提到的父母的影响。E项切题。故选E项。
4.（2020年，新高考全国I卷）
Some individuals are born with a gift for public speaking.16.Do you want to be a good public speaker? Here are some principles you must master.
People want to listen to someone who is interesting, relaxed and comfortable. Too often when you stand up to give a speech, you focus on the “public”at the expense of the “speaking. ” 17. Focus on the speaking. Talk directly to your audience, be yourself and make a connection.
Even the most successful public speaker will make mistakes. Yet, the only one who cares about any mistake is the one who is speaking. People’s attention wanders constantly. In fact,most people only absorb about 20 percent of a speaker’s message. So, don’t stop speaking when you make a mistake unless it’s a truly serious one.18.
Your goal is not to be a perfect public speaker.19.And like everything else in life, that takes practice. Remember, even world champion athletes practice their skills on a consistent basis.
20.It’s rare to hear someone say, “I wish that speaker had spoken longer. “On the other hand, you probably can’t count the times that you’ve thought, “I’m glad that talk is over. It seemed to go on forever! “So surprise your audience. Always make your presentation just a bit shorter than anticipated. It’s better to leave your listeners wishing for more than shifting restlessly in their seats waiting for your speech finally to end.
A.Do the opposite.
B.You want to be an effective public speaker.
C.You don’ t need to apologize for a minor slip.
D.When it comes to public speaking, less is usually more.
E.The objective of most speeches is to benefit the audience
F.Take the fear out of public speaking by focusing on your listeners
G.However, the majority of people are effective speakers because they train to be.
【答案】16.G 17.A 18.C 19.B 20.D
【解析】本文是说明文。文章介绍了成为好的演讲者需要掌握的一些原则。
16.本文主题是介绍成为好的演讲者要掌握的一些原则。上句提到有些人生来就有演讲的天赋。G项:然而，大多数人之所以能成为有影响的演讲者，是因为他们受过训练。与上句转折，引出本文主题--演讲者要训练。故选G。
17.下句Focus on the speaking.是本段主题，建议演讲者把注意力集中在演讲上。上句提到一种常见现象，当站起来发表演讲时，演讲者往往会把注意力放在”公众”上，而不是”演讲”上。这是错误的做法，A项Do the opposite.承上启下，说明了上句做法的错误，引出了下句正确的做法。故选A。
18.本段提到即使成功的演讲者也会犯错误，观众不会太在意你的错误。上句建议当出错时不要停止演讲，除非是非常严重的错误。C项:你不需要为一个小失误道歉。与上句承接，是对待演讲出错的方法。故选C。
19.本段是说明练习的重要性。上句提到你的目标不是成为一个完美的演说家，下句应该说明目标是什么。B. You want to be an effective public speaker.与上句衔接，是我们演讲的真正目的。故选B。
20.下文提到观众并不是认为演讲越长越好，根据 Always make your presentation just a bit shorter than anticipated.可知，作者建议让演讲比预期的短一点，给观众更多的期待胜过让他们坐立不安地等待演讲结束。D项:公开演讲时，通常少就是多。说明了演讲时，多和少的辩证关系。故选D。
5.（2020年1月，浙江卷）
Let's take a minute to think about the water we use. The human body is 60% water and we need to drink lots of water to be healthy. When we are thirsty we just go to the kitchen and fill a glass with clean water.
21.For example, farmers, who produce the food we eat, use water to make the plants grow. When we turn on a light or switch on a TV or a computer we use energy and we need water to produce this energy.
The truth is that we are lucky enough to have clean water whenever we want，but this is not the case for many people around the world.22.That's around one in 10 people in the world. If we drink dirty water，we can catch diseases from the bacteria and become ill. Every year over 500，000 children die from diarrhea(腹泻)from dirty water. That's around 1，400 children every day！Also，in some countries children walk many kilometres every day to get water.23.Therefore，they don't have time to learn how to read or write and don't get an education.
24.On this day every year，countries around the world hold events to educate people about the problems of dirty water and that clean water is something that everyone should have around the world. At one school in the UK，children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6km with six litres of water.25.People give them money to do this and all the money helps get clean water to as many people as possible around the world.
A.We use water indirectly too.
B.Every system in our body depends on water to function.
C.It is to inspire people to learn more about water-related problems
D.If children walk many hours a day to get water，they can't go to school.
E.Did you know that around 750 million people do not have clean water to drink？
F.In 1993 the United Nations decided that March 22nd is the World Day for Water.
G.In this way，they know how it feels to walk a long distance carrying heavy bottles.

【答案】21.A 22.E 23.D 24.F 25.G
【解析】这是一篇说明文。主要说明了水是我们生活中非常重要的能源，而世界上很多人并不像我们这样幸运能喝到干净的水。世界上大约有7.5亿人没有干净的水喝，每年有50多万儿童死于脏水引起的腹泻。就此联合国决定3月22日为世界水日，并在当天举办活动来教育人们关于脏水的问题，让人们知道清洁的水是全世界每个人都应该拥有的。
21.根据下文For example, farmers, who produce the food we eat, use water to make the plants grow. When we turn on a light or switch on a TV or a computer we use energy and we need water to produce this energy.（例如，生产我们吃的食物的农民，使用水使植物生长。当我们打开电灯或电视或电脑的开关时，我们使用能源，我们需要水来产生这种能源）可知下文是在列举人们间接使用水的例子，故A选项“我们也间接地用水。”符合上下文语境，故选A。
22.根据下文That's around one in 10 people in the world.（那大约是世界上十分之一的人）可推知本句为说明世界上没有干净水喝的人数。故E选项“你知道大约有7.5亿人没有干净的水喝吗?”符合上下文语境，故选E。
23.根据上文Also，in some countries children walk many kilometres every day to get water.（而且，在一些国家，孩子们每天要走很多公里去取水）中walk many kilometres every day to get water可对应到D选项中walk many hours a day to get water，故D选项“如果孩子们每天走很多小时去取水，他们就不能去上学。”符合上下文语境，故选D。
24.结合下文On this day every year，countries around the world hold events to educate people about the problems of dirty water and that clean water is something that everyone should have around the world.（每年的这一天，世界各国都会举办各种活动，让人们了解脏水的问题，让他们知道清洁的水是全世界每个人都应该拥有的）是在说明世界水日当天的活动，故可知本句为说明世界水日的设立时间，故F选项“1993年，联合国决定3月22日为世界水日。”符合上下文语境，故选F。
25.根据前文At one school in the UK，children between the ages of 10 and 15 walk 6km with six litres of water.（在英国的一所学校，10到15岁的孩子负重6升水来步行6公里）可推知本句承接上文继续说明这一做法的意义是让孩子们了解带着沉重的瓶子走很长的距离是什么感觉。故G选项“通过这种方式，他们知道带着沉重的瓶子走很长的距离是什么感觉。”符合上下文语境，故选G。
6.（2020年，全国卷II）
Emoji(表情符号) and Workplace Communication
In Asia, messaging platforms are growing rapidly, with users in the hundreds of millions, both at work and play. 36 . It’s been reported that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.
Written communications can often read as cold and dull. Using emojis can add humor and feeling, keeping intention clear. 37 , encouraging better and more frequent communication.
In any given office, employees can range from age 22 to 70 and beyond, and finding common ground in communication style can be a challenge. 38 . While the younger generations prefer to communicate visually, for those used to working with traditional tools like email, it may feel like a learning curve(曲线). The good news is that it’s simple to learn and can be worth the effort.
There is also the matter of tone(语气). Who hasn’t received an email so annoying that it ruined an entire day? 39 . Emoji can help communication feel friendlier, and even a serious note can be softened with an encouraging smile.
40 and emoji can contribute directly to that positive outcome. And when your employees begin adding smiling emojis to their business communication, you’ll know you have succeeded in improving your work culture.
A. Message with emojis feel more conversational
B. Even a formal email can seem cold and unfriendly
C. Sending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strange
D. The popularity of these platforms is spreading globally
E. Giving employees the tools enables them to communicate honestly
F. Studies show that friendlier communication leads to a happier workplace
G. An easy way to bring all work generations together is with a chat platform
【答案】36. D 37. A 38. G 39. B 40. F
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了表情符号以及在工作交流所带来的优势。
36.根据前句“In Asia, messaging platforms are growing rapidly, with users in the hundreds of millions, both at work and play.(在亚洲，即时通讯平台正在迅速发展，无论是工作还是娱乐，都有数亿用户)”和后句“It's been reported that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.(据报道，在一些西方国家，76%的员工在工作中使用表情符号)”可知，前后句都说明了即时通讯平台受欢迎程度。所以选择项D. The popularity of these platforms is spreading globally. (这些平台的受欢迎程度正在全球蔓延)符合题意。故选D。
37.根据前句“Using emojis can add humor and feeling, keeping intention clear.(使用表情符号可以增加幽默和感情，保持明确的意图)”和后半句“encouraging better and more frequent communication.(鼓励更好更频繁的交流)”可知，这里陈述使用表情符号的优点。所以选择项A. Messages with Emojis feel more conversational. (使用表情符号的信息让人感觉更健谈)符合题意。故选A。
38.根据前句“In any given office, employees can range from age 22 to 70 and beyond, and finding common ground in communication can be a challenge. (在任何一间办公室，员工年龄从22岁到70岁甚至更大，在交流中找到共同点可能是一项挑战)” 中关键词句“employees can range from age 22 to 70 and beyond,”与选择项中“all work generations”是一致的。故选G。
39.根据前句“ Who hasn’t received an email so annoying that it ruined an entire day? (谁没有收到过毁掉了一整天的邮件呢？)”和后文介绍表情的优点，可知，这里陈述电子邮件的缺点。所以选择项B. Even a formal email can seem cold and unfriendly. (即使是一封正式的电子邮件也会显得冷淡和不友好)故选B。
40.根据后句“and Emoji can contribute directly to that positive outcome. (并且表情符号可以直接促成这种积极的结果)”可知，这里陈述表情符号能给工作场所带来的好处。所以选择项F. Studies show that friendlier communication leads to a happier workplace. (研究表明，更友好的沟通会带来更快乐的工作场所)故选F。
7.（2019年，全国卷I）
Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?
We all grew up hearing people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air.” 26. According to recent studies, the answer is a big YES, if the air quality in your camping area is good.
27. If the air you’re breathing is clean—which it would be if you’re away from the smog of cities—then the air is filled with life-giving, energizing oxygen. If you exercise out of doors, your body will learn to breathe more deeply, allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles(肌肉) and your brain.
Recently, people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing(治愈). 28. In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery. It turns out that just looking at green, growing things can reduce stress, lower blood pressure, and put people into a better mood(情绪).Greenery is good for us. Hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead. 29. It gives us a great feeling of peace.
30.While the sun’s rays can age and harm our skin, they also give us beneficial Vitamin D . To make sure you get enough Vitamin D—but still protect your skin—put on sunscreen right as you head outside. It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and that’s plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day’s worth of Vitamin D .
A.Fresh air cleans our lungs.
B.So what are you waiting for?
C.Being in nature refreshes us.
D.Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.
E.But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?
F.Just as importantly, we tend to associate air with health care.
G.All across the country, recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.
【答案】26.E 27.A 28.G 29.C 30.D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了新鲜空气对人体的各种好处。
26.根据下一句中的“the answer is a big YES”可知，该空应该是一个一般疑问句，选项中只有E选项是一般疑问句。E项“但是新鲜空气真得像你母亲说的那样对你有好处吗？”承上启下，故选E。空前的people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air”和选项中的“your mother always said”亦是呼应。
27.根据下一句中提到的“If the air you’re breathing is clean…the air is filled with life-giving, energizing oxygen”可知，新鲜空气充满赋予人生命的，充满活力的氧气。再根据下文中“…breathe more deeply, allowing more oxygen to get to your muscles and your brain”是对前文的递进，在户外，更多的氧气进入你的肌肉和大脑。根据前面的分析可以推知，该空应该提到新鲜空气的基本作用，根据常识，我们知道吸入的空气首先进入的是肺部，然后才会使我们的肌肉和大脑受益，故该空应选A项“新鲜空气清洁我们的肺部”。
28.根据下一句中提到的“these places”可以推知，该空应该提到表示地点的复数名词。选项中只有G选项提到该类名词，故G项“在全国，康复中心已经开始建造‘康复花园’。”these places就是指Healing Gardens。
29.前文介绍的是“康复花园”中的绿色植物对于病人康复的好的作用：绿色的正在成长的植物可以减轻压力，降低血压，使人情绪良好；空后提到“它给我们一种平和感”。该空起承上启下的作用，仍然要提到处于“康复花园”这种自然环境中的好处，空后的it也要指代这种情况。故选C项“身处大自然可以使人精神焕发。”
30.根据下文中提到的“the sun’s rays…give us beneficial Vitamin D”可知，该段介绍阳光的好处。故该选项应该提到阳光。选项中只有D选项涉及阳光。故选D项“获得新鲜空气的另一个好处是阳光。”
8.（2019年，全国卷II）
Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question: “Should I jump?” This is what motivation or the lack of it can do. Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of same coin. 31. Like the child on the diving board, you will stay undecided.
32. More than that, how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal? First, you need to evaluate yourself, your values, your strengths, your weaknesses, your achievements, your desires, etc. Only then should you set your goals.
You also need to judge the quality and depth of your motivation. This is quite important, because it is directly related to your commitment. There are times when your heart is not in your work. 33. So, slow down and think what you really want to do at that moment. Clarity(清晰) of thoughts can help you move forward.
Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives, keeping in mind your beliefs, values and strengths. Remember that goals are flexible. 34. They also need to be measurable. You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals.
Your personal circumstances are equally important. For example, you may want to be a pilot but can’t become one because your eyesight is not good enough. 35.You should reassess your goals, and motivate yourself to set a fresh goal.
You will surely need to overcome some difficulties, some planned, but most unplanned. You cannot overcome them without ample motivation. Make sure that you plan for these difficulties at the time of setting your goals.
A.This can affect your work.
B.So how should you motivate yourself?
C.However, this should not discourage you.
D.So why should we try to set specific goals?
E.They can change according to circumstances.
F.Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.
G.Without motivation, you can neither set a goal nor reach it.
【答案】31.G 32.B 33.A 34.E 35.C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了动机和目标的关系以及如何激发动机并设定切实可行的目标。
31.上文说“动机和目标设定是同一枚硬币的两面”，下文说“就像孩子在跳水台，你会犹豫不决。”，该空承上启下，G选项“没有动力，你就既不能设定目标，也无法实现它”切题，故选G。
32.上一段阐述了动机和设定目标的关系，强调了动机的重要性，本队进一步讲如何激励自己并保持动力来实现目标。B选项“那么你应该如何激励自己呢？”承上启下，故选B。
33.上文说“有时候你的心不在工作上”，下文说“所以，减慢速度，想一想那时候，你到底想干什么”。该空承上启下，A选项“这会影响你的工作”切题，故选A。
34.上文说“记得，目标是灵活的”。该空承接上文，E选项“它们会根据环境的改变而改变”切题，故选E。
35.上文说“你可能想当一名飞行员，但是不能成为一名飞行员，因为你的视力不够好。”下文说“你应该重新评估你的目标，并且设定一个新的目标”。该空承上启下，C选项“然而，这不应该使你气馁。”切题，故选C。
9.（2019年，全国卷III）
In an online class, developing healthy patterns of communication with professors is very important. 36. While I have only listed two of each, there are obviously many other situations that can arise. Students should be able to extend the logic(逻辑) of each to their particular circumstance.
Do’s
• 37. Questions about subject content are generally welcomed. Before asking questions about the course design, read the syllabus(教学大纲) and learning management system information to be sure the answer isn’t hiding in plain sight.
• Participate in discussion forums(论坛), blogs and other open-ended forums for dialogue. 38. Be sure to stay on topic and not offer irrelevant information. Make a point, and make it safe for others to do the same.
Don’ts
• Don’t share personal information or stories. Professors are not trained nurses, financial aid experts or your best friends. If you are in need of a deadline extension, simply explain the situation to the professor. 39.
• Don’t openly express annoyance at a professor or class. 40. When a student attacks a professor on the social media, the language used actually says more about the student. If there is truly a concern about a professor’s professionalism or ability, be sure to use online course evaluations to calmly offer your comments.
A.That’s what they are for.
B.Turn to an online instructor for help.
C.If more information is needed, they will ask.
D.Remember that online professors get a lot of emails.
E.Below are some common do’s and don’ts for online learners.
F.Everyone has taken a not-so-great class at one time or another.
G.Ask questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions.
【答案】36.E 37.G 38.A 39.C 40.F
【解析】本文为说明文。在网络课堂上，与教授建立健康的交流模式是非常重要的，作者在文中列举了一些规矩与禁忌。
36.根据文章段落结构和本段首句In an online class, developing healthy patterns of communication with professors is very important.可知，在网络课堂上，与教授建立健康的交流模式是非常重要的，作者在下文中列举了一些规矩与禁忌，故E项符合语境。
37.根据其后一句Questions about subject content are generally welcomed.（与课程内容相关的问题是受欢迎的），解释了什么样的问题是好问题，G项“make sure they are good, thoughtful questions”与后一句相呼应，要提一些好的令人深思的问题，故选G。
38.根据前一句Participate in discussion forums(论坛), blogs and other open-ended forums for dialogue.可知，要参与论坛讨论、博客和其他开放式的对话论坛。而这正是网络课堂采用的交流的途径，故选A。
39.根据本段Professors are not trained nurses, financial aid experts or your best friends.可知，教授不是训练有素的护士，不是经济援助专家，也不是你最好的朋友，所以不要分享个人信息或故事，如果他们需要更多信息的话，他们会主动问起的，故C项符合语境。
40.通读本段，并根据本段主题句Don’t openly express annoyance at a professor or class.告诫读者，每个人都可能曾经上过不太好的课，不要在社交媒体上攻击教授，不要公开表达对教授或班级的不满，要利用课程评价冷静地提出你的意见。选项F承上启下。故选F。
10.（2019年，北京卷）
Much of the work in today’s world is accomplished(完成) in teams. Most people believe the best way to build a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals. 41.Companies spend millions hiring top business people. Is their money well spent?
42.They focused on football, basketball and baseball. The results are mixed. For football and basketball, adding talented players to a team proves a good method, but only up to the point where 70% of the players are top talent; above that level, the team’s performance begins to decline. Interestingly, this trend isn’t evident in baseball, where additional individual talent keeps improving the team’s performance.
To explain this phenomenon, the researchers explored the degree to which a good performance by a team requires its members to coordinate(协调) their actions. 43.In baseball, the performance of individual players is less dependent on teammates. They conclude that when task interdependence is high, team performance will suffer when there is too much talent, while individual talent will have positive effects on team performance when task interdependence is lower. If a basketball star is, for example, trying to gain a high personal point total, he may take a shot himself when it would be better to pass the ball to a teammate, affecting the team’s performance. Young children learning to play team sports are often told, “There is no I in TEAM.” 44.
Another possibility is that when there is a lot of talent on a team, some players may make less effort. Just as in a game of tug-of-war(拔河比赛), whenever a person is added, everyone else pulls the rope with less force.
45. An A-team may require a balance--not just A players, but a few generous B players as well.
A.It’s not a simple matter to determine the nature of talent.
B.Sports team owners spend millions of dollars attracting top talent.
C.The group interaction and its effect drew the researchers’ attention.
D.Stars apparently do not follow this basic principle of sportsmanship.
E.Several recent studies examined the role of talent in the sports world.
F.Building up a dream team is more complex than simply hiring the best talent.
G.This task interdependence distinguishes baseball from football and basketball.
【答案】41.B 42.E 43.G 44.D 45.F
【解析】这是一篇夹叙夹议的文章。文章主要讲了建立一支最佳阵容球队比简单地雇佣最优秀的人才要复杂得多。一支一流球队可能需要一种平衡——不仅仅是最好球员，也需要一些有雅量的普通球员。
41.上文说“大多数人相信建立一个伟大团队的最好方法就是聚集一群最有天赋的个人”。下文说“公司花费数百万雇佣顶级商业人士。”该空承上启下，也是在举例，B选项“运动队老板花费数百万美元吸引顶尖人才。”切题，故选B。
42.下文说“他们专注于足球、篮球和棒球。结果有好有坏。”这些都属于体育方面，该空引出下文，E选项“最近的几项研究调查了体育世界中人才的作用。”切题，故选E。
43.上文说“为了解释这一现象，研究人员探索了一场好的表现要求队员们协调他们行动的程度”，下文说明了研究结果，该空承上启下，G选项“这项任务的相互依赖性使棒球区别于足球和篮球。”切题，故选G。
44.上文说了“一个球星为了个人得分，而影响团队的表现”，该空承接上文，D选项“球星显然没有遵守运动员精神的基本原则”切题，故选D。
45.下文说“一支一流球队可能需要一种平衡——不仅仅是最好球员，也需要一些有雅量的普通球员。”该空引出下文，F选项“建立一支最佳阵容球队比简单地雇佣最优秀的人才要复杂得多。”切题，故选F。
11.（2018年11月，浙江卷）
Some people are so rude. Who sends an e-mail or a text message that just says “Thank you?” Who leaves a voice mail message rather than texts you? Who asks for a fact easily found on the Internet? 46.
Maybe I’m the rude one for not appreciating life’s little courtesies(礼节). But many social norms(规范) just don’t make sense to people drowning in digital communication.
Take the thank-you note. Daniel Post Senning, a coauthor of Emily Post’s Etiquette，asked, “At what point does showing appreciation outweigh the cost?”
47. Think of how long it takes to listen to one of those messages. In texts, you don’t have to declare who you are or even say hello. E-mail, too, is slower than a text. The worst are those who leave a voice mail and then send an e-mail message to tell you they left a voice mail.
This isn’t the first time technology has changed our manners, 48. Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor, suggested that people say, " Ahoy! "Finally, hello won out, and the victory sped up the greeting's use in face-to-face communications.
In the age of the smart phone, there is no reason to ask once-acceptable questions about:the weather forecast, a business’s phone number, or directions to a house, a restaurant, or an office, which can be easily found on a digital map. 49. And when you answer, they respond with a thank-you e-mail.
How to handle these differing standards? Easy: Consider your audience. Some people,especially older ones, appreciate a thank-you message. 50. In traditional societies, the young learn from the old. But in modern societies, the old can also learn from the young. Here's hoping that politeness never goes out of fashion but that time-wasting forms of communication do.
A.Then there is voice mail.
B.Others, like me, want no reply.
C.But people still ask these things.
D.Don’t these people realize that they’re wasting your time?
E. Won't new technology bring about changes in our daily life?
F. Face-to-face communication makes comprehension much easier.
G. When the telephone was invented, people didn't know how to greet a caller.
【答案】46.D 47.A 48.G 49.C 50.B
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。科技时代新的交流方式冲击了传统礼节，造成了不同人对两者的不同运用。我们要多考虑对方的情况，互相理解，既有礼貌又尽量不浪费别人时间。
46.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。本段提到一些人很粗鲁，下面列举了既发语音邮件又发信息浪费时间的具体表现。D项“难道这些人没有意识到他们在浪费你的时间吗?”对上面例子进行了总结，对这些做法提出了疑问。故选D。
47.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据段中The worst are those who leave a voice mail and then send an e-mail message to tell you they left a voice mail.可知，作者提到留下语音邮件又发电子邮件通知的情况。A项Then there is voice mail.位于段首，引出voice mail，下文对其进行介绍。故选A。
48.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据Alexander Graham Bell, the inventor, suggested that people say, " Ahoy! "Finally, hello won out,可知当时Bell刚发明电话时怎样打招呼的问题，G项：当电话发明时，人们不知道如何和来电者打招呼。与下文连接，故选G。
49.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。本段介绍智能手机时代数字地图能够解决许多生活查询问题，你帮助他们解决问题后，他们会回复你感谢邮件。C项But people still ask these things.与上文转折，与下文连接。故选C。
50.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。本段介绍不同的人群对礼节有不同的看法，我们要多考虑对方的情况，互相理解。上句Some people, especially older ones, appreciate a thank-you message介绍了老年人的习惯，B项Others, like me, want no reply.与之对比，指出年轻人与老年人不同。故选B。
12.（2019年6月，浙江卷）
Rock music consists of many different styles. Even though there is a common spirit among all music groups, they make very different music. 51. At that time the Beatles entered the world of music from Liverpool.
After they were given an invitation to appear live on BBC, the Beatles quickly became famous in Britain with nationwide tours. By mid-1963, the Beatles had been extremely popular in England. 52. They held large concerts and performed at clubs. They became the hottest thing on the pop music scene in England. They began as a modestly successful musician group and ended the year as show business legends(传说). John Lennon and Paul McCartney were named composers of the year.
53. They were not sure how the Americans would react to the new type of music. Beatlemania hit New York on February 7, 1964. Hundreds of fans jammed the airport to greet them. 54. The concert was broadcast live and attracted the largest one night audience in the history of television up to that time. The Beatles were described as a British invasion(入侵) by local and nationwide newspapers at that time. Their victory in America was still remembered as a major turning point in the history of rock and roll. Thanks to the Beatles, a lot of opportunities were opened up to new faces on the market. 55.
A.They decided on a tour to the United States in 1964.
B.Even their hairstyles became major trends at that time.
C.Rock music developed in the 1950s and the early 1960s.
D.However, their songs changed the lives of generations to come.
E.Many rock bands were able to follow in the footsteps of the Beatles.
F.They appeared in the films A Hard Day's Night(1964)and Help！(1965).
G.They performed their first concert in America at CBS television’s 53rd street studio.
【答案】51.C 52.B 53.A 54.G 55.E
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文中讲述了披头士乐队的成功引领了摇滚乐等一系列新的潮流趋势。
51.第一段讲述摇滚音乐，根据空后的at that time可知，前句提到了时间，而且与rock music有关，选项中只有C项讲的是摇滚音乐，并且讲述了其发展的时间，故选C。
52.空前后都是讲述披头士的出名程度，根据空前extremely popular in England以及后文的they became the hottest thing可知，此处描述了他们的影响，选项B（甚至他们的发型在那时也成为了一种潮流）符合文意，且关键词even是一个提示，故选B。
53.根据空后They were not sure how the Americans would react to the new type of music.（他们不确定美国人怎样反应），可知他们首次来美国演出，所以A项（决定首次到美国开巡回演出）符合文意，故选A。
54.根据空后The concert was broadcast live and attracted the largest one night audience in the history of television up to that time.可知，前句中应该出现concert，选项G中的关键词their first concert 前后呼应。故选G。
55.根据空前（由于披头士，市场上出现了很多新面孔），E项（很多摇滚乐队都是模仿披头士），符合逻辑，披头士乐队为摇滚乐开拓了市场。故选E。
13.（2018年，北京卷）
Why Do We Get Angry?
Anger seems simple when we are feeling it, but the causes of anger are various. Knowing these causes can make us examine our behavior, and correct bad habits. The main reasons we get angry are triggering（触发）events, personality traits（特征）, and our assessment of situations. 56.
Triggering events for anger are so many that to describe them all would take hundreds of pages. However, here are some examples: being cut off in traffic, a deadline approaching, experiencing physical pain, and much more. 57. The reason why someone is triggered by something and others are not is often due to one’s personal history and psychological traits.
Each person, no matter who they are, has psychological imbalances. People who have personality traits that connect with competitiveness and low upset tolerance are much more likely to get angry. 58. Also, sometimes pre-anger does not have to do with a lasting condition, but rather a temporary state before a triggering event has occurred.
59.Sometimes even routine occurrences become sources of pre-anger, or anger itself. Sometimes ignorance and negative (消极的) outlooks on situations can create anger.
60.However, anger can easily turn violent, and it is best to know the reasons for anger to appear in order to prevent its presence. With these main reasons in mind, we can evaluate our level of anger throughout the day and prevent cases of outbursts by comprehending the reasons for our feelings.
A.Our attitude and viewpoint on situations can create anger within us as well.
B.But some types of situations can help us to get rid of the occurrence of anger.
C.Anger is rarely looked upon as a beneficial character trait, and is usually advised to reduce it.
D.Anger is a particularly strong feeling and maybe people think that they have reasons to feel angry.
E.Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state, where anger is in the background of your mind.
F.Understanding these reasons will control our own anger if we are willing to evaluate ourselves with a critical eye.
G.Not everyone acts the same in response to events, and that is why what triggers one person may or may not trigger another.
【答案】56.F 57.G 58.E 59.A 60.D
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章分析了导致人们生气的三个原因并指出如何防止愤怒爆发。
56.考查上下文理解和逻辑推理能力。上一句提到导致人们生气的三个主要原因： triggering（触发）events，personality traits（特征），our assessment of situations，下面的几段具体分析了这三个原因与生气的关系。故该句应该起承上启下的作用，故F选项（如果我们愿意用批判性的目光来评估自己的话，那么了解这些原因将会控制我们的愤怒。）承上启下，故选F。
57.考查上下文理解和逻辑推理能力。该空前面两句提到引发愤怒的事件很多，例如：堵车，截止日期临近，身体疼痛等。下一句提到：某件事会激发一个人的怒气，但其他人却不会为此而生气的原因是由于个人的历史和心理特征。该空承上启下，应当提到某件事会使某些人生气，但不会使别人生气这个现象，故G选项（人们对这些事情的反应不一样，这就导致使一个人生气的事情可能会让另一个人生气，也可能不会让另一个人生气。）承上启下，故选G。
58.考查上下文理解和逻辑推理能力。上一句提到：每个人都有自己的心里不平衡的地方。那些比较好强，气量比较小的人更容易生气。下一句提到：而且，有时候，pre-anger并不一定是一种持久的状态，而是一种触发事件发生前的暂时状态。该空承上启下，既要提到上一句中的那些性格特征，又要提到下一句中的pre-anger，故Having these personality traits implies the pre-anger state, where anger is in the background of your mind. （拥有这些个性特征意味着愤怒之前的状态，愤怒就在你的大脑背景中。）承上启下，故选E。
59.考查上下文理解和逻辑推理能力。下一句提到：有时候，甚至常规性的事件也会变成pre-anger或恼怒的来源。有时候对这些情况的无知和负面观点会产生愤怒。该空位于段首，引出下文，故A选项（我们的对情况的态度和看法也会在我们内心产生愤怒。）是本段的主题句，概括全段内容，故选A。
60.考查上下文理解和逻辑推理能力。下一句提到：但是生气很容易转变为暴力，所以最好了解一下愤怒的原因来阻止它的存在。该句和上一句之间是转折关系，结合剩余选项可知，D选项（愤怒是一种特别强烈的感情，或许人们认为他们有理由生气。）和下文构成转折关系，故选D。
14.（2018年，全国卷I）
Color is fundamental in home design—something you’ll always have in every room. A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you’ll love to live in. Do you want a room that’s full of life? Professional? Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day? 61., color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.
Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point. 62., they can get a little complex. But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.
63.. They’re the little spots of color like throw pillows, mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms. Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa, small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable.
Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas, dinner tables or bookshelves. 64.. They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones, and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.
The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors. Whether you’re looking at wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant. 65..
A.While all of them are useful
B.Whatever you’re looking for
C.If you’re experimenting with a color
D.Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with
E.It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces
F.So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first time
G.Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways
【答案】61.B 62.A 63.D 64.G 65.F
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了室内设计中颜色的选择问题。
61.36题以逗号结尾，后面另起一个简单句，可以从句子结构排除D,E,F,G项。根据前文的三个问句可知，此处是从中选择一种。故选B（不管你寻找哪一种）。
62.前文：在过去的许多年里，有许多技术帮助设计者实现这一要点；下文：它们有点复杂。所以A（然而他们都很有用）承上启下。符合题意。
63.本空是一个主题句，总说选择小型颜色是我们很熟悉的方法。后文分说小型颜色选择具体用于哪些。故选D。
64.根据前文“中型颜色选择通常是指一些例如沙发，餐桌或者书架等家具的颜色选择”，接着表明这种范围的颜色选择是比小型颜色选择在两种方式上更高一级，故选G。
65.根据前文the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant（你所付诸的时间、精力和相关的费用是巨大的），后文F项（那肯定是值得的，因为你想第一次把它弄好）是上文的结果。故选F。
15.（2018年，全国卷II）
If you are already making the time to exercise, it is good indeed! With such busy lives, it can be hard to try and find the time to work out. 66. Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit.
Your productivity is improved. Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day. 67.
Your metabolism(新陈代谢) gets a head start. 68. If you work out in the mornings, then you will be getting the calorie(卡路里) burning benefits for the whole day, not in your sleep.
69. Studies found that people who woke up early for exercise slept better than those who exercised in the evening. Exercise energizes you, so it is more difficult to relax and have a peaceful sleep when you are very excited.
70. If you work out bright and early in the morning, you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day. Who would want to ruin their good workout by eating junk food? You will want to continue to focus on positive choices.
There are a lot of benefits to working out, especially in the mornings. Set your alarm clock an hour early and push yourself to work out! You will feel energized all day long.
A.You will stick to your diet.
B.Your quality of sleep improves.
C.You prefer healthy food to fast food.
D.There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.
E.You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.
F.After you exercise, you continue to burn calories throughout the day.
G.If you are planning to do exercise regularly, or you’re doing it now, then listen up!
【答案】66.G 67.E 68.F 69.B 70.A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。列举了早晨锻炼对人体的四条好处，号召人们早点起床，进行身体锻炼。
66.根据空前的内容“生活忙碌没有时间锻炼”和空后的内容“晨练除了身体健康之外，还能带来其他好处”，下文接着列举了晨练的其他好处。由此可知，此处缺一个承上启下句。G项中then listen up!（那么请仔细听!）很好的起到了承上启下的作用。故选G。
67.根据上一句Exercising makes you more awake（锻炼能让你更清醒），E项（你可以在运动后保持头脑清醒4-10个小时。）是对上一句的进一步解释。故选E。
68.空前句子是本段的主题句，晨练是新陈代谢的开始，空后句子说如果晨练，则你会得到卡路里一整天都在燃烧的益处，F项（锻炼之后，你一整天都在燃烧卡路里。）是空后句子的根据，空后句子是对F项的进一步延伸。故选F。
69.此处缺一个主题句。空后句子解释了早起锻炼的人比晚上锻炼的人睡得更好。B项（你的睡眠质量提高了。）是对后面内容的总述。故选B。
70.根据空后句子“If you work out bright and early in the morning, you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day.（如果你在早晨锻炼身体，你将更有可能坚持健康的食物选择。）”，A项(你将坚持你的饮食。)符合本段内容，是主题句，起到统领下文的作用。故选A。
16.（2018年，全国卷III）
Before there was the written word, there was the language of dance. Dance expresses love and hate, joy and sorrow, life and death, and everything else in between.
71.We dance from Florida to Alaska, from north to south and sea to sea. We dance at weddings, birthdays, office parties and just to fill the time.
“I adore dancing,” says Lester Bridges, the owner of a dance studio in Iowa. “I can’t imagine doing anything else with my life.” Bridges runs dance classes for all ages. “Teaching dance is wonderful. 72.It’s great to watch them. For many of them, it’s a way of meeting people and having a social life.”
73.“I can tell you about one young couple,” says Bridges. “They’re learning to do traditional dances. They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile. 74.”
So, do we dance in order to make ourselves feel better, calmer, healthier? Andrea Hillier says, “Dance, like the pattern of a beating heart, is life. Even after all these years, I want to get better and better.75. I find it hard to stop! Dancing reminds me I’m alive.”
A.So why do we dance?
B.Dance in the U.S. is everywhere.
C.If you like dancing outdoors, come to America.
D.My older students say it makes them feel young.
E.I keep practicing even when I’m extremely tired.
F.Dancing seems to change their feeling completely.
G.They stayed up all night long singing and dancing.
【答案】71.B 72.D 73.A 74.F 75.E
【解析】本文为说明文。文章主要介绍了跳舞的好处。
71.根据后文We dance from Florida to Alaska, from north to south and sea to sea. We dance at weddings, birthdays, office parties and just to fill the time. 等可知，这里是说在美国到处有人跳舞，从佛罗里达到阿拉斯加，从北到南等，故选B。
72.根据前文舞蹈课为各个年龄阶段的人架起了桥梁，教跳舞是非常好的，再根据后句it’s great to watch them，根据人称可知是在谈论他们，所以D和F符合，再根据本段最后一句可知，此段主要介绍了跳舞对他们的好处，故选D。
73.根据第四段后句，是通过举例介绍人们跳舞的原因，故选A。
74.根据前句they arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile, 所以他们的心情彻底改变，故选F。
75.根据文章前后句可知，此处人称为第一人称，所以E符合语境，作者结合自己的跳舞经历介绍了跳舞给自己带来的好处。
17.（2018年6月，浙江卷）
Moving into a new home in a new neighborhood is an exciting experience. Of course, you want to make sure that you become an acceptable and valuable part of your neighborhood . the easiest way to accomplish this is to make sure you conduct yourself as a good neighbor should. 76.
Perhaps one of the most important things you can do as a good neighbor is to keep your property(房产) neat, clean, and in good repair. 77. By choosing to keep the outside of the home in great shape, you will help to improve the look and feel of the area.
Second, take the overall appearance of the neighborhood seriously,. When going for a walk. Take a small garbage bag. 78. This small act will let your neighbors know that you care about the area.
79. If a neighbor is going to be out of town, offer to collect mail and newspapers. If a neighbor suffers an illness, offer to do the grocery shopping . Let them know you are there to help in any way this acceptable, while still respecting the privacy of your neighbor.
80. By following the basic rules of respecting others, taking care of what belongs to you, and taking pride in the appearance of the neighborhood in general, you will quickly become a good neighbor that everyone appreciate.
A.In general, keep an eye on their property while they are gone.
B.A good neighbor is also one who likes to help out in small ways.
C.Being a good neighbor is more or less about considerate behavior.
D.Sometimes neighbors may go to the supermarket together to do shopping.
E.Should you come across waste paper thrown out of a passing car, pick it up.
F.People tend to lake pride in keeping everything in their street fresh and inviting.
G.Here are a few tips to help you win over everyone in the neighborhood quickly
【答案】76.G 77.F 78.E 79.B 80.C
【解析】怎样成为一个邻居都喜欢的人，作者给了几点建议。
76.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。本段讲如果你想成为邻居中一个可以接受和有价值的部分，最简单的方法就是确保你的行为举止像一个好邻居。下文是具体做法，G项（这里有一些技巧，可以帮助你迅速赢得邻居的信赖。）承上启下，故选G。
77.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。本段介绍和邻居关系融洽最重要的是保持干净整洁的户内户外环境，F项中People tend to take pride in keeping everything in their street fresh and inviting.(人们往往会自豪于保持街上的一切新鲜和诱人)与本段意思一致，故选F。
78.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。本段主要建议要重视社区的整体面貌，出门拿上一个垃圾袋，E项Should you come across waste paper thrown out of a passing car, pick it up.(遇到从路过的汽车里扔出的废纸，把它捡起来。)与上句连接，是举例说明拿垃圾袋的作用。故选E。
79.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。本段是建议用邻居可以接受的方式帮助他们，同时尊重邻居的隐私。B项A good neighbor is also one who likes to help out in small ways.(好邻居就是喜欢在小的方面帮助别人的人)符合本段内容，故选B。
80.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。最后一段是总结，只要我们考虑周到，尊重他人，照顾好属于自己的东西，为周围的人感到自豪，很快就会成为一个大家都喜欢的好邻居。C项中considerate behavior是下文内容的概括，故选C。
18.（2017年11月，浙江卷）
How to Remember What You Read
Reading is important. But the next step is making sure that you remember what you've read! 81.you may have just read the text. But the ideas, concepts and images（形象）may fly right out of your head. Here are a few tricks for remembering what you read.
● 82.
If the plot, characters, or word usage is confusing for you, you likely won't be able to remember what you read. It's a bit like reading a foreign language. If you don't understand what you're reading, how would you remember it? But there are a few things you can do... Use a dictionary; look up the difficult words.
● Are you connected?
Does a character remind you of a friend? Does the setting make you want to visit the place? Does the book inspire you, and make you want to read more? With some books, you may feel a connection right away. 83.  How willing are you to make the connections happen?
● Read it; hear it; be it!
Read the lines. Then, speak them out loud. And, put some character into the words. When he was writing his novels, Charles Dickens would act out the parts of the characters. He'd make faces in the mirror, and change his voice for each character. 84.
● How often do you read?
If you read frequently, you'll likely have an easier time with remembering what you’re reading and what you've read. 85.As you make reading a regular part of your life, you'll make more connections, stay more focused and understand the text better. You’ll learn to enjoy literature- as you remember what you read!
A.Are you confused?
B.Practice makes perfect.
C.What's your motivation?
D.Memory is sometimes a tricky thing.
E.Marking helps you remember what you read.
F.But other books require a bit more work on your part.
G.You can do the same thing when you are reading the text!
【答案】81.D 82.A 83.F 84.G 85.B
【解析】本文为说明文，给出了几种方法来帮助读者记忆阅读过的内容，包括扫清生词障碍，将所读到的内容与已有知识建立联系，把自己置身于情节之中和经常性阅读。
81.根据空格后的内容：你可能刚刚读过某篇文章，但却对文章所传达的思想，概念以及形象等一片茫然。接下来作者给出了几条能记住所读内容的方法。D选项：阅读中记忆有时很让人棘手，与空格后所表述含义一致，故选D。
82.本段主要说明能记住所读内容的前提是读懂，这就需要首先通过查字典等办法扫清生词障碍。由confusing”令人困惑的“及don’t understand”不理解“等词可推知答案，故选A。
83.根据空格后的内容：将正在阅读的内容与已有知识之间建立联系。有些书的内容会让你立即产生这种联想，因此推断该空的内容也是与建立联系有关，F选项含义为“但是其他书则更多地需要你自己努力了”，表示转折，与上下文顺畅连接，另外other books也与空白前的some books相对应。故选F。
84.本段给出的方法是：要求读者能全身心投入到所读内容中去，列举了狄更斯的例子旨在说明这种方法的可行性，因此读者也可以使用这种方法记住所读内容，故选G。
85.根据空格前：将阅读作为一种日常活动，可知空格处要说明这样做的好处。由此可推断出，该空格处内容与经常阅读相关，选项B(熟能生巧)符合语境。
19.（2017年，全国卷I）
If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily. Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, ill-cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags. They had nothing in common with me. 86.
The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer. 87. We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom. This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning.
I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness. 88. Instead, we had a pop-up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner. My nature-loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.
89. We have done a lot of it since. Recently, we bought a twenty-eight-foot travel trailer complete with a bathroom and a built-in TV set. There is a separate bedroom, a modern kitchen with a refrigerator. The trailer even has matching carpet and curtains.
90. It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature. I recommend that you find your way in style.
A.This time there was no tent.
B.Things are going to be improved.
C.The trip they took me on was a rough one.
D.I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.
E.I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.
F.After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.
G.There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.
【答案】86.D 87.C 88.A 89.F 90.E
【解析】本文是一篇记叙文。作者讲述了自己近三年来逐渐改变了对野营的看法，从以前对野营活动嗤之以鼻，经过几次野营后慢慢喜欢上了野营，最后表达野营将逐渐成为人类回归自然的很好方式，建议人们找到属于自己的方式。
86.上文 They had nothing in common with me 说明作者原来认为他不会成为野营者.而下文主要描述的是"我"从最开始进行"rough travel"到有了"pop-up camper"再到有了 trailer 的过程，在这过程中作者对野营的爱好逐步增加，对野营的相关知识也在逐步增长，上下文呈转折关系.D项意为"然而在那之后我将会学到关于野营的很多知识"，起到转折作用，引出下文，符合语境.故正确答案为D。
87.由下文 We sleep in a tent，cooked over an open fire，and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom 可知，"我"的野营条件非常艰苦.C项意为"他们带我去的旅途非常艰苦"，引出下文，符合语境.故正确答案为C。
88.由下文 Instead，we had a pop-up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner 可知，空格处是与下文形成转折的内容，而"我"此次旅行用了展开式营房.A项意为"这一次没有帐篷"，与下文形成转折，符合语境.故正确答案为A。
89.由第三段第一句 going on another fun-filled holiday 可知，"我"对这次旅行非常满意，而由下文 We have done a lot of it since 可知，"我们"都爱上了野营.F项意为"从这里旅行后，我全家都对野营产生了巨大的兴趣"，承上启下，符合语境.故正确答案为F。
90.由下文 sooner or later，everyone finds his or her way back to nature 可知，"我"希望每个人都能找到回归自然，也就是野营的个性化选择.形成这一观点的前提是"我"自己已经爱上了野营.E项意为"我必须承认我已经开始享受野营了"，引出下文，符合语境.故正确答案为E。
20.（2017年，全国卷II）
Interruptions (打扰) are one of the worst things to deal with while you’re trying to get work done. 91., there are several ways to handle things. Let’s take a look at them now.
92.. Tell the person you’re sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.
When people try to interrupt you, have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that you’ll find them then. 93.. It can help to eliminate (消除) future interruptions.
When you need to talk to someone, don’t do it in your own office. 94., it’s much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.
If you have a door to your office, make good use of it. 95.. If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint (暗示) than when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed.
A.If you’re busy, don’t feel bad about saying no
B.When you want to avoid interruptions at work
C.Set boundaries (界限) for yourself as your time goes
D.If you’re in the other person’s office or in a public area
E.It’s important that you let them know when you’ll be available
F.It might seem unkind to cut people short when they interrupt you
G.Leave it open when you’re available to talk and close it when you’re not
【答案】91.B 92.A 93.E 94.D 95.C
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要围绕“打扰”这一话题展开论述。由于在工作中被打扰是一件令人感觉很糟糕的事，因此作者提出了几点建议，防止此类事件的发生。
91.根据上文Interruptions (打扰) are one of the worst things to deal with while you’re trying to get work done.(当你试图完成工作时，打断是最糟糕的事情之一)及下文there are several ways to handle things.(有几种处理事情的方法)可知，此句与前半句构成一个完整的句子。B. When you want to avoid interruptions at work(当你想要避免工作被打扰的时候)符合语境。故选B。
92.根据下文Tell the person you’re sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.(告诉对方你很抱歉，并解释你有很多事情要做，然后问他们是否可以在不同的时间交谈)可知，这一段主要是讲述学会在自己很忙的时候去拒绝别人。A. If you’re busy, don’t feel bad about saying no(如果你很忙，不要因为说“不”而感到不好意思)符合语境。故选A。
93.根据上文When people try to interrupt you, have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that you’ll find them then.(当人们试图打扰你的时候，给他们设定好时间计划，让他们知道在这段时间内回来或者你会找到他们)及下文It can help to eliminate (消除) future interruptions.(这样做可以帮助你消除未来被打断的可能)可知，此处衔接上下文，E. It’s important that you let them know when you’ll be available(让他们知道你什么时候有空是很重要的)符合语境。故选E。
94.根据上文When you need to talk to someone, don’t do it in your own office.(当你需要和别人交谈时，不要在你自己的办公室里)及下文it’s much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.(找借口回去工作要比在解释完自己有多忙后还试图让别人离开你的空间要容易得多)可知， it指代前文don’t do it in your own office. D. If you’re in the other person’s office or in a public area(如果你在别人的办公室或公共场所)能够后半句构成一个完整的句子。故选D。
95.根据上文If you have a door to your office, make good use of it.(如果你的办公室有一扇门，好好利用它)可知，此段主要是讲述关于如何利用自己办公室的门来防止被打扰。G. Leave it open when you’re available to talk and close it when you’re not(当你有空的时候让它开着，不方便的时候就把它关上)符合语境。故选G。
21.（2017年，全国卷III）
Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning, and put the blame on the alarm clock. In fact, the key to easy morning wake-up lies in resetting your body clock.96.Here’s how to make one.
● 97.In order to make a change, you need to decide why it’s important. Do you want to get up in time to have breakfast with your family, get in some exercise, or just be better prepared for your day? Once you are clear about your reasons, tell your family or roommates about the change you want to make.
● Rethink mornings. Now that you know why you want to wake up, consider re-arranging your morning activities. If you want time to have breakfast with your family, save some time the night before by setting out clothes, shoes, and bags. 98. That’s a quarter-hour more you could be sleeping if you bought a coffee maker with a timer.
● Keep your sleep/ wake schedule on weekends. If you’re tired out by Friday night, sleeping in on Saturday could sound wonderful. But compensating (补偿) on the weekends actually feeds into your sleepiness the following week, a recent study found. 99.
● Keep a record and evaluate it weekly. Keep track of your efforts and write down how you feel. After you’ve tried a new method for a week, take a look at your record. 100. If not, take another look at other methods you could try.
A.Get a sleep specialist.
B.Find the night motivation.
C.A better plan for sleep can help.
D.And consider setting a second alarm.
E.If the steps you take are working, keep it up.
F.Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time, no matter the day.
G.Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the café to get coffee.
【答案】96.C 97.B 98.G 99.F 100.E
【解析】本文是一篇说明文，主要介绍了如何帮助人们制定计划调节生物钟，确保起床不再是一件令人头痛的事情。
96.空前句意：事实上，早起容易的关键在于你的生物钟。空后句意：这里是如何制作一个。故这里C（一个更好的睡眠计划是有帮助的。）符合上下文，故选C。
97.本段内容是建议人们要先确定为什么要早起，早起的目的是什么，也就是早起的动机是什么。由此推断B（找到合适的动机。）可以概括本段中心。故选B。
98.根据下句内容可知，作者建议人们买一个可以定时的咖啡机，这样可以节约15分钟的喝咖啡时间，能够多睡15分钟，文中的a quarter-hour 和选项中的15 minutes呼应，是信息提示词。故选G(重新考虑你在咖啡馆排队15分钟买咖啡。)故选G。
99.根据段落小标题可知，本段是建议人们在周末也要坚持自己的作息时间，由此推断Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time, no matter the day.（无论哪天，坚持你设置的睡觉和起床时间。）和本段标题意思相同。故选F。
100.下句建议人们如果这样做没作用的话就尝试新的办法，由此推断该空与If not对应，提出如果有效果的话如何去做。故选E（如果你采取的措施有作用的话，就要坚持。）故选E。
22.（2017年，北京卷）
Every animal sleeps, but the reason for this has remained foggy. When lab rats are not allowed to sleep, they die within a month. 101.
One idea is that sleep helps us strengthen new memories. 102. We know that, while awake, fresh memories are recorded by reinforcing (加强) connections between brain cells, but the memory processes that take place while we sleep have been unclear.
Support is growing for a theory that sleep evolved so that connections between neurons(神经元) in the brain can be weakened overnight, making room for fresh memories to form the next day. 103.
Now we have the most direct evidence yet that he is right. 104.The synapses in the mice taken at the end of a period of sleep were 18 per cent smaller than those taken before sleep, showing that the connections between neurons weaken while sleeping.
If Tononi’s theory is right, it would explain why, when we miss a night’s, we find it harder the next day to concentrate and learn new information — our brains may have smaller room for new experiences.
Their research also suggests how we may build lasting memories over time even though the synapses become thinner. The team discovered that some synapses seem to be protected and stayed the same size. 105. “You keep what matters,” Tononi says.
A.We should also try to sleep well the night before.
B.It’s as if the brain is preserving its most important memories.
C.Similarly, when people go for a few days without sleeping, they get sick.
D.The processes take place to stop our brains becoming loaded with memories.
E.That’s why students do better in tests if they get a chance to sleep after learning.
F.“Sleep is the price we pay for learning,” says Giulio Tononi, who developed the idea.
G.Tononi’s team measured the size of these connections, or synapses, in the brains of 12 mice.
【答案】101.C 102.E 103.F 104.G 105.B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文讲述了人和动物为什么需要睡眠的一些理论以及睡眠的重要性。
101.根据前一句When lab rats are not allowed to sleep,they die within a month.当实验室的老鼠不允许睡觉时，一个月他们就死了，因此推断C项“同样，人几天不睡觉，也会生病”，人和动物对应起来，死和生病形成对应，故选C。
102.前一句提到的睡觉有助于帮助我们加强新的记忆，因此推断学生在学习新知识后如果有机会睡一觉，他们在考试中就会表现得更好，前后逻辑关系很顺畅，因果联系，故选E。
103.该空为段尾句，是对该段前面内容的总结，同时，结合第四段第一句话中的代词he可以知道，该空中必然包含一个人名，否则he就失去了所指对象，选项中包含人名的选项有F和G，但只有F选项能与第三段的内容衔接.也就是说，睡眠会帮助清除一部分记忆，为新记忆腾出空间，按照研究人员Tononi的话说，"睡眠是我们为学习付出的代价"。故选F。
104.根据下文中提到的关键词synapses in the mice以及整个句子可知，他肯定做了关于老鼠的实验，G项有关键词synapses，mice，都与他的实验有关，故选G。
105.该空为尾段的倒数第二句话，应该与其前后的句子意义连贯.该空前面一句里出现了protect、stay，而该空后面一句出现了keep、matter，正好与选项B里的preserve和important呼应.也就是说，重要的记忆会被保留下来。前后逻辑关系顺畅，故选B。
23.
How to Do Man-on-the-Street Interviews
The man-on-the-street interview is an interview in which a reporter hits the streets with a cameraman to interview people on the spot. 106. But with these tips, your first man-on-the-street interview experience can be easy.
When your boss or professor sends you out to do man-on-the-street interviews for a story, think about the topic and develop a list of about ten general questions relating to it. For example, if your topic is about environmental problems in America, you might ask, “Why do you think environmental protection is important in America?” 107.
Hit the streets with confidence. 108. Say, “Excuse me, I work for XYZ News, and I was wondering if you could share your opinion about this topic.” This is a quick way to get people to warm up to you.
Move on to the next person if someone tells you she is not interested. Don’t get discouraged.
109. Each interview that you get on the street shouldn’t be longer than ten minutes. As soon as you get the answer you need, move on to the next person. Make sure that as you go from interview to interview, you are getting a variety of answers. If everyone is giving you the same answer, you won’t be able to use it. A safe number of interviews to conduct is about six to ten. 110.
If your news station or school requires interviewees to sign release forms to appear on the air, don’t leave work without them.
A.Limit your time.
B.As you approach people, be polite.
C.If you don’t own a camera, you can buy one.
D.For new reporters, this can seem like a challenging task.
E.To get good and useful results, ask them the same question.
F.That number of interviews should give you all the answers you need.
G.With a question like this, you will get more than a “Yes” or “No” reply.

【答案】106.D 107.G 108.B 109.A 110.F
【解析】本文是一篇选句填空。本文主要讲述了如何进行街头采访。文中给了几个小贴士来帮助那些新记者更轻松的进行街头采访，比如采访前计划好话题和问题，增强自己的信心，控制采访的时间等。
106.根据后一句But with these tips, your first man-on-the-street interview experience can be easy.可知，以下这些小贴士会让你的采访很容易。but一词连接两句相反的句意，故可推测，空白处会写道采访是件很困难的事。D. For new reporters, this can seem like a challenging task.(对于新记者来说，这似乎是一项具有挑战性的任务。)符合上下文语境，故选D。
107.根据前文think about the topic and develop a list of about ten general questions relating to it.可知，本段讲的是在采访前需要想好话题以及和话题相关的问题，空白处前一句是一个问题，With a question like this, you will get more than a “Yes” or “No” reply.(有了这样一个问题，你将得到不止一个“是”或“否”的回答。)符合此处语境，关键词questions，故选G。
108.根据主题句Hit the streets with confidence.以及后文Excuse me…This is a quick way to get people to warm up to you.可知，本段讲上街采访礼仪方面的注意事项，B项：As you approach people, be polite.(当你接近别人时，要有礼貌。)符合本段文意。故选B。
109.根据后一句Each interview that you get on the street shouldn’t be longer than ten minutes. As soon as you get the answer you need, move on to the next person.可知，每次街头采访一个人不应该超过十分钟。一旦你得到你需要的答案，就转到下一个人。可推测你采访的时候要控制好自己的时间。A. Limit your time.(限制你的时间)符合本段文意，故选A。
110.根据前文Make sure that as you go from interview to interview, you are getting a variety of answers.可知，当你采访的时候，你要尽量得到多种多样的答案。关键词answers，空格前又提到A safe number of interviews to conduct is about six to ten.(进行采访的安全人数大约是六到十人。)F项：That number of interviews should give you all the answers you need.(面试次数应该能给你所有你需要的答案。)符合文意，故选F。
24.（2016年，全国卷I）
Secret codes (密码) keep messages private. Banks, companies, and government agencies use secret codes in doing business, especially when information is sent by computer.
People have used secret codes for thousands of years. 111.Code breaking never lags (落后) far behind code making. The science of creating and reading coded messages is called cryptography.
There are three main types of cryptography. 112.For example, the first letters of “My elephant eats too many eels” spell out the hidden message “Meet me.”
113.You might represent each letter with a number, for example. Let’s number the letters of the alphabet, in order, from 1 to 26. If we substitute a number for each letter, the message “Meet me” would read “13 5 5 20 13 5.”
A code uses symbols to replace words, phrases, or sentences. To read the message of a real code, you must have a code book. 114.For example, “bridge” might stand for “meet” and “out” might stand for “me.” The message “Bridge out” would actually mean “Meet me.” 115.However, it is also hard to keep a code book secret for long. So codes must be changed frequently.
A.It is very hard to break a code without the code book.
B.In any language, some letters are used more than others.
C.Only people who know the keyword can read the message.
D.As long as there have been codes, people have tried to break them.
E.You can hide a message by having the first letters of each word spell it out.
F.With a code book, you might write down words that would stand for other words.
G.Another way to hide a message is to use symbols to stand for specific letters of the alphabet.
【答案】111.D 112.E 113.G 114.F 115.A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了密码的重要性、密码的设置方式、密码本的作用。
111.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。上句讲人们使用密码已经几千年了，下句讲密码破译工作。空白处和密码破译有关，D项内容符合语境，连接上下文。故选D。
112.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。后面的例子是来证明人们设置密码时往往会利用一些单词的第一个字母作为密码，E项符合此内容，故选E。
113.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据下文的解释内容可知介绍了密码设置的又一种方法，G项符合此意，故选G。
114.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据下文的例子及上句中的a code book可以判断该句是介绍密码本的使用，F项符合此意，承上启下。故选F。
115.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。上文介绍密码本的重要作用，A项：没有密码本很难破译，总结上文。故选A。
25.（2016年，全国卷II）
A garden that’s just right for you
Have you ever visited a garden that seemed just right for you, where the atmosphere of the garden appeared to total more than the sum(总和) of its parts? 116.. But it doesn’t happen by accident. It starts with looking inside yourself and understanding who you are with respect to the natural world and how you approach the gardening process.
● 117.
Some people may think that a garden is no more than plants, flowers, patterns and masses of color. Others are concerned about using gardening methods that require less water and fewer fertilizers (肥料). 118.. However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden. One of them comes from our earliest years.
●Recall(回忆) your childhood memories
Our model of what a garden should be often goes back to childhood. Grandma’s rose garden and Dad’s vegetable garden might be good or bad, but that’s not what’s important. 119. — how being in those gardens made us feel. If you’d like to build a powerful bond with your garden, start by taking some time to recall the gardens of your youth. 120.. Then go outside and work out a plan to translate your childhood memories into your grown-up garden. Have fun.
A.Know why you garden
B.Find a good place for your own garden
C.It’s our experience of the garden that matters
D.It’s delightful to see so many beautiful flowers
E.Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants
F.You can produce that kind of magical quality in your own garden, too
G.For each of those gardens, write down the strongest memory you have
【答案】116.F 117.A 118.E 119.C 120.G
【解析】本文是说明文，美丽的花园给我们带来美好的视觉享受，文章中给出了料理好自己花园的两个方法。
116.根据前两句问“你是否参观过那些让你感觉非常好的花园？”以及下文内容可知，你也可以自己搞一个属于你自己的花园。故选F。
117.根据本段前两句可知，每个人做园艺有不同的原因，再根据倒数第二句However, there are a number of other reasons that might explain why you want to garden.可知，有很多能够解释你为做园艺的原因，所以本段的标题是讲做园艺的原因，故选A。
118.本段前两句提出有些人认为花园只是一些花花草草，有些人关心少用水少用肥料。本句仍然在说明人们对园艺的不同看法。E项：Still others may simply enjoy being outdoors and close to plants(还有其他人只是喜欢在户外接触植物)与上下文一致，也是人们对于园艺的观点。故选E。
119.根据前一句说明花园好坏并不重要，C项：It’s our experience of the garden that matters(重要的是我们搞园艺的经历)承接上文内容，故选C。
120.本段介绍自己搞一个花园，要回忆一下年轻的时候所看到的那些花园，并把这些花园的优点写下来，然后制定计划并把自己的计划变成美丽的花园。G项：For each of those gardens, write down the strongest memory you have(为每一个花园写下你最强烈的记忆)符合本段文意，故选G。
26.（2016年，全国卷III）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Everyone knows that fish is good for health. 121. But it seems that many people don’t cook fish at home. Americans eat only about fifteen pounds of fish per person per year, but we eat twice as much fish in restaurants as at home. Buying, storing, and cooking fish isn’t difficult. 122. This text is about how to buy and cook fish in an easy way.
123. Fresh fish should smell sweet: you should feel that you’re standing at the ocean’s edge. Any fishy or strong smell means the fish isn’t fresh. 124. When you have bought a fish and arrive home, you’d better store the fish in the refrigerator if you don’t cook it immediately, but fresh fish should be stored in your fridge for only a day or two. Frozen fish isn’t as tasty as the fresh one.
There are many common methods used to cook fish. 125. First, clean it and season it with your choice
of spices(调料). Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes if it weighs about one
pound. (A larger one will take more time.) Then, it’s ready to serve.
A. Do not buy it.
B. The easiest is to steam it.
C. This is how you can do it.
D. It just requires a little knowledge.
E. The fish will go bad within hours.
F. When buying fish, you should first smell it.
G. The fats in fish are thought to help prevent heart disease.
【答案】121.G 122.D 123.F 124.A 125.B
【解析】文章主要介绍了一些买鱼和烧鱼的常识。带有强烈气味的鱼不新鲜，最简单的方法是蒸鱼。
121.G第一句＂Everyone knows that fish is good for health.＂是总写，But表示转折，说明But前面一句是对第一句的解释，G项＂鱼中的脂肪有助于预防心脏病＂符合语境，故选G。
122.D 由前一句＂Buying, storing, and cooking fish isn’t difficult.＂可知，购买，存放和烧鱼并非难事，再根据后面一句可知，文章主要介绍了买鱼和烧鱼的简单知识，D项＂这仅仅需要一点知识＂符合语境，此题容易与C项混淆，C项后面应该直接跟烧鱼的方法，即C项与后一句重复，故选D。
123.F 根据＂Fresh fish should smell sweet＂可知，本段讲的是买鱼的时候要闻一下鱼的气味，故选F。
124.A 根据前一句＂Any fishy or strong smell means the fish isn’t fresh.＂可知，带有强烈的味道的鱼都不是新鲜的，不应该买这样的鱼，A项与后句联系紧密，故选A。
125.B 根据＂Put the whole fish on a plate and steam it in a steam pot for 8 to 10 minutes＂可知，本段介绍的是蒸鱼的方法，故选B。
27.（2016年，北京卷）
The Science of Risk-Seeking
Sometimes we decide that a little unnecessary danger is worth it because when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth taking. 126. Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us. Why? Experts say it may have to do with how our brains work?
The reason why any of us take any risks al all might have to do with early humans. Risk-takers were better at hunting, fighting, or exploring. 127. As the quality of risk-taking was passed from one generation to the next, humans ended up with a sense of adventure and a tolerance for risk.
So why aren’t we all jumping out of airplanes then? Well, even 200,000 years ago, too much risk-taking could get one killed. A few daring survived, though, along with a few stay-in-the-cave types. As a result, humans developed a range of character types that still exists today. So maybe you love car racing, or maybe you hate it. 128.
No matter where you are on the risk-seeking range, scientists say that your willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years. 129. To help you do that, your brain increases your hunger for new experiences. New experiences often mean taking some risks, so your brain raises your tolerance for risk as well.
130. For the risk-seekers a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active, while for the rest of us, a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.
As experts continue to study the science of risk-seeking, we’ll continue to hit the mountains, the waves or the shallow end of the pool.
A.It all depends on your character.
B.Those are the risks you should jump to take.
C.Being better at those things meant a greater chance of survival.
D.Thus, these well-equipped people survived because they were the fittest.
E.This is when you start to move away from your family and into the bigger world.
F.However, we are not all using the same reference standard to weigh risks and rewards.
G.New brain research suggests our brains work differently when we face a nervous situation.
【答案】126.F 127.C 128.A 129.E 130.G
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了人们喜欢冒险的来源和科学依据，人们都喜欢冒险，因为风险也意味着回报，生活中人们喜欢做一些让别人意外和害怕的事，这和人的大脑有关.
126.根据前文because when we weigh the risk and the reward, the risk seems worth tasking.当我们衡量风险和回报时，风险值得去冒。根据后文Some of us enjoy activities that would surprise and scare the rest of us.有些人喜欢做一些让别人意外和害怕的事。也就是说衡量风险的标准每个人都可能不一样.故F选项 “然而，我们并不是都使用相同的参考标准来衡量风险和回报”与上文为转折关系，且承接下文。故选F。
127.根据前文Risk-takers were better at hunting，fighting，or exploring.喜欢冒险的人表现更优秀，这意味着他们有更大的机会生存下去。故C选项“这意味着他们有更大的机会生存下去”承接上文。故选C。
128.根据前文So maybe you love car racing，or maybe you hate it.也许你喜欢赛车，也许你不喜欢，这要依据你的性格。故A选项“这要依据你的性格”承接上文。故选A。
129.根据前文scientists say that your Willingness to take risks increases during your teenage years.科学家们指出冒险的意愿在年轻时会不断强烈。根据下文To help you do that, your brain increases your hunger for new experiences.为了帮你实现那些，大脑会不断增加你对新的经历的渴望。而这些是在你离开家庭，走进一个更大的世界的时候。故E选项“这些是在你离开家庭，走进一个更大的世界的时候”承接上下文。故选E。
130.根据下文For the risk-seekers a part of the brain related to pleasure becomes active, while for the rest of us, a part of the brain related to fear becomes active.不同的人的大脑在处理快乐和恐惧时表现也会不一样。故前面应该是说大脑的不同反应。故G选项“新的大脑研究表明，当我们面对紧张的情况时，我们的大脑会以不同的方式工作” 承接下文。故选G。
27.（2016年，四川卷）
Both men and women are living longer these days in industrialized countries. 131. In general, they can expect to live six or seven years more than men. One reason for this is biological.
One important biological factor that helps women live longer is the difference in hormones between men and women. 132. Between the ages of about 12 and 50, women produce hormones that are involved in fertility(生育能力). These hormones also have a positive effect on the heart and blood flow. In fact, women are less likely to have high blood pressure or to die from heart attacks.
133.They help the body defend itself against some kinds of infections. This means that women generally ger sick less often and less seriously than men. The common cold is a good example: women, on average, get fewer colds than men.134.Scientists are still not exactly sure how influence aging, but they believe that they do. Some think that a woman’s body cells have a tendency(向) to age more slowly than a man’s. Others think that a man’s body cells have a tendency to age more quickly.135.
A.However, women, on average, live longer.
B.The biological factor plays an important part.
C.Women are also helped by their female genes.
D.The female hormones also protect the body in another way.
E.Recent research seems to support both of these possibilities.
F.Therefore, women are more healthy than men and can live a better life.
G.Hormones are chemicals which are produced by the body to control carious body functions
【答案】131.A 132.G 133.D 134.C 135.E
【解析】本文讲述了女性比男性寿命长的原因。
131.根据空格下一句：一般说，她们比男性多活6到7年。故空格处讲的是女性平均比男性寿命更长。故选A。
132.根据空格上句：一个重要的帮助女性活得更长的生理因素是男性和女性之间荷尔蒙的不同。再根据空格下句：在大约12到50岁之间，女性生产参与生育的荷尔蒙。故此空与荷尔蒙有关，故G项“荷尔蒙是身体生产的控制各种身体功能的化学物质。”符合上下文语境。故选G。
133.根据下句：它们帮助身体本身抵抗各种感染。故D项“女性荷尔蒙也用另一种方式保护身体。”符合语境。故选D。
134.根据下句：科学家仍然没有确切地表明基因怎样影响年龄，但是他们认为基因却是在影响年龄。故C项“女性基因也在帮助女性。”符合语境。故选C。
135.根据空格前两句：一些人认为女性身体细胞有比男性老化慢的倾向，另一些人认为男性身体细胞有老化快的倾向。故E项“最近研究似乎支持这两种可能”总结前两句。故选E。
28.（2016年10月，浙江卷）
How to Have a Successful Teenage Life
Everyone wants to succeed in their life, don’t they? Even as a teenager, you can achieve success in your life; it really isn’t that hard. 31
• Do well in school. No matter how boring it is now, education will help you be a productive member in society. Try your best for excellence in school; listen to the teachers, do your homework, study, and get good grades. Doing so will help you get into a better university, which will enable you to have a bright future. 32
• Do good in your community .(社区）.Volunteering can not only improve your community's status, it could make you happier. Studies show that people who volunteer are less likely to develop depression (抑郁）than people who don’t， 33 For example, if you love animals, volunteer at an animal shelter. If you love helping the environment, plant trees or pick up litter. When you help others, it will make you feel better about yourself.
• 34 Remember, they’re there to help you be the best that you can be. Respect them and value their opinions, even if they annoy you sometimes. 35 You don't get to choose your teachers or your family, but you still have to put up with them. Learn how to deal with people now, because when you’re an adult, you don’t get to choose your boss or your co-workers, so learn how to respect them now.
A. Live life to the fullest.
B. School sets you up on the right track!
C. Be nice to your parents and teachers,
D. Find chances to do volunteer work that interests you.
E. It will help you pass time and develop your personality.
F. Here are some important points that you may find helpful.
G. Keep in mind that they do the things they do because they care about you.
【答案与解析】
文章从三个方面介绍如何成功度过青少年时光:一是努力学习取得好成绩;二是积极参加社区志愿活动;三是尊重父母和老师。
31.F根据空格前面：甚至作为一个青少年你也能获得成功，它真的不是那么难。可知下面要介绍方法。F项Here are some important points that you may find helpful.（这里有一些重要的建议，你可能会发现它们是有帮助的。）符合语境，故选F。
32.B根据空格前文：在学校里尽你最大的努力，听老师的话，做作业，得高分数。这样你会进入到一所更好的大学，你将有一个美好的未来。故B项“学校让你在正确的轨道上！”是对上文的总结，故选B。
33.D根据上句：研究表明不做志愿者的人比那些做的人更容易患抑郁症。空格下句在举例说明：如果你喜欢动物，就在动物收容所做志愿者。可知空格处的意思是：寻找机会做你感兴趣的志愿者工作。故选D。
34.C根据下句：尊重他们，珍惜他们的建议，即使有时候他们使你很烦。故上句意思是：要对你的老师和父母好。故选C。
35.G根据上句：尊重他们，珍惜他们的建议，即使有时候他们使你很烦。可知他们所做的一切是为你好，因为他们在意你。故选G。
29.（2015年，全国卷I）
Building Trust in a Relationship Again
Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences. 136. Trust is a risk. But you can’t be successful when there’s a lack of trust in a relationship that results from an action where the wrongdoer takes no responsibility to fix the mistake.
Unfortunately, we’ve all been victims of betrayal. Whether we’ve been stolen from, lied to, misled, or cheated on, there are different levels of losing trust. Sometimes people simply can’t trust anymore. 137. It’s understandable, but if you’re willing to build trust in a relationship again, we have some steps you can take to get you there.
●138. Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best outcome would be for your well­being.
●139. If you’ve been betrayed, you are the victim of your circumstance. But there’s a difference between being a victim and living with a “victim mentality”. At some point in all of our lives, we’ll have our trust tested or violated.
●You didn’t lose “everything”. Once trust is lost, what is left? Instead of looking at the situation from this hopeless angle, look at everything you still have and be thankful for all of the good in your life. 140. Instead, it’s a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness.
A.Learn to really trust yourself.
B.It is putting confidence in someone.
C.Stop regarding yourself as the victim.
D.Remember that you can expect the best in return.
E.They’ve been too badly hurt and they can’t bear to let it happen again.
F.This knowledge carries over in their attitude toward their future relationships.
G.Seeing the positive side of things doesn’t mean you’re ignoring what happened.
【答案】136.B 137.E 138.A 139.C 140.G
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了一旦失去了信任，应该如何再次建立信任。
136.根据前一句Trust is a learned behavior that we gain from past experiences可知，信任是我们从过去的经验中学到的一种行为，B项：It is putting confidence in someone.(信任给人带来信心)说明信任的作用，符合文意，故选B。
137.根据前一句Sometimes people simply can’t trust anymore.可知，有时人们根本无法信任他人。E项They’ve been too badly hurt and they can’t bear to let it happen again.(他们受到严重的伤害且不能忍受再次发生)承接上文，说明所带来的不良后果。故选E。
138.根据下文Having confidence in yourself will help you make better choices because you can see what the best outcome would be for your well­being可知，对自己有信心会帮助你做出更好的选择，因为你能看到对你的幸福最好的结果是什么。所以本段主要在说要学会信任自己，故A项：Learn to really trust yourself.(要学会信任自己)符合文意。故选A。
139.根据后文If you’ve been betrayed, you are the victim of your circumstance. But there’s a difference between being a victim and living with a “victim mentality”.可知，如果你被背叛了，那么你是一个受害者。然而是受害者与以受害者的心态活着是有区别的。所以此段主要在说不要认为自己是受害者，C项：Stop regarding yourself as the victim.(别把自己当成受害者。)符合文意。故选C。
140.根据下文Instead, it’s a healthy way to work through the experience to allow room for positive growth and forgiveness.可知，相反，要把这种积极的态度当成一种健康的生活方式。所以选项与后一句为转折关系。G项：Seeing the positive side of things doesn’t mean you’re ignoring what happened.(既要看到事情的积极面并不意味着忽视所发生的事情)符合文意。故选G。
30.（2015年，全国卷II）
Training for a marathon (马拉松) requires careful preparation and steady, gradual increases in the length of the runs. 141., buy the best-fitting running shoes you can find. No one can say which brand will work best for you or feel best on your feet, so you have to rely on your experience and on the feel of each pair as you shop. When you have found shoes that seem right, walk in them for a few days to double-check the fit. 142.. As always, you should stretch (伸展) at least ten minutes before each run to prevent injuries.
During the first week, do not think about distance, but run five minutes longer each day. 143., it is wise to take a day off to rest. But during the next week, set a goal of at least a mile and a half per run. 144.. After two weeks, start timing yourself. 145.. Depending on the kind of race you plan to enter, you can set up a timetable for the remaining weeks before the race.
A.After six days
B.For a good marathon runner
C.Before you begin your training
D.With each day, increase the distance by a half mile
E.If they still feel good, you can begin running in them
F.Time spent for preparation raises the quality of training
G.Now you are ready to figure out a goal of improving distance and time
【答案】141.C 142.E 143.A 144.D 145.G
【解析】
本文是说明文。文章主要介绍了进行马拉松训练的具体做法。首先要为训练做好准备：准备好跑鞋以及训练前的热身动作。第一周：训练跑步时间的逐天增加；第二周：训练跑步距离的逐天增加；两周后，开始计时跑，制订逐步提高跑步时间和距离的计划。
141.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空后buy the best-fitting running shoes you can find（买一双你能找到的最合适的跑鞋）可知，此处是为了跑马拉松进行的准备工作。由此可知，C项Before you begin your training（在你开始训练之前）符合文意。故选C。
142.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前When you have found shoes that seem right, walk in them for a few days to double­check the fit.（当你找到一双合适的鞋子，穿上几天再检查一下是否合脚）可知，E选项中they指的是前面提到的shoes，属于指代一致性，另外feel good与the fit有关。由此可知，E项If they still feel good, you can begin running in them（如果它们仍然感觉不错，你就可以穿着它们开始跑步了）符合文意。故选E.
143.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前During the first week, do not think about distance, but run five minutes longer each day.（在第一周，不要考虑距离，而是每天多跑5分钟。）可知，此处提到了一周七天的时间。再根据空后it is wise to take a day off to rest（明智的做法是休息一天）可知，剩余的就是六天的时间。由此可知，A项After six days（六天后）符合文意。故选A.
144.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据空前面But during the next week, set a goal of at least a mile and a half per run.（但在接下来的一周，设定一个目标，每次跑步至少1.5英里）可知，此处指在距离上开始制定目标。由此可知，D项With each day, increase the distance by a half mile（每天增加半英里的距离）符合文意。故选D.
145.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据上文During the first week, do not think about distance, but run five minutes longer each day. But during the next week, set a goal of at least a mile and a half per run.（在第一周，不要考虑距离，而是每天多跑5分钟。但在接下来的一周，设定一个目标，每次跑步至少1.5英里）及After two weeks, start timing yourself.（两周后开始计时）可知，此处提到了逐日增加跑步的时间和长度，两周后最自己开始计时。由此可知，G项Now you are ready to figure out a goal of improving distance and time.（现在，你准备好去制定一个提高距离和时间的目标）符合文意。故选G.
31.（2015年，北京卷）
This Way to Dreamland
Daydreaming means people think about something pleasant, especially when this makes them forget what they should be doing. Daydreamers have a bad reputation for being unaware of what’s happening around them. They can seem forgetful and clumsy.146.They annoy us because they seem to be ignoring us and missing the important things.But daydreamers are also responsible for some of the greatest ideas and achievements in human history.147.Can you imagine what kind of world we would have without such ideas and inventions?So how can you come up with brilliant daydreams and avoid falling over tree roots or otherwise looking like a fool?First, understand that some opportunities(机会) for daydreaming are better than others. Feeling safe and relaxed will help you to slip into daydreams.148.And if you want to improve your chances of having a creative idea while you’re daydreaming, try to do it while you are involved in another task—preferably something simple, like taking a shower or walking, or even making meaningless drawings.It’s also important to know how to avoid daydreams for those times when you really need to concerntrate. “Mindfulness”, being focused, is a tool that some people use to avoid falling asleep.149.Finally, you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away.150.Always remember that your best ideas might come when your head is actually in the clouds.
A.Having interesting things to think about also helps.
B.They stare off into space and wander by themselves.
C.Without wandering minds, we wouldn’t have relatively, Coke or Post-it notes.
D.At one time, daydreaming was thought to be a cause of some mental illnesses.
E.It involves slow, steady breathing for self-control that helps people stay calm and attentive.
F.Daydreams are often very simple and direct, quite unlike sleep dreams, which may be hard to understand.
G.Therefore, it’s a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when you’re in the daydream zone.
【答案】146.B 147.C 148.E 149.A 150.G
【解析】本文属于说明文，介绍了每个人都会做的白日梦，白日梦有不好的方面，但也有很多好的地方。文章中给出了三条很好的利用其积极面的建议。
146.考查逻辑关系。根据第一段主要说的是大众印象中的白日做梦有哪些弊端，选项在文章前后句中起到段内逻辑连接的作用。B项：They stare off into space and wander by themselves.他们凝视着天空，独自漫步，符合语境，故选B。
147.考查逻辑例证。本段话锋一转说到了白日做梦其实有着很多的好处.选项前后依然是顺承关系。C项：Without wandering minds，we wouldn't have relatively，Coke or Post-it notes.没有恍惚的思绪，我们将不会有相对论、可乐或者便条.符合文意.故选C。
148.考查逻辑关系。根据上句Feeling safe and relaxed will help you to slip into daydreams.可知感觉安全和放松会帮助你进入白日梦。本选项中的it指代前句的动名词短语feeling safe and relaxed，解题线索明显，故选E。
149.考查逻辑关系。本段主要讲如何避免不合时宜的白日做梦，A项：Having interesting things to think about also helps.思考感兴趣的事情也是有帮助的，符合文意。且选项中有also为提示词，故选A。
150.考查逻辑关系。根据上句Finally，you never know what wonderful idea might strike while your mind has moved slowly away.可知你永远不会知道好的想法会什么时候出现，然而可能会慢慢忘记。G项：Therefore，it's a good idea to keep a notebook or voice recorder nearby when you're in the daydream zone.因此，你应该带一个本子随时记，本选项中的逻辑词Therefore可为做题线索之一，故选G。
32.（2015年，四川卷）
根据对话内容，从下面的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项多余选项。（共5小题）
A: I need to lose some weight. My clothes don’t fit anymore.151.
B: Well, instead of watching TV all day, you could do more exercise.
A:152.
B: Like cycling, or you could work out at the gym.
A: I don’t have time.153.
B: OK, then you could change your diet.154.
A: You mean no more hamburgers! Oh no!
B: OK.155.
A.Like what?
B.I’m too busy.
C.What should I do?
D.Some more hamburgers?
E.Buy some larger clothes then.
F.That's a good idea. Thanks a lot.
G.Eat something healthier, like fruit.
【答案】151.C 152.A 153.B 154.G 155.E
【解析】本文通过两个人的对话，告诉了我们减肥的方法，以及不减肥的后果。
151.C考查对下文的总结概括能力。根据下文的you could do more exercise可知，上文是询问该怎么做，故选择C。
152.A考查对下文的总结概括能力。根据下文的like cycling,or you could work out at the gym，可知，上文要求说话者举例说明，故选择A。
153.B考查对下文的总结概括能力。根据上文I don’t have time可知，选择B，意为我很忙。
154.G考查对下文的总结概括能力。根据上文的you could change your diet.可知，选择G，意为吃些健康的食品，如水果。
155.E考查对下文的总结概括能力。根据上文的You mean no more hamburgers! Oh no!可知，这个人不想只吃水果，故选择E，指如果不这样做，就只有买大号的衣服了。
33.（2014年，全国卷I）
The jobs of the future have not yet been invented. 156. By helping them develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what the future holds.
1. Curiosity
Your children need to be deeply curious. 157. Ask kids, “What ingredients (配料) can we add to make these pancakes even better next time?” and then try them out. Did those ingredients make the pancakes better? What could we try next time?
2. Creativity
True creativity is the ability to take something existing and create something new from it. 158. There are a dozen different things you can do with them. Experimenting with materials to create something new can go a long way in helping them develop their creativity.
3. Interpersonal Skills
Understanding how others feel can be a challenge for kids. We know what’s going on inside our own head, but what about others? Being able to read people helps kids from misreading a situation and jumping to false conclusions. 159. “Why do you think she’s crying?” “Can you tell how that man is feeling by looking at his face? If someone were to do that to you, how would you feel?”
4. Self-expression
160. There are many ways to express thoughts and ideas — music, acting, drawing, building, photography. You may find that your child is attracted by one more than another.
A.Encourage kids to cook with you.
B.And we can’t forget science education.
C.We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.
D.So how can we help our kids prepare for jobs that don’t yet exist?
E.Gardening is another great activity for helping kids develop this skill.
F.We can do this in real life or ask questions about characters in stories.
G.Being able to communicate ideas in a meaningful way is a valuable skill.
【答案】156.D 157.A 158.C 159.F 160.G
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章就如何让孩子适应未来的工作，提出了四个方面的建议：在生活和学习中培养好奇心、创造力、人际交往技巧和自我表达。
156.考查上下文的语境理解。根据By helping them develop classic skills that will serve them well no matter what the future holds.可知，这里叙述的是帮助他们发展最优秀的技能，所以上句应该怎样帮助为了他们未来的工作而做好准备。D项：So how can we help our kids prepare for jobs that don’t yet exist?(我们怎样才能帮助孩子们准备那些还不存在的工作呢？)符合语境。故选D。
157.考查上下文的语境理解。根据Ask kids, “What ingredients (配料) can we add to make these pancakes even better next time” and then try them out.可知，下文叙述的是做煎饼时添加什么配料会更好，所以上句应该鼓励孩子和你一起做饭。A项：Encourage kids to cook with you.(鼓励孩子们和你一起做饭)符合语境。故选A。
158.考查上下文的语境理解。根据True creativity is the ability to take something existing and create something new from it.可知，上文叙述的是培养孩子的创造力，给他们一些材料，然后从这些材料中创造出新的东西。所以下文应该是我们给孩子提供机会用新的方式来使用这些材料。C项：We can give kids chances to think about materials in new ways.(我们可以给孩子们以新的方式思考使用材料的机会)符合语境.故选C。
159.考查上下文的语境理解。根据“Why do you think she’s crying?” “Can you tell how that man is feeling by looking at his face? If someone were to do that to you, how would you feel?”可知，此处是问孩子怎样判断人的情感问题，所以上句应该是我们在真实生活的做法及在故事中的人物一些问题。F项：We can do this in real life or ask questions about characters in stories.(我们可以在现实生活中这样做，也可以问一些关于故事中人物的问题)符合语境。故选F。
160.考查语境理解及主题句。根据There are many ways to express thoughts and ideas — music, acting, drawing, building, photography. You may find that your child is attracted by one more than another.可知，有许多方法表达出自己的想法和观点，所以用一种有效的方式交流是一种技能。G项：Being able to communicate ideas in a meaningful way is a valuable skill.(能够以有意义的方式交流思想是一项宝贵的技能)符合语境。故选G。
34.（2014年，全国卷II）
Tips for Cooking on a Tight Schedule
From my experience, there are three main reasons why people don’t cook more often: ability, money, and time 161..Money is a topic I’ll save for another day .So today I want to give you some wisdom about how to make the most of the time you spent in the kitchen .Here are three tips for great cooking on a tight schedule:
1. Think ahead .The moments when I think cooking is a pain are when I’m already hungry and there’s nothing ready to eat. So think ahead of the coming week .When will you have time to cook? Do you have the right materials already ? 162..
2. Make your time worth it .When you do find time to cook a meal, make the most of it and save yourself time later on Are you making one loaf of bread? 163.. It takes around the same amount of time to make more of something. So save yourself the effort for future meal.
3. 164. This may surprise you , but one of the best tools for making cooking worth your time is experimentation. It gives you the chance to hit upon new ideas and recipes that can work well with your appetite and schedule. The more you learn and the more you try, the more ability you have to take control of your food and your schedule.
Hopefully that gives you a good start . 165. And don’t let a busy schedule discourage you from making some great changes in the way you eat and live!
A.A little time planning ahead can save a lot of work later on.
B.Try new things.
C.Make three or four instead.
D.Understand your food better.
E.Ability is easily improved.
F.Cooking is a burden for many people.
G.Let cooking and living simply be a joy rather than a burden.
【答案】161.E 162.A 163.C 164.B 165.G
【解析】本文是一篇说明文。文章主要对旅行行程紧的情况下，如何烹调提出了一些建议。
161.根据前句From my experience, there are three main reasons why people don’t cook more often: ability, money, and time从后面的句子来看，money叙述了，time也叙述了。只有ability没有叙述。故E选项“能力容易提高”切题。故选E。
162.根据此段开头的关键句Think ahead ，可以判断出此段与ahead有关，故A项“提前计划可以省去以后很多工作”切题。故选A项。
163.根据Are you making one loaf of bread?这句话，可以判断出要make one loaf of bread, 那就是与数量有关，还有后面的句子中的amount（量）的提示。故C选项“相反应该做三个或四个”切题。故选C。
164.根据此段的具体内容，特别是It gives you the chance to hit upon new ideas and recipes that can work well with your appetite and schedule. The more you learn and the more you try, the more ability you have to take control of your food and your schedule.这两句，提到了new ideas和try，可以判断出与new有关。故B选项“尝试新的东西”切题。故选B。
165.根据最后一句And don’t let a busy schedule discourage you from making some great changes in the way you eat and live!可以判断出此项与live有关。故F选项“让做饭和生活成为快乐的事情而不是负担”切题。故选F。
35.（2014年，北京卷）
Evaluating Sources of health Information
Making good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation. A key first step in bettering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your sources of healthy information. Reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to fins relevant information, how to separate fact from opinions, how to recognize poor reasoning, and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources. 166.
Go to the original source. Media reports often simplify the results of medical research. Find out for yourself what a study really reported, and determine whether it was based on good science. Think about the type of study. 167.
Watch for misleading language. Some studies will find that a behaviour ＂contributes to＂ or is ＂associated with＂ an outcome; this does not mean that a certain course must lead to a certain result. 168. Carefully read or listen to information in order to fully understand it.
Use your common sense. If a report seems too good to be true, probably it is. Be especially careful of information contained in advertisements. 169. Evaluate ＂scientific＂ statements carefully, and be aware of quackery (江湖骗术).
170. Friends and family members can be a great source of ideas and inspiration, but each of us needs to find a healthy lifestyle that works for us.
Developing the ability to evaluate reasonably and independently about the health problems will serve you well throughout your life.
A.Make choices that are right for you.
B.The goal of an ad is to sell you something.
C.Be sure to work through the critical questions.
D.And examine the findings of the original research.
E.Distinguish between research reports and public health advice.
F.Be aware that information may also be incorrectly explained by an author’s point of view.
G.The following suggestions can help you sort through the health information you receive from common sources.
【答案】166.G 167.D 168.F 169.B 170.A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章针对如何对来自各种渠道的健康信息进行分类整理和判断给出了一些建议。
166.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。第一段简要提出我们要学会分析来自各种渠道的健康信息，下文接着就如何对这些信息进行分类整理给予一些建议。G项连接前后，故选G。
167.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。根据该段主题句的第一句Go to the original source.(去探寻最初的来源。)可知，本段都是围绕这个话题展开的，D项中的the original research与主题句相照应，符合本段意思。故选D。
168.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。F项与第三段的主题句Watch for misleading language.相关，其中incorrectly explained与misleading相照应。故选F。
169.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。由空格前的Be especially careful of information contained in advertisements.(对广告中所包含的信息一定要特别当心)及该段中的be aware of quackery (警惕江湖骗术)可知，B项(广告的目的是卖出商品)符合该段语境。为了达到这个目的，商品的广告中可能包含虚假信息。故选B。
170.考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。由该段中but each of us needs to find a healthy lifestyle that works for us可知，尽管我们有来自家人及朋友的大量信息，但归根结底还是要依靠我们自己来作出正确的选择。A项概括全段内容，故选A。
36.（2013年，全国卷I）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，选项中有两项为多余项。
Business is the organized approach to providing customers with the goods and services they want. The word business also refers to an organization that provides these goods and services. Most businesses seek to make a profit（利润）— that is, they aim to achieve income that is more than the costs of operating the business.171.Commonly called nonprofits, these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers.172..Business management is a term used to describe the techniques of planning, direction, and control of the operations of a business.173.One is the establishment(制定) of broad basic policies with respect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment, materials and supplies; and accounting.174.The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments. Direction is concerned primarily with supervision(监管) and guidance by the management in authority.175.
A.Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
B.In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.
C.Examples of nonprofit businesses include such organizations as social service agencies and many hospitals.
D.However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
E.The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
F.In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.
G.Planning in business management has three main aspects.
【答案】171.D 172.C 173.G 174.E 175.A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。本文介绍了商业上的一些情况，商业的运转需要商业的管理，这种管理涉及到商业计划，发展方向和公司的管理调控等三个方面，本文围绕这几个方面进行了介绍。
171.根据上下文可知，大多数企业都在寻求利润——也就是说，他们的目标是获得超过企业运营成本的收入。这些组织通常被称为非营利组织，主要是非政府服务提供商。所以选项与前文为转折关系且承接下文。故D选项“然而，一些企业只寻求赚足够的钱来支付他们的运营成本”切题。故选D项。
172.根据上文提到非盈利公司，下文列举了几种非盈利组织，故C选项“非营利企业的例子包括社会服务机构和许多医院”切题。故选C项。
173.根据第二段的第一句是总述，商业管理是一个术语，用于描述业务运营的计划、指导和控制技术起到总领下文的作用，接下来从三方面进行分述the techniques of planning, direction, and control of the operations of a business，按顺序先说planning。故G选项“企业管理中的计划有三个主要方面”切题。故选G项。
174.根据上文经营管理计划有三个方面和前面的One，后面句中的The third可知，这里谈得是第二方面， 故E选项“第二个方面与各部门对这些政策的应用有关”切题。故选E项。
175.根据首句商业管理是一个术语，用于描述业务运营的计划、指导和控制技术起到总领下文的作用。可知，本段主要讲述the techniques of planning, direction, and control三个方面，前文讲了两个方面，由此判断接下来是第三个方面。故A选项“控制包括使用记录和报告将实际工作与工作的既定标准进行比较”切题。故选A项。
37.（2013年，全国卷II）
Public Speaking Training
Get a coach
176.，so get help. Since there are about a billion companies out there all ready to offer you public speaking training and courses, here are some things to look for when deciding the training that’s right for you.
Focus on positives
Any training you do to become more effective at public speaking should always focus on the positive aspects of what you already do well. Nothing can hurt confidence more than being told that you aren’t doing well.177., so good public speaking training should develop those instead of telling you what you shouldn’t do.
178.
If you find a public speaking course that looks as though it’s going to give you lots of dos and don’ts, walk away! Your brain is so full of what you’re going to be talking about.179. . As far as we’re concerned, there are basically no hard and fast rules about public speaking. Your audience can be your friends.
You are a special person not a clone
Most importantly, good public speaking training should treat you as a special one, with your own personal habits. 180.. Your training course should help you bring out your personality, not try to turn you into someone you’re not.
A.You aren’t like anybody else
B.You already do lots of things well
C.Turn your back on too many rules
D.Practise speaking whenever possible
E.Whatever the presentation, public speaking is tough
F.The one thing you don’t want is for them to fall asleep
G.So trying to force a whole set of rules into it will just make things worse
【答案】176.E 177.B 178.C 179.G 180.A
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章讲述了进行公共演讲的训练要点。你可以找到一个教练帮助你进行公众演讲训练，也可以参加公众演讲训练课，并且指出应该找到适合自己的培训机构。
176.根据下一句ready to offer you public speaking training and courses（准备为你提供公开演讲训练和课程）可知开头说的是与public speaking（公开演讲）有关的问题，E项：Whatever the presentation，public speaking is tough.无论什么样的演讲，公开演讲都很难。符合文意，故选E。
177.本题位于段中，通过上下文得出选项。后一句so good public speaking training should develop those与空格形成因果关系，所以空格中应表达"你已经做得很好了"的含义，B项：You already do lots of things well你已经做了很多事情了。符合文意，故选B。
178.本题位于段首，为整段的主旨大意。本段第一句中提到lots of dos and don'ts，walk away!可知如果有的培训将太多的条条框框的话，要对条条框框说不，C项：Turn your back on too many rules背弃太多的规矩。符合文意，故选C。
179.从前句Your brain is so full of what you're going to be talking about，可知后一空与前一空形成因果关系，脑子里装满了条条框框只会使情况变得更糟。G项：So trying to force a whole set of rules into it will just make things worse.因此试图将一整套规则强行纳入其中只会使事情变得更糟。符合文意，故选G。
180.小标题为You are a special person not a clone（你是一个特别的人而不是一个克隆人）以及treat you as a special one，with your own personal habits（把你当作一个特殊的人，用你自己的习惯）可以得出答案You aren't like anybody else（你是与众不同）。故选A。
38.（2013年，北京卷）
根据短文内容,从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中的两项为多余选项。
UrbanizationUntil relatively recently, the vast majority of human being lived and died without ever seeing a city. The first city was probably founded no more than 5,500 years ago.181.In fact, nearly everyone lived on farms or in tiny rural (乡村的) villages. It was not until the 20th century that Great Britain became the first urban society in history—a society in which the majority of people live in cities and do not farm for a living.Britain was only the beginning.182.The process of urbanization—the migration (迁徙) of people from the countryside to the city—was the result of modernization, which has rapidly transformed how people live and where they live.In 1900, fewer than 40% of Americans lived in urban areas. Today, over 82% of Americans live in cities. Only about 2% live on farms.183.Large cities were impossible until agriculture became industrialized. Even in advanced agricultural societies, it took about ninety­five people on farms to feed five people in cities.184.Until modern times, those living in cities were mainly the ruling elite (精英) and the servants, laborers and professionals who served them. Cities survived by taxing farmers and were limited in size by the amount of surplus（过剩）food that the rural population produced and by the ability to move this surplus from farm to city.Over the past two centuries, the Industrial Revolution has broken this balance between the city and the country.185.Today, instead of needing ninety­five farmers to feed five city people, one American farmer is able to feed more than a hundred non­farmers.
A.That kept cities very small.
B.The rest live in small towns.
C.The effects of urban living on people should be considered.
D.Soon many other industrial nations became urban societies.
E.But even 200 years ago, only a few people could live in cities.
F.Modernization drew people to the cities and made farmers more productive.
G.Modern cities have destroyed social relations and the health of human beings.
【答案】181.E 182.D 183.B 184.A 185.F
【解析】本文是说明文。文章的主题是城市化。文章讲述了过去城市规模小，农民人口多，到现代化之后，农民人口变少，但农业产量反而增加，更多的人住在城市，体现了社会的变迁。
181.根据前一句“The first city was probably founded no more than 5,500 years ago”可知，此处讲的是以前城市的情况，即第一座城市仅仅是5500年才出现的，甚至200年前，也只有很少一部分人生活在城市中。其他几个选项没有关于以前城市的描述。故选择E。
182.根据前一句的“Britain was only the beginning”可知，英国只是个开始，关键词beginning，因此后面出现的是soon，句意：英国只是个开始，很快，其他工业国家也变成了城市化社会。故选择D。
183. 根据前一句的“Today, over 82% of Americans live in cities. Only about 2% live on farms”可知，目前，超过82%的美国人住在城市，只有2%的人住在农场，在讲完了82%和2%之后，还有剩下的人呢，住在哪里呢？因此可以推断出，下一句讲述的是the rest即，其余的人住在什么地方。因此，选择B，其余的人住在城镇里。故选择B。
184.根据前一句的“It took about ninety-five people on farms to feed five people in cities”可知，要有95个人在农场里工作，才能养活5个城市里的人，因此城市里居住的人肯定要少，规模肯定很小，因此选择A项，这种原因导致了城市规模很小。故选择A。
185.根据后面的“Today, instead of needing ninety-five farmers to feed five city people, one American farmer is able to feed more than a hundred non-farmers”可知，现在一个美国人在农场里工作，可以养活100多个非农美国人，因此现代化让农民更加多产，让更多的人可以居住在城市里。故选择F。
39.（2013年，四川卷）
根据对话内容，从对话后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项多余选项。（共5小题；
--James, can I have some black tea?
--Sure,186.
--Well, just a little, please.
--Two teaspoons?
--187.I have gained some weight these days.
(Minutes later. )
--How nice it is!
--188.
--Yes, please. Do you mind me smoking here?
--189.I don't want to have secondhand smoke. Would you like some cookies, instead?
Eating more and smoking less will do you good.
--190.
A.you’d better not.
B.Any sugar?
C.Okay, thanks.
D.Well,go ahead.
E.No，one is enough.
F.How do you want it made?
G.Gould you like some more?
【答案】186.B 187.E 188.G 189.A 190.C
【解析】本文为两个人一起喝茶时的对话情景
186.B细节分析题 根据后面 --Well, just a little, please.--Two teaspoons?推断要加糖吗最符合故选B
187.E细节分析题 -- I have gained some weight these days.我这些天体重一直在增加，推断一勺糖就够了。因为糖多容易增肥。故选E
188.G细节分析题 --How nice it is!真好喝！--Yes, please.是的。顺应语境应该就是问你还要一些吗？
故选G
189.A细节分析题 I don't want to have secondhand smoke.我不想被迫吸二手烟。分析，对于上一句你介意我吸烟吗的回答是，你最好不要吸。故选A
190.C 回答对吃点饼干的提议，说，好的，谢谢。故选C
39.（2012年，全国卷II）
Daughter:Dad. You love me, don’t you?
Father:Of course, I do.191.
Daughter:Well, I saw this great offer for a free phone here in the newspaper, and …
Father:192.
Daughter:Well, the phone is free … after the＄50 I pay is returned to me.
Father:Ah, so that’s the catch.193.
Daughter:Dad. All my friends have one.
Father:Ah, I don’t know.194.
Daughter:But the monthly charge for this service is only＄29.99, with 1,000 free weekday minutes nationwide, and unlimited weekend minutes.
Father:I don’t know.
Daughter:Please Dad. With the new phone you won’t have to worry about me while I’m driving the new car.
Father:195.
Daughter:The new car you’ll need to buy so I can use the phone.
A.Ah… wha’s on your mind?
B.New car? What new car?
C.Free? Nothing’s ever free.
D.What did you do to the new car?
E.And why on earth do you need a phone?
F.They always charge a lot for the service.
G.But what is the term of the service agreement?
【答案】191.A 192.C 193.E 194.F 195.B
【解析】
191.A女儿说“爸爸，你很爱我”这样的话，爸爸知道她心里肯定有什么想法，故选A
192.C上一句女儿说“看到了一款免费手机的促销活动”，结合下一句女儿说“这款手机是免费的。交的50元以后会返还给我”，说明爸爸不相信“手机免费”，故选C
193.E从下一句All my friends have one可以推断父亲是问原因:”但是你为什么非要一部手机不可呢？”E符合句意
194.F从下文女儿谈到“这个手机的月收费仅仅29.99元”前面用了but一词，说明父亲应该是说“手机服务费很高”，故选F
195.B从上下文均谈到新车的问题，故选B。父亲不知所以然
40.（2012年，北京卷）
根据短文内容，从短文后的七个选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Empathy
Last year, researchers from the University of Michigan reported that empathy, the ability to understand other people, among college students had dropped sharply over the past 10 years.196.Today, people spend more time alone and are less likely to join groups and clubs.Jennifer Freed, a co-director of a teen program, has another explanation. Turn on the TV, and you’re showered with news and reality shows full of people fighting, competing, and generally treating one another with no respect.197.There are good reasons not to follow those bad examples. Humans are socially related by nature.198.Researchers have also found that empathetic teenagers are more likely to have high self-respect. Besides, empathy can be a cure for loneliness, sadness, anxiety, and fear.Empathy is also an indication of a good leader. In fact, Freed says, many top companies report that empathy is one of the most important things they look for in new managers.199.“Academics are important. But if you don’t have emotional (情感的) intelligence, you won’t be as successful in work or in your love life,” she says.What’s the best way to up your EQ (情商）? For starters, let down your guard and really listen to others.200.To really develop empathy, you’d better volunteer at a nursing home or a hospital, join a club or a team that has a diverse membership, have a “sharing circle” with your family, or spend time caring for pets at an animal shelter.
A.Everyone is different, and levels of empathy differ from person to person.
B.That could be because so many people have replaced face time with screen time, the researchers said.
C.“One doesn’t develop empathy by having a lot of opinions and doing a lot of talking,” Freed says.
D.Humans learn by example—and most of the examples on it are anything but empathetic.
E.Empathy is a matter of learning how to understand someone else—both what they think and how they feel.
F.Good social skills—including empathy—are a kind of “emotional intelligence” that will help you succeed in many areas of life.
G.Having relationships with other people is an important part of being human—and having empathy is decisive to those relationships.

【答案】196.B 197.D 198.G 199.F 200.C
【解析】本文是议论文。文章指出现在人们的同理心在急剧下降，分析了下降的原因并讲述了同理心的重要性和如何培养同理心。
196.考查对上下文语境的理解。空前的意思是：在过去的十年里在大学生中理解他人的能力在急剧下降；空后的意思是：今天人们花更多的时间单独相处而很少参加社团。B项（研究者说，那可能是因为许多人用视频代替了面聊。）与上下文一致，说明了原因。故选B。
197.考查对上下文语境的理解。空前的意思是：打开电视机你看到的都是一些人互相竞争，互相争斗，没有互相尊重；所以D项（人们通过这些例子学习——大多数这些例子什么都有就是没有同理心）是对上文的总结。故选D。
198.考查对上下文语境的理解。空前的意思是：人类是和自然密切相关的。空后的意思是：研究者发现有同理心的青少年会有更高的自我尊重。G项（和其他人保持关系是成为人的很重要的一部分，拥有同理心对那些关系很重要。）与上下文一致。故选G。
199. 考查对上下文语境的理解。空前的意思是：实际上，Freed说许多顶级公司报告说同理心也是他们寻找经理的一个重要的部分。F项（好的社会技能包括同理心，这种情感智力能使你在生活的许多方面都取得很大的成功。）是对上文的说明。故选F。
200.考查对上下文语境的理解。空前的意思是：对于初学者来说，放下防护，倾听他人。下文是发展同理心的具体做法，C项（一个人不会因为有很多观点，说了很多话而产生同理心。）与上下文一致。故选C。
41.（2011年，北京卷）
Public speaking and critical thinkingWhat is critical thinking ? to a certain degree ,it’s a matter of logic （逻辑）—of being able to spot weaknesses in other people ‘s argument and to avoid them in your own ,it also includes related skills such as distinguishing fact from opinion and assessing the soundness of evidence .In the broad sense ,critical thinking is focused ,organized thinking –the ability to see clearly their lationships among ideas. 1 the greatest thinkers ,scientists ,and inventors have often taken information that was readily available and put it together differently to produce new ideas.that,too,is critical thinking. 2 As the class goes on, for example, you will probably spend a good deal of time organizing your speeches. While this may seem like a purely mechanical（机械的）exercise, it is closely connected with critical thinking. If the structure of your speech is loose and confused, chances are that your thinking. If the stucture of your speech is loose and confused, chances are that your thinking is also discovered and confused. If, on the other hand ,the stucture is clear, there is a good chance your thinking is too. Organizing a speech is not a matter of arraging the ideas your already have. 3What is true of organization is true of many aspects of public speaking. 4 As you work on expressing your ideas in clear, accurate language, you will Improve your ability to think clearly and accutately. 5 As you learn to listen critically to speeches in class. You will be better able to assess the ideas of speakers in a variety of situations.If you take full advantage of your speech class, you will be able to develop your skills as critical thinker in many circumstances. This is one reason public speaking has been regarded as a vital part of education since the days of ancient Greece.
A.Rather, it is an important part of shaping the ideas themselves
B.This may seem like a lot of time, but the rewards are well worth it.
C.It may also help you to know that there is no such thing as a perfect speech
D.It has often been said that there are few new ideas in the world, only reorganized ideas.
E. If you are wondering what this has to do with your public speaking class, the answer is quite a lot.
F. The skills you learn in your speech class can help you become a more effective thinker in a number of ways
G. As you study the role of evidence and reasoning in speech making ,you will see how they can be used in other forms of communication as well.
【答案】 DEAFG
【解析】本文介绍了辩证思考，在某种程度上，辩证思考是一种逻辑思维，即我们能通过分析别人的论点来驳倒他。同时，辩证思考还需要一些相关技能，如从观点中分析事实，评估证据的真实性。
1.D考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。前句提到了In the broad sense, critical thinking is focused, organized thinking有组织的思考，而D选项内容It has often been said that there are few new ideas in the world, only reorganized ideas.恰好符合语境，故选D。
2.E考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。后句As the class goes on课堂，判断E选项 If you are wondering what this has to do with your public speaking class, the answer is quite a lot.中的课堂演讲符合语境，选E。
3.A考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。前句Organizing a speech is not just a matter of arranging your ideas you already have.，故A选项Rather, it is an important part of shaping the ideas themselves.与前句是转折关系，符合语境，选A。
4.F考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。前句What is true of organization is true of many aspects of public speaking.提到公众演讲，而F选项The skills you learn in your speech class can help you become a more effective thinker in a number of ways. 也提到你可以从演讲课中学到的东西，故选F。
5.G考查对上下文的理解和推理判断能力。后句As you learn to listen critically to speeches in class, you will be better able to assess the ideas of speakers in a variety of situations与G选项As you study the role of evidence and reasoning in speechmaking, you will see how they can be used in other forms of communication as well.句型和语意相合，故选G。
42.（2011年，四川卷）
根据对话内容，从对话后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项，并在答题卡上将该项涂黑。选项中有两项多余选项。（共5小题：每小题2分，满分10分）
---Good evening. Grandma’s Restaurant. May I help you?
--- Good evening. ___1___
---Thank you. May I have your name, Miss?
---Mary Brown.
---____2____
---I’d like to order the “Free Matching Dinner for 2”.
---Yes, you may choose two soups, two drinks and four main course from the menu.
--- 3
-Are you ready? What Kind of soup do you want?
-chicken soup and tomato soup.
--- 4
-I’d like a plate of noodles ,two chicken wings. some beef and a bowl of rice.
--- 5
- Just a coke and some green tea ,please.
-May I have your address ,please?
-Sure. 6A, Kingston Court, Belair Cardens. Shatin.
-Okay, your food will be delivered in half an hour. Thanks for calling.
A.May I book a table in your restaurant for tonight?
B.I would like to order some food for dinner.
C.Miss Brown, please tell me your order.
D.How about your main courses?
E. Would you like some drinks？
F. Okay .Let me see.
G. And your drinks?
【答案】B C F D G
【解析】
1.依据最后一句“将于半小时之内送达”便知此处应是订餐而不是订座。故不选A，应选B。
2.根据上句及下句的“I’d like to order…”可知C答案合适。
3.根据下句的“Are you ready?”可知他刚刚在考虑，故选F。
4.根据下句可知应该问他关于主菜的问题，故选D。
5.根据下句可知应该再询问饮料的事了，故选G。
43.（2014年，四川卷）
补全对话
Mary: Mike, how do I look in these blue jeans?
Mike:209.They really suit you, Mary!
Mary: Thanks, you know, these kinds of jeans are in style now.
Mike:210.
Mary: I mean...they are very popular these days; everyone is wearing them!
Mike: You are great at keeping up with fashions.
Mary: Well,211.
Mike: Perhaps you can help me pick out a pair of jeans now, since you are an expert.
Mary:212.I would be happy to help you with your fashion change!
Mike:213.
A.Wow, great!
B.No problem!
C.See you then.
D.Any suggestions?
E. I am a girl after all.
F. What do you mean?
G. Thank you so much!
【答案】209.A 210.F 211.E 212.B 213.G
【解析】本段是发生在Mike和Mary之间的一组对话。Mary询问Mike自己的新牛仔裤如何。Mike称赞Mary有眼光，会选衣服，而且Mike在对话中也请求Mary帮助参考去挑选一条时髦的牛仔裤。Mary则欣然同意了。
209.A考查对上下文的理解能力。根据空后内容They really suit you，Mary！和对方的答语可以判断Mike说了夸奖Mary的话，由此可知A选项内容符合语境，故选A。
210.F考查对上下文的理解能力。从下文的答语I mean…they are very popular these days;可以判断Mike在问他是什么意思，选F。
211.E考查对上下文的理解能力。根据上文You are great at keeping up with fashions.可知Mike认为Mary总是追时髦，所以判断空上内容是Mary对此做出的解释，选E。
212.B考查对上下文的理解能力。前句Mike提出请求，根据Mary的回答可知她愿意帮助他，B选项内容符合语境，选B。
213.G考查对上下文的理解能力。在上句话since you are an expert.中Mike夸奖Mary是服装方面的专家，根据情理可知对于别人的夸奖应该表示感谢，选G。
考点：考查情景对话。