专题18 阅读理解之猜测词义题讲解与练习-2023年高考英语一轮复习小题多维练（通用版）

这是一份专题18 阅读理解之猜测词义题讲解与练习-2023年高考英语一轮复习小题多维练（通用版），文件包含专题18原卷版阅读理解之猜测词义题讲解与练习-2023年高考英语一轮复习小题多维练通用版docx、专题18解析版阅读理解之猜测词义题讲解与练习-2023年高考英语一轮复习小题多维练通用版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共26页， 欢迎下载使用。
猜测词义题旨在考查学生根据上下文推测生词、短语或句意的能力，突出考查对语境的分析和把握能力。近几年猜测词义题难度略有增加，需要在较为复杂的句式中通过上下文综合分析才能得出答案。
猜测词义类题目常见的设问方式如下：
The wrd “…”refers t/prbably means _______.
The underlined wrd “…” culd best be replaced by ______.
What d yu think the expressin “…”stands fr?
By saying “…” we mean ______.
“…” as used in the passage can best be defined as _____.
Which f the fllwing wrds can take the place f the wrd “…”?
Part 2 方法指导
利用指代关系来猜测代词词义
代词词义的猜测即找出人称代词、指示代词所指代的内容。对于代词所指代的内容的判断，首先我们要连读前后段落，了解前后两段文章的内容，然后判断画线代词的类型。接下来仔细阅读前句，一般来说代词的词义推测主要是看前面句子所出现的名词及相当于名词的表达。
典题例证（2017.全国卷II阅读B节选）
We shared the belief that if yu’re frtunate enugh t have success, yu shuld put smething back - he with his Newman’s Own fd and his Hle in the Wall camps fr kids wh are seriusly ill, and me with Sundance and the institute and the festival. Paul and I didn’t see each ther all that regularly, but sharing that brught us tgether. We supprted each ther financially and by shwing up at events.
26.What des the underlined wrd “that” in paragraph 3 refer t?
A.Their belief. B.Their care fr children.
C.Their success. D.Their supprt fr each ther.
解析 根据“We shared the belief that if yu’re frtunate enugh t have success, yu shuld put smething back”可知，下文的内容是对 the belief的解释，that引导同位语从句，解释说明the belief的具体内容。下文提到了我们并不经常见面，但是分享这个信念把我们带到了一起。故答案为A.
利用定义来猜测词义
在许多情况下，作者预计到某个词一般读者不熟悉，则会在文章中给出该词的定义或解释。这种解释可能是一种重复说明或定义。通过阅读定义和解释部分，学生便可理解该词的基本含义、线索词有that，which is 等。
典题例证（2015.北京高考阅读C节选）
Transparent animals let light pass thrugh their bdies the same way light passes thrugh a windw.
解析 通过本句中的定义“the same way light passes thrugh a windw”可知，transparent应意为“透明的”。
利用定语或同位语来猜测词义
通常引出该词同位语的词语有r， that is， in ther wrds等，还有的同位语以括号或破折号的形式出现。在这些标记词后学生可较易找到同画线词意义相同或相近的词。
典题例证（2018全国卷II阅读B节选）
If yu have a juicer, yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a “sft-serve” creamy dessert, t be eaten right away. This makes a fun activity fr a children’s party; they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw.
26. What is “a juicer” in the last paragraph?
A. A dessert. B. A drink.
C. A cntainer. D. A machine.
解析 本段对juicer的功能做了描述，从其中的“yu can simply feed in frzen bananas and sme berries r sliced fruit. Out cmes a “sft-serve” creamy dessert…”这些字眼可以看出juicer是一种机器，是一种将冷冻的香蕉、浆果等制成果汁的机器，此外，最后一句中的“they lve feeding the fruit and frzen bananas int the tp f the machine and watching the ice cream cme ut belw.”明确指出画线词指的是一种机器（榨汁机），因此选D.
利用文章同义词或近义词
在同一句、同一段或同一篇文章中，作者为了避免语言的单调、重复，有时会使用意思相同或相近的词。因此考生只要读懂上下文，知道其中一个词的意思，就能猜出另外一个词的意思。
典题例证 （2018.全国卷III阅读D节选）
Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects. Why d we ften assume that mre is mre when it cmes t kids and their belngings? The gd news is that I can help my wn kids learn earlier than I did hw t live mre with less.
32. What d the wrds “mre is mre” in paragraph 1 prbably mean?
A. The mre, the better.B. Enugh is enugh.
C. Mre mney, mre wrries.D. Earn mre and spend mre.
解析 根据第一句“Adults understand what it feels like t be flded with bjects.”和画线短语后的“when it cmes t kids and their belngings”可知这里的mre is mre与前面的flded with 同义，成年人喜欢物品像洪水一样覆盖生活中，即大量的，越多越好。故选择A。
利用文章中的举例猜测词义
在阅读理解中学生可以根据文章所举的例子，从具体到一般，猜出该生词的意思。举例常用到的信号词有：such as，such…as，fr example，fr instance，like，including，especially等。
典题例证（2016.全国卷III阅读D节选）
Readers als tended t share articles that were exciting r funny, r that inspired negative feelings like anger r anxiety, but nt articles that left them merely sad.
解析 根据画线词的举例“like anger r anxiety”可推知，画线部分的意思应该是“消极的”。
利用对比或比较的词语来猜测的词义
当作者强调的事物之间有区别或对立时往往会运用对比的手法，即会用到对比的词语，例如反义词，也可以暗示出生词的含义。注意这些词语和内容则能帮助判断所需内容。能体现对比关系的词汇主要有but，yet，hwever，while，unlike，instead，n the ther hand，n the cntrary, in cntrast with等。标点符号中的分号也可以表示对比。
典题例证
If yu ‘re tired f wandering arund the gum wasting time and becming bred, yu can attend an upbeat grup fitness class that’ll keep yur wrkut n track.
73. The underlined wrd “upbeat” in the secnd paragraph prbably means “_____”.
A.cheerfulB.averageC.seriusD.temprary
解析 根据语境可知，upbeat 应与上文中的tired f 意义相反，故答案为A.
Part 3阅读理解仿真组合练
A
A few years ag, my husband Charlie and I had marital prblems. Grwing family respnsibilities and financial wrries tk a tll n us and we began arguing frequently, ften late int the night.
Hwever, neither f us culd take the step that wuld end ur eleven-year marriage and bring heartbreak t ur three yung children. Deep dwn we knew we still lved each ther, s we determined t wrk it ut. Thrugh cuntless discussins, we began t clse the gulf. The mre hnest we were, the clser we became.
When I felt we were reaching slid grund, I asked my husband t give me an “eternity (永恒) ring”. It was nt s much the ring I wanted; it was the reassurance (保证) I thught it wuld bring.
We went shpping n a beautiful summer day. We walked hand in hand alng a rw f jeweler’s shps. Finally I fund a ring I liked. While waiting fr it t be adjusted, the jeweler tk my left hand and glanced at my engagement ring. “May I clean it fr yu?” he asked. “It really desn’t sparkle like it used t.” Charlie said as I slipped the ring ff my finger. A few minutes later the jeweler was back. The ring shne like new!
On the drive hme, I didn’t take my eyes ff it. I frgt all abut the eternity ring. I just culdn’t believe hw this ld ring suddenly sparkled the way it had the day Charlie gave it t me. I had taken it fr granted these past years, but with a little plish it culd still make my heart beat fast.
And that’s the way it is with a marriage. Yu have t wrk at keeping it plished and new, r else the grime (污垢) f the passing years will hide the jy. I put my hand n the seat between us and spread my fingers. Charlie cvered my hand with his. I felt I was lucky t be able t see the sparkle in smething gld when I thught I needed smething new.
1. Why did the authr and her husband decide t slve the prblems?
A. They were a famus cuple.B. They didn’t want t divrce.
C. The prblems were nt serius.D. They had experience in ding s.
2. What des the underlined part in paragraph 3 prbably mean?
A. free f trubleB. arriving at a square
C. wealthy and generusD. in gd relatinship
3. Why did the authr frget all abut the eternity ring n their way back hme?
A. Her husband kept it fr her.B. They didn’t actually pay fr it.
C. The ld ring’s light attracted her attentin.D. The cuple were talking all the way merrily.
4. What des the authr mainly want t express in the last paragraph?
A. We tend t prefer new bjects t ld nes.
B. One shuld remain thankful fr what he has gt.
C. Marriage shuld be cnstantly plished.
D. We shuld try t rediscver the true value f ld bjects.
B
Kng Zhenlan, a 71-year-ld wman frm China’s Shanxi Prvince, has devted the last fur decades f her life t adpting rphans（孤儿）, making sure that they had fd n the table and gt access t educatin.
Even thugh she culd nly affrd t supprt herself n a mdest incme Kng Zhenlan culdn’t bear t walk by the rphanage in Jixian Cunty every day and see s many children struggling in pverty. One day, she stpped by and picked ne f the rphans in her arms. That’s when she knew she had t d smething t make their life better. The mdest wman started adpting these abandned children and nurturing them as her wn. Over the last 47 years, she has adpted 45 rphans, sme f whm grew up t becme dctrs and lawyers.
Kng’s ldest adpted child is 45-years-ld, while her yungest is 9-mnths-ld. Tday, her adult children dnate sme f their mnthly salaries t help bring up their yunger siblings（兄弟姐妹）, but in the beginning, the wman had t make due with what she had. And it wasn’t much. She wuld spend all her mney making sure the children had milk t drink, and if there was nne left fr her, she wuld lk fr leftvers in lcal garbage cans.
The mdest wman recently tld Pear Vide that ver the last 40 years she has nly been getting 2 hurs f sleep per night. She ges t sleep at arund midnight, after putting the children t sleep and finishing up her chres（家务）, and gets up arund 2 am t check if they’re all still cvered with blankets. She has gtten used t it and said that a shrt sleep was a small price t pay fr making sure the children grw up healthy and happy.
5. What des the underlined wrd“nurturing”in paragraph 2 prbably mean？
A. Examining.B. Observing.
C. Raising.D. Preferring.
6. Hw d Kng Zhenlan’s adult children help her？
A. Supprt her financially.B. Raise mney every mnth.
C. Sell milk in the midnight.D. Pick up leftvers when free.
7. What makes Kng Zhenlan spare n effrt t raise the rphans？
A. Her desire t get rid f lneliness.B. Her eagerness t get fame and wealth.
C. Her wish t find a better jb in this way.D. Her hpe fr the children t have a happy life.
8. Which f the fllwing best describes Kng Zhenlan？
A. Easy-ging.B. Kind.
C. Creative.D. Reasnable.
C
Instagram（图片分享社交应用程序）is abut t take its biggest step tward remving likes frm its platfrm. After mnths f testing an ptin t hide likes in select internatinal markets, Instagram, which is wned by Facebk（FB）, has already been testing hiding likes in seven ther cuntries, including Canada, Ireland and Australia. Fr years, likes have been central t hw celebrities, brands, pliticians and everyday users experience Instagram and Facebk. It's a way f measuring ppularity and success. But in recent mnths, Instagram has been rethinking hw likes cntribute t making its platfrm mre txic. Nw it's cnsidering a change.
The ttal number f likes n psts — which appear as hearts n the app ——will disappear frm Instagram's main feed, prfile pages and permalink（永久链接）pages. The wner f the accunt can still see their wn likes, but their fllwers wn't knw the cunt.
CNN Business previusly spke with users in cuntries with the test. The majrity felt this mve wuld imprve well-being n the app. Instagram is the mst detrimental（不利的，有害的）scial netwrking app fr yung peple's mental health, such as negatively impacting bdy image, accrding t ne study.
But ther users and psychlgists said hiding likes wn't fix everything. The test desn't address sme f the key ways that activity n Instagram can impact the well-being f users, including bullying, feeling left ut and thinking ther peple's lives are better than their wn.
Renee Engeln, a psychlgy prfessr at Nrthwestern University, viced his pinin that the biggest impact f Instagram is the cntent and the expsure t this cnstant stream f perfected images is what seems t hurt psychlgically. Plus, users can still see their wn likes ——and feel badly if their psts dn't perfrm well.
9. Hw d users experience Instagram in this passage?
A. By giving likes.B. By hiding likes.
C. By selecting platfrms.D. By shwing ff talents.
10. The underlined wrd “txic” in Paragraph 1 mst prbably means “ ”.
A. prfitable B. pisnus C. ppular D. psitive
11. What can we infer frm the passage?
A. Instagram has affected yungsters' mental health.
B. The accunt wners wn't knw the cunt £ likes.
C Instagram tested hiding likes in seven cuntries first.
D. The majrity think Instagram has been a well-being app.
12. What culd be the best title f the passage?
A. Instagram Misuses Likes
B. Mre Peple Are Against Likes
C. Likes Cause Mental Prblems
D. Likes will Be Hidden n Instagram
D
If humans ever settle n Mars, they will need water. There is just ne prblem---there seems t be nly huge sheets f ice. Luckily, we knw hw t drill(钻孔） ice fr water. Such methds are already used in Antarctica, and researchers nw think they culd get them t wrk n the Red Planet, t. The atmsphere f Mars is t dry t make extracting water vapur frm it pssible. S ice seems the best bet. But the bvius ice sheets are in the unlivable plar ice caps and wuld be difficult t reach fr drilling.
Hwever, in 2018, at the edge f the cliffs, NASA's Mars Recnnaissance Orbiter sptted relatively accessible water ice that is prbably at least 130metres thick and cvered in just a few metres f rck and dust. These may be the best place t get the water needed fr future explratin f the planet.
The drilling techniques needed have already been develped fr cld areas n Earth where we need t melt buried ice fr water. In the early 1960s the US Army used a type f subsurface reservir(水库)called Rd Well, in army camps in Greenland. The methd wrks by drilling thrugh the grund int the ice, melting the ice t create a pl, and then pumping water up. By supplying heat cntinuusly, they create a reservir and a steady water supply. It has been used in remte areas such as the Amundsen-Sctt Suth Ple Statin Stephen Hffman at the Aerspace Crpratin in Texas and his clleagues simulated(模拟)hw a Rd Well wuld d n Mars. They fund that with the pwer f 9 kilwatts (千瓦)t melt ice, it culd in thery prduce abut 380 litres f water each day and maintain a reservir f cnstant size at the bttm f a brehle(钻孔). That is clse t the average daily water use each persn in the US, but abut 10 times what each astrnaut n the Internatinal Space Statin uses daily.
13. Which f the fllwing can replace the underlined wrd "extracting" in the first paragraph ?
A. btainingB. prtecting
C. PreventingD. chsing
14. Why des the authr mentin the Rd Well in Paragraph 3?
A. T explain hw water ice is drilled n Mars.
B. T tell abut the histry f water ice drilling techniques.
C. T prve the imprtance f water ice drilling techniques
D. T shw techniques fr drilling water wells in Martian ice exist.
15. On average, hw much water des an astrnaut n the Internatinal Space Statin use daily?
A. 10 litresB. 38 litres
C. 160 litresD. 380 litres
16. What wuld be the best title fr the text?
A. Preparing t settle n the Red Planet ne day.
B. Finding water n the Red Planet fr survival.
C. Using sme ways t create a livable envirnment n Mars.
D. Drilling water wells in Martian ice t survive n Mars.
A 【答案】1. B 2. D 3. C 4. C
【解析】
本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。作者和丈夫曾经有过婚烟问题，但双方均未想要离婚，而是努力解决双方之间的问题。当作者提出和丈夫一起去买永恒戒指的时候，由戒指除垢感悟到平凡的婚烟也应该像戒指一样经常除垢，让它重新生机勃勃。
【1题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段第二句“Deep dwn we knew we still lved each ther, s we determined t wrk it ut.”，作者和丈夫仍然相互爱对方，都不想结束他们的婚烟，不想使孩子们伤心，所以他们决定要解决他们之间的问题。故B项正确。
【2题详解】
词义猜测题。根据第二段最后一句“Thrugh cuntless discussins, we began t clse the gulf. The mre hnest we were, the clser we became.”可知，作者和丈夫解决了他们之间的问题，关系越来越融治。再根据画线部分所在句子中的“I asked my husband t give me an “eternity (永恒) ring””可推知，作者感觉她和丈夫的关系已经很好了，他们已经和好如初了。故D项正确。
【3题详解】
细节理解题。根据第五段第一句“On the drive hme, I didn’t take my eyes ff it.”可知，作者在回家的路上眼睛一直盯着那枚结婚戒指，因为它经过擦拭后重新放出了光芒，犹如丈夫刚给她的那天一样。早已忘记他们是要去买“永恒戒指”。故C项正确。
【4题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段前两句“And that’s the way it is with a marriage. Yu have t wrk at keeping it plished and new, r else the grime (污垢) f the passing years will hide the jy.”可知，作者认为对待婚姻也应该像对待那枚戒指一样，经常除垢，经常发现婚姻生活中的闪光点，使婚姻保持新鲜。故C项正确。
【点睛】本文小题2考查了词义猜测题，由第二段最后一句可知“作者和丈夫解决了他们之间的问题。他们的关系已经恢复了”，可知该短语意为“in gd relatinship”。本题主要运用上下文语境猜测参与。通过上下文的具体信息猜测词义是目前高考阅读理解题中最常见的一种命题形式。
B【答案】5. C 6. A 7. D 8. B
【解析】
本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一位71岁的老人孔振兰几十年如一日地收养孤儿。尽管她自己只有很少的钱, 但是她还是尽力让那些孤儿过上健康快乐的生活。
【5题详解】
词义猜测题。根据第二段中The mdest wman started adpting these abandned children and nurturing them as her wn. Over the last 47 years, she has adpted 45 rphans, sme f whm grew up t becme dctrs and lawyers. 这位谦逊的妇女开始收养这些被遗弃的孩子，并把他们当作自己的孩子抚养。在过去的47年里，她收养了45名孤儿，其中一些人后来成为了医生和律师。由此可知，孔振兰老人收养那些被遗弃的孩子并把他们抚养长大。故划线词的词义与“Raising”的意思一致。故选C。
【6题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段中Tday, her adult children dnate sme f their mnthly salaries t help bring up their yunger siblings（兄弟姐妹）如今，她的成年子女将每月工资的一部分捐给抚养弟弟妹妹。由此可知, 孔振兰的长大的孩子们在经济上支持她。故选A。
【7题详解】
细节理解题。根据最后一段She has gtten used t it and said that a shrt sleep was a small price t pay fr making sure the children grw up healthy and happy. 她已经习惯了，她说，为了确保孩子们健康快乐地成长，短暂的睡眠是一个小小的代价。由此,让孩子们健康快乐地生活是孔振兰不辞辛苦养育这些孤儿的动力。故选D。
【8题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段中Kng Zhenlan, a 71-year-ld wman frm China’s Shanxi Prvince, has devted the last fur decades f her life t adpting rphans（孤儿）, making sure that they had fd n the table and gt access t educatin. 71岁的孔振兰(音译)来自中国山西省，她把自己过去40年的时间都用来收养孤儿，确保他们有饭吃，有受教育的机会。由此可知，孔振兰老人能四十年如一日地抚养孤儿说明她是一个善良的人。故选B。
C【答案】9. A 10. B 11. A 12. D
【解析】
本文为说明文。Instagram即将迈出最大的一步，从它的平台上移除“点赞”。因为“点赞”让平台变得更“有毒”的，几个月来 Instagram一直尝试在一些国际市场隐藏“点赞”功能。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“Fr years, likes have been central t hw celebrities, brands, pliticians and everyday users experience Instagram and Facebk.” 多年来，“点赞”一直是名人、品牌、政客和普通用户体验Instagram和Facebk的核心。由此可知，体验Instagram是通过点赞的形式，故选A，
【10题详解】
猜测词义题。根据划线词的上文“Fr years, likes have been central t hw celebrities, brands, pliticians and everyday users experience Instagram and Facebk. It's a way f measuring ppularity and success.”多年来，点赞一直是名人、品牌、政客和日常用户体验Instagram和Facebk的核心重点。点赞是衡量受欢迎程度和成功的一种方法。接着用转折连词but引出下文 “But in recent mnths, Instagram has been rethinking hw likes cntribute t making its platfrm mre txic. ”可知，最近几个月，Instagram一直在反思“点赞”是如何让自己的平台变得更“txic”。But表示与前文相反的意思。可知，前文叙述“点赞”是一种有用方法，那“txic”是与之相反的，不好的。再结合“Instagram is abut t take its biggest step tward remving likes frm its platfrm..” Instagram即将迈出最大的一步，从它的平台上去除点赞。可推断出，去除点赞可能是因为它的不好的一面。分析选项A. prfitable有利可图的；B. pisnus有毒的；C. ppular受欢迎的；D. psitive积极的。可知A、C和D都是好的一面，只有B项是不好的。由此推断出“txic”是有毒的。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段“The majrity felt this mve wuld imprve well-being n the app. Instagram is the mst detrimental（不利的，有害的）scial netwrking app fr yung peple's mental health, such as negatively impacting bdy image, accrding t ne study.” 大多数认为此举将提高app的健康。一项研究显示，Instagram是对年轻人心理健康最有害的社交网络应用，比如对身体形象产生负面影响。由此可推断出Instagram影响了青少年的心理健康。故选A。
【12题详解】
主旨大意题。本文第一段叙述了Instagram即将迈出最大的一步，从它的平台上移除“点赞”。几个月来 Instagram一直在尝试在一些国际市场隐藏“点赞”功能。因为“点赞”平台变得更“有毒”的。接着下文具体分析了“点赞”造成的不好的影响，从而正要隐藏“点赞”。文章分析“点赞”带来的不好的影响，所以要在Instagram隐藏“点赞”功能。因此D项是最最佳题目。故选D。
【点睛】在阅读中我们经常会考查猜测词义题。事实上，阅读材料中的每个词与它前后的词语或句子甚至段落都有联系。运用逻辑推理猜测词义是使用最广考查最多也最易失分的猜词方式，这要求考生具备整合分散、复杂信息的能力，充分利用上下文（各种已知信息）并结合具体的语境推测、判断某些词或短语的词义。例如第2小题词意猜测题。根据划线词的上文“Fr years, likes have been central t hw celebrities, brands, pliticians and everyday users experience Instagram and Facebk. It's a way f measuring ppularity and success.”多年来，点赞一直是名人、品牌、政客和日常用户体验Instagram和Facebk的核心重点。点赞是衡量受欢迎程度和成功的一种方法。接着用转折连词but引出下文 “But in recent mnths, Instagram has been rethinking hw likes cntribute t making its platfrm mre txic. ”可知，最近几个月，Instagram一直在反思“点赞”是如何让自己的平台变得更“txic”。But表示与前文相反的意思。可知，前文叙述“点赞”是一种有用方法，那“txic”是与之相反的，不好的。再结合“Instagram is abut t take its biggest step tward remving likes frm its platfrm..” Instagram即将迈出最大的一步，从它的平台上去除点赞。可推断出，去除点赞可能是因为它的不好的一面。分析选项A. prfitable有利可图的；B. pisnus有毒的；C. ppular受欢迎的；D. psitive积极的。可知A、C和D都是好的一面，只有B项是不好的。由此推断出“txic”是有毒的。
D【答案】13. A 14. D 15. B 16. D
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章告诉我们如果人类要在火星上生存可以通过人类现有的技术在火星巨大的冰层上钻冰取水。
【13题详解】
词义猜测题。根据第一段The atmsphere f Mars is t dry t make extracting water vapur frm it pssible（火星的大气层太干燥，无法从其中_____水蒸气）可知，依据划线前提到了火星的大气层太干燥可推出从大气层“获取”水蒸气是不可能的。A. btaining 获取；B. prtecting 保护；C. preventing 阻止；D. chsing 选择。故选A项。
【14题详解】
推理判断题。根据第三段The drilling techniques needed have already been develped fr cld areas n Earth where we need t melt buried ice fr water. In the early 1960s the US Army used a type f subsurface reservir called Rd Well, in army camps in Greenland（在地球上寒冷的地区，我们需要融化地下的冰以获得水，而所需的钻探技术已经开发出来。在20世纪60年代早期，美国军队在格陵兰的军营中使用了一种叫做Rd Well的地下水库）可知融化地下冰已获得水的技术已经开发出来了。文章第一段中提及人类是无法从火星的大气层中获得水的，只能从巨大的冰层中钻冰取水。第三段告知我们钻冰取水的技术已经有了，将来可用于火星开发中。故选D项。
【15题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段They fund that with the pwer f 9 kilwatts （千瓦）t melt ice, it culd in thery prduce abut 380 liters f water each day and maintain a reservir f cnstant size at the bttm f a brehle(钻孔）. That is clse t the average daily water use each persn in the US, but abut 10 times what each astrnaut n the Internatinal Space Statin uses daily.他们发现，用9千瓦的能量融化冰，理论上每天可以产生380升的水，并在一个钻孔底部维持一个恒定大小的蓄水池。这接近于美国人均日用水量，但大约是国际空间站每位宇航员日用水量的10倍）可知，美国人均日用水量是380升的水，这个用水量是每位宇航员日用水量的10倍。因此可以算出宇航员日用水量38升左右。故选B 项。
【16题详解】
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段If humans ever settle n Mars, they will need water. There is just ne prblem---there seems t be nly huge sheets f ice. Luckily, we knw hw t drill ice fr water. Such methds are already used in Antarctica, and researchers nw think they culd get them t wrk n the Red Planet, t.（如果人类在火星定居，他们将需要水。只有一个问题——这里似乎只有巨大冰层。幸运的是，我们知道如何钻冰取水。这种方法已经在南极洲使用，研究人员现在认为他们也可以在这颗红色星球上使用）可知，如果人类要在火星上生存可以通过人类现有的技术在火星巨大的冰层上钻冰取水。在文章第二段提到，在火星上找到了可被人类利用的冰。文章第三段提到了现有的“钻冰取水”的技术。综合分析，故选D项。