18-冲刺2022年中考英语首字母填空临考押题(上海专用)

冲刺2022年中考英语首字母填空临考押题（上海专用）18

（一）

New Zealand is a beautiful island country in the Pacific Ocean. There, snowy mountains rise high above the sea and grassy hills go across the land for miles. However, if you spend some time walking around the land, you’ll smell s_____1_____ different. Almost 30 million sheep and 10 million cows travel around those green hills and each one of them is farting(放屁).

That may sound like a joke. But scientists aren’t laughing. There are more cows and sheep than people in New Zealand: eight to one. And these animals fart more than 4 million tons of gas every year.

That gas adds to one of the most d_____2_____ problems we face today: global warming. The gas that farm animals produce is called methane(甲烷), a greenhouse gas which can lead to climate change. But sheep and cows are not the main r_____3_____. Most greenhouse gases are produced by factories and cars.

But in New Zealand, farm animals produce almost half the country’s greenhouse gases.

That’s why scientists in New Zealand are working hard to s_____4_____ the problem. They’ve found medicine that can r_____5_____ gas in sheep and cows. But most farm animals in New Zealand walk free. It’s hard to round them up to give them medicine.

There’s also a_____6_____ plan. Some scientists have put sheep in special scaled cages (密封笼子). They measure the gas that a sheep produces. It helps scientists find that some sheep naturally make less gas than others. When they breed those sheep together, their baby sheep farts less than their cousins.

It’s o_____7_____ a small improvement. But those baby sheep just might make the planet a better place to live.

答案：

1.something 2.dangerous 3.reason 4.solve 5.reduce 6.another 7.only

译文：

新西兰是太平洋上一个美丽的岛国。在那里，雪山高耸出海面，长满草的小山绵延数英里。然而，如果你花一些时间在这块土地上散步，你会闻到一些不同的味道。大约3000万只羊和1000万头牛在这些绿色的山上旅行，每头都在放屁。

这听起来像是个笑话。但科学家们并没有发笑。新西兰的牛羊比新西兰人多：八比一。而这些动物每年放屁超过400万吨的气体。

这种气体增加了我们今天面临的最危险的问题之一：全球变暖。农场动物产生的气体被称为甲烷，这是一种可以导致气候变化的温室气体。但绵羊和奶牛并不是主要的原因。大多数温室气体都是由工厂和汽车产生的。

但在新西兰，农场动物产生了该国几乎一半的温室气体。

这就是为什么新西兰的科学家们正在努力解决这个问题的原因。他们发现了可以减少绵羊和牛体内气体的药物。但新西兰的大多数农场动物都可以自由行走。很难包围他们，给他们送药。

还有另一个计划。一些科学家把绵羊放在特殊的比例密封笼子里。他们测量绵羊产生的气体。它帮助科学家发现，一些羊自然产生的气体比其他羊少。当他们一起繁殖这些羊时，他们的小羊比他们的表兄弟少。

这只是一个小小的进步。但这些小羊可能会让地球成为一个更好的居住地。

（二）

Do you wonder why schools take a break during summer for more than two months, while your parents s_____1_____ work hard? Well, it seems to start in the early 19th century. In the late 18th century, school calendars(日历) were different between cities and countries.

City schools were open all the year with just a few short breaks. H_____2_____, experts began to wonder: was a long school calendar good enough? Some experts felt that too much school time could make teachers and students tired. Meanwhile, sickness and poor h_____3_____ used to be common in the 18th century because of poorly ventilated(通风的) classrooms.

City officials cared about the warning of the experts and shortened the school year by a quarter. Summer was chosen rather than other seasons because diseases would s_____4_____ easily during the hot months. Besides, rich people in cities traditionally went away on vacations during summer.

On the other hand, country schools had quite different school calendars. In the 19th century, country kids spent just five or six months in school—two to three months in summer and the same in winter—and the rest of the year working on farms. So while city educators worried that children were too busy, officials in the country thought their students were too f_____5_____.

It was in the early 20th century that public-school officials in many farm states made their school year longer, and introduced the same summer break to country schools as city schools’.

But do you know that summer vacation is the time when you can lose what you have learned? According to Johns Hopkins Center, children score worse on tests in early September than in late June. Their research also s_____6_____ that longer breaks from school can stop the learning process for children. Students can lose about 2.6 months of grade level equivalency(等值) in Maths and reading skills over the summer months. Every year teachers in the new school year have to spend some weeks helping kids catch up with the materials they have f_____7_____ over summer vacation.

答案：

1.still 2.However 3.health 4.spread 5.free 6.shows 7.forgotten

译文：

你想知道为什么学校在暑假休息两个多月，而你的父母还在努力工作？它似乎始于19世纪初。18世纪末，城市和国家的校历是不同的。

城市学校全年都开放，只有几个短暂的休息时间。然而，专家们开始怀疑：一个较长的学校日历是否足够好吗？一些专家认为，太多的上学时间会让老师和学生感到疲劳。与此同时，由于教室通风不良，疾病和健康状况不佳在18世纪曾经很常见。

市政府官员很关心专家们的警告，并将整个学年缩短了四分之一。人们选择了夏天，而不是其他季节，因为疾病在炎热的季节很容易传播。此外，城市里的富人通常会在夏天去度假。

另一方面，乡村学校有完全不同的学校日历。在19世纪，乡村的孩子只在学校呆了五到六个月——夏天是两到三个月，冬天也是一样——一年剩下的时间在农场工作。因此，当城市的教育工作者担心孩子们太忙时，这个国家的官员们认为他们的学生太自由了。

正是在20世纪初，许多农业州的公立学校官员延长了学年，并为乡村学校引入了与城市学校相同的暑假。

但你知道暑假是你可以失去你所学到的东西的时候吗？根据约翰霍普金斯中心的数据，孩子们在9月初的考试中得分比6月底低。他们的研究还表明，长时间的休息会阻止孩子的学习过程。在夏季，学生可能会失去大约2.6个月的年级水平对等性。每年，新学年的老师们都要花几周的时间帮助孩子们赶上他们在暑假期间忘记的材料。

（三）

We see logos on signs, buildings, television，and even on the clothes we wear. Logos are used to stand for brands(品牌). There are logos such as the Nike "swoosh", the Apple logo and the colorful rings of the Olympic Games. All of these logos are designed to a_____1_____ our attention. They also help us remember a product or service connected to the logo. However, research performed at the University of California, Los Angeles finds that remembering the details of logos is very d_____2_____. The researchers try to explain this.

Logos are typically designed to be simple and easy to recognize. Y_____3_____ the frequent exposure(频繁接触) to these logos can actually make our brains overlook the details of logos. It would be challenging to try to remember every single thing that crosses our path. We take in so much information every day that the brain works to notice information that does not need to be stored. It a_____4_____ the unimportant information to disappear gradually from our memory.

The details of product logos are just the kind of information our brains tell us we do not need. This may be discouraging to logo designers and to companies that use these eye-catching logos. But there are still many business experts who believe in the i_____5_____ of a recognizable logo.

Even though the brain is likely to pay no attention to unnecessary details, it is also programmed for recognition. When we see logos over and over again, we become familiar with them. This repeated exposure leads our brains to remember the basic idea without all of the details. This general sense of memory has its own benefits. It can make us feel like we really know the product behind the logo. In fact, familiarity with a logo can even make people feel more c_____6_____ about buying or using certain products.

Logos are everywhere we look today. Those people who create logos need to know that people will only remember what they believe is important. A clever design may be interesting, but most people will f_____7_____ the details.

答案：

1.attract 2.difficult 3.Yet 4.allows 5.importance 6.comfortable 7.forget

译文：

我们在标志、建筑、电视，甚至我们穿的衣服上看到标志。标志被用来代表品牌。有耐克的“勾”，苹果的标志和奥运会的彩色戒指。所有这些标志都是为了吸引我们的注意。它们还能帮助我们记住与该标志相关联的产品或服务。然而，在加州大学洛杉矶分校进行的研究发现，记住商标的细节是非常困难的。研究人员试图解释这一点。

标识通常被设计为简单且易于识别。然而，频繁接触这些标识实际上会让我们的大脑忽略标识的细节。要想记住我们所遇到的每一件事都是很有挑战性的。我们每天接收如此多的信息，以至于大脑会注意到不需要存储的信息。它允许不重要的信息从我们的记忆中逐渐消失。

产品标识的细节只是我们的大脑告诉我们不需要的信息。这可能会让标志设计师和使用这些引人注目的标志的公司感到沮丧。但仍有许多商业专家相信一个可识别的标志的重要性。

尽管大脑可能不会注意不必要的细节，但它也被编程来识别。当我们一遍又一遍地看到标识时，我们就会熟悉它们。这种反复的暴露让我们的大脑在没有所有细节的情况下记住了基本的想法。这种一般的记忆感也有它自己的好处。它会让我们觉得我们真的知道这个标志背后的产品。事实上，熟悉一个商标甚至可以让人们对购买或使用某些产品感到更舒服。

我们今天看到到处都是标志。那些创造商标的人需要知道，人们只会记住他们认为重要的东西。一个聪明的设计可能很有趣，但大多数人会忘记细节。

（四）

What makes humans smarter than other animals? We’ve got a bigger brain, of course. But when it comes to brains, is bigger always better?

Traditionally, scientists have thought that humans’ better intelligence(智慧) came mostly from the f_____1_____ that our brains are three times bigger than those of our nearest living relatives, chimpanzees. People even used to believe that men are smarter than women because men have a little larger brains.                                               

This, however, is not the truth. Scientists at University College London in the UK have found that brain organization, and not brain size, is the k_____2_____ to the advantage of human intelligence, reported Live Science.

Through millions of years of gradual development, our ancestors(祖先) were pushed to get smarter all the time so that they could m_____3_____ the needs of new environments. However, holding this growing intelligence in increasingly large brains was not the best choice because bigger brains require more energy to power. “This is when reorganization may come into play,” said Christophe Soligo, a member of the London research team.

In the study, scientists looked at the brains of 17 kinds of primates(灵长目动物), i_____4_____ monkeys, apes and humans. They found that in the process of gradual development, brains didn’t keep growing as a whole. Certain parts of the brain grew more than others as needed, and in this way they could make the best use of their l_____5_____ brain space.

For example, when early humans were trying hard to live, the brain region(区域) which is in charge of using tools and finding food grew in size more than other regions. But in modern times, the prefrontal cortex(前额皮质)— the region in charge of social cognition(认知), moral judgments and goal-directed planning — grew more than the rest of the brain.

Think of the brain as a room. If a big room is poorly organized, it doesn’t necessarily s_____6_____ more things than a smaller one.

Paul Manger, a professor, explains this using the example of whales. He told Scientific American: “Whales have big brains. But if you look at the actual structure(结构) of the brain, it’s very simple. Brain size only matters if the rest of the brain is organized p_____7_____. ” 

答案：

1.fact 2.key 3.meet 4.including 5.limited 6.store 7.properly

译文：

是什么让人类比其他动物更聪明？当然，我们有一个更大的大脑。但说到大脑，越大总是更好吗？

传统上，科学家们认为，人类更好的智力主要来自于这样一个事实：我们的大脑比我们最近的亲戚黑猩猩大三倍。人们甚至曾经认为男人比女人聪明，因为男人的大脑要大一些。

然而，这并不是事实。据《现场科学》报道，英国伦敦大学学院的科学家们发现，大脑的组织，而不是大脑的大小，是人类智慧的优势的关键。

经过数百万年的逐渐发展，我们的祖先一直被逼得更聪明，以便他们能够满足新环境的需求。然而，在越来越大的大脑中保持这种不断增长的智力并不是最好的选择，因为更大的大脑需要更多的能量来获得能量。伦敦研究小组成员：“克利斯托夫·索利戈说。

在这项研究中，科学家们观察了17种灵长类动物的大脑，其中包括猴子、猿类和人类。他们发现，在逐渐发育的过程中，大脑并没有作为一个整体持续生长。大脑的某些部分在需要时比其他部分长得更多，这样他们就可以充分利用他们有限的大脑空间。

例如，当早期人类努力生存时，负责使用工具和寻找食物的大脑区域比其他区域长得更大。但在现代，前额叶皮层——负责社会认知、道德判断和目标导向规划的区域——比大脑的其他部分增长得更多。

你可以把大脑想象成一个房间。如果一个大房间组织不善，它不一定比一个小房间储存更多的东西。

保罗·马格教授以鲸鱼为例解释了这一点。他告诉《科学美国人》：“鲸鱼有很大的大脑。但如果你看看大脑的实际结构，它会非常简单。大脑的大小只有在大脑的其他部分组织正常时才会重要。”

（五）

Teens Making a Difference

The power of teens is making an influence. These students are showing they have a valuable talent for inspiring younger children to do their best.

Tutors(辅导教师) Program

Younger children sometimes are w_____1_____ about their homework. In one Seattle after-school program, student tutors come to help. They help the children with artworks when their homework is done. The younger students are happy to get help with their homework. They are even happier to get the attention of older students.

The younger students say the tutors are great role models. The student tutors say they get a great experience from working with younger children. It gives them confidence and i_____2_____ their communication skills.

Youth Coaches Program

What's b_____3_____ than a play day at school? A play day with teen coaches! Just ask the six hundred students at a Florida primary school. Each year, they spend a special day with some of high school athletes.

The teens teach all kinds of athletic skills. Some children learn to play basketball w_____4_____others learn to play tennis or football. The teens also take time to e_____5_____ how they balance sports and schoolwork and the young listeners hang on every word the teens say!

Dance Teachers Program

When parents in one Boston community were asked what they wished their children could do after school, they said, “Dance!” They probably wouldn't predict what happened next. Six teens volunteered to learn Latin dance. They wanted to teach the children in the community how to dance!

The teens formed a group and began s_____6_____ the dance steps they learned. The program grew quickly. More teens became teachers and more younger children learned to dance. For the younger children, it was a chance to spend time with teen role models that they admired. Today, the program is a big s_____7_____. Over three hundred children take part in the classes every year.

答案：

1.worried 2.improves 3.better 4.while 5.explain 6.sharing 7.success

译文：

发挥作用的青少年

青少年的力量正在产生影响。这些学生展示了他们有激励年幼的孩子做到最好的宝贵才能。

导师计划

年幼的孩子有时会担心他们的家庭作业。在西雅图的一个课外项目中，学生导师来帮助。当孩子们完成家庭作业时，他们会帮助他们制作艺术品。年轻的学生很高兴在家庭作业上得到帮助。他们甚至更高兴能得到高年级学生的注意。

年龄较小的学生说，导师是很好的榜样。学生导师说，他们通过和年幼的孩子一起工作获得了很好的经验。它给他们信心，提高他们的沟通技巧。

青年教练计划

还有什么比在学校里玩耍一天更好的呢？与青少年教练一起玩耍的一天！只要问问佛罗里达一所小学的600名学生就知道了。每年，他们都会和一些高中运动员一起度过一个特别的一天。

这些青少年教授各种运动技能。有些孩子学习打篮球，而另一些孩子则学习打网球或踢足球。青少年还会花时间解释他们是如何平衡运动和学业的，年轻的听众会坚持青少年说的每一个字！

舞蹈教师计划

当波士顿一个社区的家长们被问及他们希望孩子们放学后能做些什么时，他们说：“跳舞！”他们可能无法预测接下来会发生什么。6名青少年自愿学习拉丁舞。他们想教社区里的孩子们如何跳舞！

这些青少年组成了一个小组，并开始分享他们所学到的舞步。这个项目发展迅速。越来越多的青少年成为教师，更小的孩子学会了跳舞。对于年幼的孩子来说，这是一个陪伴他们所欣赏的青少年榜样的机会。今天，这个项目已经大获成功了。每年有300多名孩子参加这些课程。

（六）

Rupert Isaacson was born in London to African parents, and grew up in the English countryside where he discovered his love of horses. Later, as he grew up hearing so many fascinating m_____1_____ about Africa from his parents, he went there and lived with the people called the Bushmen of the Kalahari Desert.

By the year 2000, Rupert was already working as a reporter, writing articles and guidebooks about Africa and India. He met his wife Kristin in India. Today, they live with their son, Rowan, in the US. But Rupert f_____2_____ the greatest challenge of his life when, at the age of two, Rowan was diagnosed with an illness that harmed his ability to communicate with others.

Rupert discovered that spending time with horses and riding them was helping Rowan. But u_____3_____, the Bushmen of the Kalahari do not have horses. So the family set out for Mongolia, where horses have been important for long. Rupert has written about this journey to help his son in his book Horse Boy, and then he produced a documentary film of the same name. In the film, people have the c_____4_____ to see the family travelling in Mongolia, riding horses and meeting healers(治疗师) in order to help Rowan.

L_____5_____, Rupert set up the Horse Boy Foundation on his farm in Texas in order to help more people like Rowan. It is a school that teaches people how to use horses for healing. He wrote a_____6_____ book The Long Ride Home about travelling with Rowan to Africa, Australia and Arizona in the US. Then Rupert continued to produce the documentary programme Endangerous, with Rowan as host, about dangerous animals that were endangered.

Rupert Isaacson has m_____7_____ to discover the secrets of turning one challenge into many achievements.

答案：

1.memories 2.faced 3.unluckily 4.chances 5.Later 6.another 7.managed

译文：

鲁伯特·艾萨克森出生在伦敦，父母是非洲人，在英国乡村长大，在那里他发现了自己对马的热爱。后来，当他从父母那里听到了许多关于非洲的迷人回忆时，他去了那里，和喀拉哈里沙漠中的布须曼人生活在一起。

到了2000年，鲁伯特已经成为了一名记者，撰写了关于非洲和印度的文章和旅游指南。他在印度遇到了他的妻子克里斯汀。如今，他们和儿子罗文住在美国。但鲁伯特面临着他一生中最大的挑战，当时，两岁的罗文被诊断出患有一种疾病，这损害了他与他人沟通的能力。

鲁伯特发现，花时间和马在一起，骑着马是在帮助罗文。但不幸的是，喀拉哈里人的布须曼人并没有马。于是全家出发前往蒙古，那里的马一直很重要。鲁伯特在他的书《马的男孩》中写下了这次帮助他儿子的旅程，然后他制作了一部同名纪录片。在影片中，人们有机会看到这个家人在蒙古旅行，骑马和会见治疗师，以帮助罗文。

后来，鲁伯特在他位于德克萨斯州的农场里建立了马男孩基金会，以帮助更多像罗文这样的人。这是一所教人们如何使用马来治疗的学校。他还写了另一本书《长途旅行回家》，讲述了他和罗文一起去非洲、澳大利亚和美国的亚利桑那州旅行的故事。然后，鲁伯特继续制作纪录片《危险》，罗文担任主持人，讲述濒危的危险动物。

鲁伯特·艾萨克森已经设法发现了将一个挑战转化为许多成就的秘密。