2022高考英语一轮复习Unit4Astronomy：thescienceofthestars学案新人教版必修3

Unit 4 Astronomy：the science of the stars

(一)高频重点词汇分类记忆，用时少，功效高

Ⅰ.阅读词汇·读懂

默想下面单词的词性及含义，不会的在中做出标记并核对识记。

1.astronomy　　 2.astronomer　　 3.billion

4.carbon 5.acid 6.exhaust

7.dioxide 8.extinct 9.lessen

10.weightlessly 11.spaceship 12.mammal

13.fundamental 14.chain 15.multiply

16.oxygen

[自主核对区]

1．n.天文学　2.n.天文学家　3.pron. & n. & adj.〈英〉万亿；〈美〉十亿　4.n.碳　5.n.酸　6.vt.用尽；耗尽；使精疲力尽　7．n.二氧化物　8.adj.灭绝的；绝种的　9.vi. & vt.减少；减轻　10．adv.失重地　11.n.宇宙飞船　12.n.哺乳动物　13.adj.基本的；基础的　14.n.链子；连锁；锁链　15.vi. & vt.乘；增加　16.n.氧

Ⅱ.核心词汇·练通

1．atmosphere n. 大气层；气氛

2．solar adj. 太阳的；日光的

3．thus adv. 因此；于是

4．gentle adj. 温和的；文雅的

5．climate n. 气候

6．crash vi. & vt. 碰撞；坠落

7．pull n. & vt. 拉(力)；拖；牵引力

8．float vi. & vt. (使) 浮动；(使) 漂浮

n. 漂浮物

9．system n. 系统；体系；制度

10．theory n. 学说；理论

11．gravity n. 万有引力；重力

12．satellite n. 卫星；人造卫星

[语境活用]——根据汉语意思填写单词

1．There are a number of theories(理论) about what causes a person's inability to recognize obvious changes in his environment.

2．(2019·浙江卷6月)California has lost half its big trees since the 1930s, according to a study to be published Tuesday and climate(气候) change seems to be a major factor.

3．The meeting was held in a lively atmosphere(气氛) where everybody felt free to share his ideas.

4．We failed to find enough evidence, thus(因此) we concluded that he was innocent.

5．When the students on the playground saw the colorful balloons floating(漂浮) in the sky, they became excited.

Ⅲ.拓展词汇·用活

1．puzzle vt. & vi.(使)迷惑；(使) 为难 n．谜；难题→puzzled adj.迷惑不解的→puzzling adj.令人迷惑的

2．violent adj.猛烈的；激烈的；强暴的→violence n．暴力→violently adv.暴力地；猛烈地

3．unlike prep.与……不同；不像→dislike vt.& n．厌恶；不喜欢→[反义词]like vt.& n．喜欢 prep.相像→likely adj.可能的

4．harmful adj.有害的→harm n. & v．伤害→harmless adj.无害的

5．exist vi.存在；生存→existence n．存在；生存；实有

6．globe n．球体；地球仪；地球→global adj.全球性的；全世界的

7．religion n．宗教；宗教信仰→religious adj.宗教的

8．biology n．生物学→biologist n．生物学家

9．reaction n．反应；回应→react v．反应

10．physicist n．物理学家→physics n．物理

[语境活用]——用所给词的适当形式填空

1．(2020·浙江卷7月)In the past, there was often an automatic reaction(react) to increased traffic: just widen the roads.

2．Now that we are all part of the global(globe) village，everyone becomes a neighbour.

3．Newton was one of the greatest physicists(physics) in the world and many people admire him very much.

4．There was a puzzled look on the little girl's face because a puzzling problem puzzled her.(puzzle)

5．He often says that he doesn't believe in any religion,_but meanwhile he respects others' religious freedom.(religion)

6．As is known to us, everyone has his likes and dislikes．My little sister is fond of pop music.She is likely to become a famous pop singer in the future.(like)

(二)高频短语串记记牢用活，不枯燥，兴趣高

单元短语·再现

1．prevent...from... 阻止……；制止……

2．lay_eggs 下蛋

3．in_one's_turn 轮到某人；接着

4．get_the_hang_of 熟悉；掌握；理解

5．watch_out_for 密切注意；当心；提防

6．depend_on 依靠

7．in_time 及时；终于

8．give_birth_to 产生；分娩

9．cheer_up 感到高兴；感到振奋

10．now_that 既然

11．break_out 突发；爆发

12．block_out 挡住(光线)

[语境活用]——选用左栏短语填空

1．Only when the big fire which broke_out last week was put out would the villagers be allowed to return to their homes.

2．Our pet dog gave_birth_to two lovely puppies last weekend, one of which has been taken in by the Greens now.

3．My mother was cheered_up by the news that she was likely to be out of hospital in a day or two.

4．Now_that you have completed your task, it is time for you to have a good rest.

5．I hope that the contents on your website can be updated in_time so that we will not lose interest in your website.

会积累(日积月累，联想发散)

1.un­前缀高频形容词全接触

①unlike 与……不同；不像

②uncertain 不确定的

③unclear 不清楚的

④uncomfortable 不舒服的

⑤unfair 不公平的

⑥untidy 不整洁的

2.以­ful结尾的形容词集锦

①harmful 有害的

②useful 有用的

③helpful 有帮助的

④powerful 强大的

⑤careful 小心的

⑥faithful 忠实的

3.“阻止/禁止某人做某事”的多种表达

①阻止某人做某事

prevent/stop sb. (from) doing sth.

keep sb. from doing sth.

②禁止某人做某事

prohibit sb. from doing sth.

ban sb. from doing sth.

forbid sb. from doing sth.

(三)重点句型仿写背熟巧用，造佳句，表达高

   harmful　adj.有害的

[先练会]——单句语法填空

①As second­hand smoking is harmful(harm) and dangerous, people want a total ban against smoking in public.

②The plant, harmed(harm) by too much direct sunlight, has no chance of survival.

[再写美]——一句多译

有些男生沉迷于玩电脑游戏，这对他们的健康非常有害。

③Some boys are addicted to playing computer games, which_is_very_harmful_to_their_health．(定语从句，harmful)

④Some boys are addicted to playing computer games, causing_great_harm_to_their_health．(分词作状语，harm)

(1)be harmful to sb./sth.　　 对某人/某物有害

(2)harm n. & vt. 伤害；损害

 对某人有害

There is no harm in doing... 做……无害处

(3)harmless adj. 无害的　

[佳句背诵] For the benefit of people, the local government closed down some factories which had done a lot of harm to the environment.　为了人民的利益，当地政府关闭了一些对环境有极大危害的工厂。

   exist　vi.存在；生存

[先练会]——单句语法填空

①You can't imagine what difficulty they have existing(exist) on the money he is earning.

②When and how did heaven and earth come into existence(exist)?

③(2019·北京卷)A lot of business is still done over the phone, and much of it is based on trust and existing(exist) relationships.

[再写美]——微写作

④众所周知，年轻人和老年人之间存在代沟。

As is known to us, there_exists_a_generation_gap_between_the_young_and_the_old．

(1)exist on... 靠……为生

There exists... 某地有……；存在……

(2)existence n. 存在；生存

come into existence 产生；成立；开始存在

(3)existing adj. (仅用于名词前)目前的，现存的　

[佳句背诵] The parking place for bikes was an existing problem for a long time in our school.

在我们学校，自行车的存放是一个长久以来就存在的问题。

[名师点津] exist是不及物动词，没有被动语态，也不用于进行时态。

   puzzle　vt. & vi.(使)迷惑；(使)为难；(使)窘困；感到迷惑　n．(游戏的)猜谜；难题；谜

[先练会]——单句语法填空

①To be honest, I sometimes feel puzzled(puzzle) about my future career.

②All of us were puzzled by the puzzling questions raised by a six­year­old boy.(puzzle)

③Hearing the manager's explanation, he had a puzzled(puzzle) expression on his face.

[再写美]——微写作

④(2020·全国卷Ⅲ满分作文)这出戏最让我困惑的是我们应该如何为不同的角色使用恰当的舞台语言。

What_puzzles_me_most_about_the_play is how we should use proper stage languages for different roles.

(1)puzzle about/over　　 冥思苦想；苦苦思索

(2)a puzzle to sb. 一件让某人感到困惑的事情

(3)puzzling adj. 令人迷惑的

puzzled adj. 迷惑不解的；困惑的　

[佳句背诵] How life began on earth is one of the biggest puzzles that scientists found hard to solve.　地球上的生命是如何起源的是科学家们觉得很难解决的最大难题之一。

[名师点津] puzzled、confused、frightened、excited、surprised等词，用来修饰与人有关的一些名词，如look、voice、smile、expression、face等。

   in time　及时；终于；迟早

[先练会]——用time的相关短语填空

①(2018·全国卷Ⅱ满分作文)Hopefully, you should come early in_time for our activity.

②(2020·浙江卷7月读后续写)Once the helicopter landed, we got onto it in_no_time,_excited and relieved.

③(2020·新高考山东卷读后续写)At_the_same_time,_their mother went out to buy the paper bags that they needed.

[再写美]——句式升级

④(普通表达)In my view, you should at no time lose heart whenever you are in trouble.

(高级表达)As far as I'm concerned, at_no_time_should_you_lose_heart whenever you are in trouble.(倒装句)

in no time 立刻；马上

at no time 绝不

at a time 每次；一次

at one time 曾经；一度

at the same time 同时

from time to time 有时；偶尔　

[佳句背诵] As the old saying goes，“Where there is a will, there is a way.” Our efforts will pay off in time.　俗话说：“有志者，事竟成。”我们的努力迟早会有回报的。

   in one's turn　轮到某人；接着

[先练会]——单句语法填空

①In his turn, Paul rose to his feet and sang a folk song in Chinese.

②At the meeting they took turns to_put(put) forward a number of suggestions aiming to promote the reform of education system.

③The two sisters took care of their sick mother by turns.

[再写美]——微写作

④人们使用自己的小汽车避免公共交通延误，反过来，这造成了更多的问题。

People try to avoid public transportation delays by using their own cars, which in_turn_creates_more_problems．

in turn　　  依次；轮流；反之；反过来

by turns 轮流；交替地

take turns to do sth. 轮流做某事

It is one's turn to do sth. 轮到某人做某事了。

It turns/turned out that... 结果是……　

[佳句背诵] Now that we have finished designing, the company, in its turn, should do the constructing work.　既然我们已经完成了设计工作，就轮到该公司做建设工作了。

   cheer up　感到高兴；感到振奋；(使)高兴；(使)振奋

[先练会]——单句语法填空

①Cheer Mary up,_and things will work out for the best.

②They do this in order to encourage the crowds to cheer their sports team on．

[再写美]——词汇升级

③When I'm feeling sad, my mother tells me funny stories to make me happy.

→When I'm feeling depressed,_my mother tells me funny stories to cheer_me_up．

cheer sb. up 使某人振作起来

cheer sb. on (比赛中)以喝彩声鼓励某人；为某人加油

cheer for 为……而欢呼；给……加油　

[佳句背诵] I do hope she can cheer up and accept the challenge of life bravely！　我真心希望她能振作起来，勇敢地接受生活的挑战！

   动词＋it＋adj./n.(宾补)＋(for sb.)＋to do

(教材P26)This produced a chain reaction, which made it possible for life to develop.

这就产生了连锁反应，使生命的发展成为可能。

[先练会]——单句语法填空

①I thought it useful to include some humor tips for everyday life.

②Her new teaching method makes it possible for the students to become interested in English.

[再写美]——一句多译

(2018·全国卷Ⅲ满分作文)新建的体育馆足够大，这使我们有可能参加各种各样的活动。

③The newly­built stadium is large enough, which_makes_it_possible_for_us_to_take_part_in_various_activities．(定语从句)

④The newly­built stadium is large enough，making_it_possible_for_us_to_take_part_in_various_activities．(分词作状语)

(1)make＋it＋形容词/名词＋to do sth.；

make＋it＋形容词/名词＋that从句；

make＋it＋no good/no use/no value...＋doing sth.；

(2)常用于这种句型的动词还有think、consider、find、feel等。　

[佳句背诵] Having watched A Bite of China will make it easier for you to understand why he is determined to make his living by running a Chinese food restaurant in New York.　看了《舌尖上的中国》，你会更容易理解为什么他决定在纽约开一家中餐馆来谋生。

   倍数表达法：倍数＋as...as...

(教材P31)But when I tried to step forward, I found I was carried twice as far as on the earth and fell over.

但当我试着向前迈步的时候，我发觉我被送到步子跨度是地球两倍远的地方，因而我摔倒了。

[先练会]——单句语法填空

①The electronic waste stream is increasing three times faster(fast) than traditional garbage as a whole.

②The number of students now in this school is four times what it was ten years ago.

[再写美]——一句多译

(2018·全国卷Ⅲ)在建的体育馆是操场的三倍大。

③The new stadium being built will be twice_bigger_than the playground.(than)

④The new stadium being built will be three_times_as_big_as the playground.(as...as)

⑤The new stadium being built will be three_times_the_size_of the playground.(size)

(1)A＋be＋倍数＋as＋形容词的原级＋as B；

(2)A＋be＋倍数＋形容词的比较级＋than B；

(3)A＋be＋倍数＋the＋名词(size/weight/length/height...) ＋of B；

(4)A＋be＋倍数＋what从句，意为“A是……的多少倍”　

[佳句背诵] The teaching building being built now is four times as high as that one.

＝The teaching building being built now is three times higher than that one.

＝The teaching building being built now is four times the height of that one.

正在修建的教学楼是那个教学楼的四倍高。

提能训练一　阅读理解障碍词

Ⅰ.语境辨义——根据语境写出加黑词的词性及含义

1．(2020·浙江卷7月)I ran desperately but failed to catch up. The tractor crashed through a wooden fence and disappeared.

vi.碰撞

2．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)The fur trade kept nutria (海狸鼠) in check for decades, but when the market for nutria collapsed in the late 1980s, the cat－sized animals multiplied like crazy.

vi.繁殖，增殖

3．(2019·江苏卷)It seems obvious that evolution should select for larger brains.Mammals weighing sixty kilograms have an average brain size of 200 cm3.

n.哺乳动物

4．(2019·天津卷)The weak links may thus keep species from driving one another to extinction.

n.灭绝

Ⅱ.熟词生义——根据语境写出加黑词的词性及含义

1．(2020·全国卷Ⅱ)Some parents will buy any high－tech toy if they think it will help their child, but researchers said puzzles help children with math－related skills.

n.拼图游戏

2．(2020·全国卷Ⅲ)“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house，” says Kathryn Whitehead.

vt.提出(想法或计划)

3．(2019·江苏卷)Before Steve finished “Melancholy Flower，” his wife Joni thought the music talent of Steve was exhausted.

adj.耗尽的，用完的

Ⅲ.一词多义——根据语境选出pull及其相关短语的词性及含义

1．(2019·北京卷)Phytoplankton live at the ocean surface, where they pull carbon dioxide (二氧化碳) into the ocean while giving off oxygen.              A

2．(2019·北京卷)Just as in a game of tug­of­war (拔河比赛), whenever a person is added, everyone else pulls the rope with less force.              C

3．(2018·天津卷)It was only when the car pulled up in front of our house that we saw Lily in the passenger seat.              B

提能训练二　微语法填空

短文中黑体部分为本单元核心词汇和重点句式，请按照要求填好短文，并背诵体会黑体部分的用法。

Unlike stars in space, the moon is a satellite of our planet—the earth, 1.the only one suitable for life in the solar system. From ancient time, people 2.wished(wish) to be able to float in the air or travel to the moon. They even imagined the unbelievable life on the moon. However, it is impossible for people 3.to_live(live) on the moon, for there is no existence of atmosphere, 4.especially(especial) no oxygen and the climate is violent. Now that we can't live on the moon, why do 5.scientists(scientist) spare no effort to do research into it? That is because scientists are making use 6.of the special gravity, which is one­sixth 7.that of the earth, to improve the growing of crops. It is also used for 8.global(globe) communication. But some evil ones use space for military purpose. Now, it is 9.recognized(recognize) that the peaceful use of space is a fundamental principle. Most countries have signed agreements to prevent any country from 10.producing(produce) space weapons.

提能训练三　用本单元词汇、句式和语法知识写满分作文

假设你是李华，你爱好太空探险但是却得不到父母的理解，于是你给英国朋友斯蒂芬(Stephen)发电子邮件进行交流并请求帮助。要点如下：①父母的意见；②你的观点(至少写2点)；③请求帮助。

1．补全要点句(黑体部分请用本单元所学词汇)

①我和父母之间存在一个问题，使我不能专心学习。

There_exists_a_problem between my parents and me, and that has_made_it_impossible_for_me_to_concentrate_on_my_study．

②我对太空探险很痴迷，因此我业余时间常去图书馆，在那里我掌握了许多与太空探险有关的材料。

I am so crazy about space exploration that in my spare time I often go to the library, where_I_have_got_the_hang_of_much_about_space_exploration．

③这使我的父母很生气，因为他们认为我的爱好对我的学习有害。

This makes my parents very angry because they think my_hobby_is_harmful_to_my_study．

④使我沮丧的是他们总是阻止我去图书馆，并督促我花更多的时间在我的学习上。(主语从句)

What_upsets_me_is_that_they_always_prevent_me_from_going_to_the_library and urge me to spend_much_more_time_on my study.

⑤依我看，良好的爱好不仅对我的全面发展有益，而且有助于我日后的成功。

In my view, not only are healthy hobbies beneficial to my overall development but they can also contribute_to_my_success_in_time．

⑥既然你处理过类似的情况，我想知道你是否能给我一些建议。

Now_that_you_have_dealt_with_such_situation,_I'm wondering whether you can offer me some suggestions.

2．升级平淡句

⑦用现在分词作状语升级句①

There_exists_a_problem_between_my_parents_and_me,_making_it_impossible_for_me_to_concentrate_on_my_study.

⑧用非限制性定语从句升级句①

There_exists_a_problem_between_my_parents_and_me,_which_has_made_it_impossible_for_me_to_concentrate_on_my_study.

3．衔接成美文(注意使用适当的过渡衔接词汇：actually, however, moreover)

One possible version：

Dear Stephen，

There exists a problem between my parents and me, which has made it impossible for me to concentrate on my study.

Actually, I am so crazy about space exploration that in my spare time I often go to the library, where I have got the hang of much about space exploration.However, this makes my parents very angry because they think my hobby is harmful to my study.Moreover, what upsets me is that they always prevent me from going to the library and urge me to spend much more time on my study.In my view, not only are healthy hobbies beneficial to my overall development but they can also contribute to my success in time.

Now that you have dealt with such situation, I'm wondering whether you can offer me some suggestions.

Yours，

Li Hua