阅读理解专题中考英语复习

中考重点题型系列之

                ——阅读理解（一）

学生课堂手稿student  handout

阅读理解题型

一、阅读理解题型

1.选择型

能根据不同的阅读目的运用简单的阅读策略获取信息

2.判断型

能根据上下文和构词法推断、判断题干或选项的正误

3.排序型

能找出文章中的主题，理解故事的情节， 预测故事情节的发展和可能的结局

4.匹配性

能根据上下文和构词法推断、理解生词的含义

5.填空型

能理解段落中各句子之间的逻辑关系

6.回答问题型

能够概括理解文章主题，理解作者意图

二、选择型阅读理解

1.细节理解题  questions of details

2.词义猜测题  words in context

3.推理判断题  questions of inference

4.主旨归纳题  main idea

阅读理解微技能

一、细节理解题

细节理解题在中考英语阅读理解试题中所占比例最大，但这部分题目相对来说比较简单，只要通过题干的关键词，在文中找到题目的相关信息，仔细对比，就能得出答案。其正确选项特征为：同义替换、语言简化、正话反说等。其干扰项特征为：张冠李戴、无中生有、曲解文意、颠倒是非等。

细节理解题常见的题干设问形式：

疑问句式

以5W1H(what，who，when，where，why和how)等开头的特殊疑问句。

What did...plan to do after...?

Which is the right order of the events given in the passage?

How did ...happen?

Which...is close to...?

是非题的形式

常含true (except)，not right/correct (except)等词语。

Which of the following statements is (not) true/correct?

All the statements are true except ________.

不完整的陈述句式

According to...，before...，Americans had little idea about

Americans had little idea about ________.

To keep healthy，people are advised ________.

By the first sentence of the passage，the author means that ________.

To look for details.

直接查找细节题

   One day, almost 150 years ago, a cook in an expensive restaurant in New York State was preparing popular food --- French fries. A customer in the restaurant didn’t like the French fries, and complained(抱怨) because they were too thick. The cook cut some potatoes into thinner pieces and fried them. The waiter brought them to the customer. The customer tasted them, and asked to see the cook because he was still 6not satisfied.

37. According to the passage, ______ were very popular about 150 years ago.

     A. potato chips   B. hamburgers   C. sandwiches   D. French fries

a     What is the most popular fast food today? Potato chips? Hamburgers? Or Sandwiches? Walk into almost any supermarket or corner store in America and you will see potato chips. Americans are the biggest eaters of potato chips and people in many other parts of the world enjoy them too. Do you know where this very popular fast food comes from?

b     One day, almost 150 years ago, a cook in an expensive restaurant in New York State was preparing popular food --- French fries. A customer in the restaurant didn’t like the French fries, and complained(抱怨) because they were too thick. The cook cut some potatoes into thinner pieces and fried them. The waiter brought them to the customer. The customer tasted them, and asked to see the cook because he was still not satisfied.

c      The cook went to speak to the customer. The customer complained loudly about the chips again. The cook became very angry because the customer was so rude. He decided to play a trick(戏弄) on the customer. He cut some potatoes so thin that the customer wouldn’t be able to pick them up. To the cook’s surprise, the customer loved the new chips, and soon other customers wanted them too. People went home to tell their friends about this new food. The chips became so popular that the cook opened his own restaurant.

39. The correct order(顺序) of the following sentences is _____.

     ① The cook opened his own restaurant.

     ② The customer complained about the French fries because they were too thick.

     ③ The cook worked in an expensive restaurant in New York State.

     ④ To the cook’s surprise, the customer loved the new chips.

     ⑤ The cook played a trick on the customer.

A.③④⑤②①   B. ①②④⑤③   C. ③②⑤④①   D. ⑤③①②④

summary

细节理解和细节判断 解题技巧：

1. 细心审题，直接就题找答案
2. 变通理解，间接转述找答案
3. 多点归纳，综合事实找答案

二、推理判断题

推理判断题考查考生根据字面意思，通过逻辑关系，研究细节，推敲作者的态度，理解文章寓意的能力。推理判断题涉及的可能是文中一句或几句话，甚至是文章或段落的主题，弄清正确选项或干扰选项特征是做题的关键。其正确选项特征为：立足原文，只推一步；一般不可出现绝对概念。其干扰选项特征为：曲解文意、张冠李戴、偷梁换柱、无中生有、鱼目混珠、扩缩范围等。

Wang Yan, a 15-year-old Chinese girl, likes eating snacks very much. She prefers cream biscuits, McDonald’s hamburgers and KFC chicken. As a result, she has become overweight.

    Today in China, there are many children like Wang Yan. Health experts say children should have healthy eating habits. First, they must eat regular meals and begin with a healthy breakfast. Second, they should have different kinds of foods such as fruit, vegetables, grain, eggs, milk and meat. Third, children shouldn’t eat too much junk food. It is delicious, but eating it often is bad fortheir health. If children do as the experts say, they won’t become overweight. They will be healthier. Students won’t become tired at school, and they will have enough energy to study hard.

What will be the result if we do as the experts say? We will be _______.

A. overweight         B. healthier        C. tired at school      D. confident

We always celebrated Dad’s birthday on Thanksgiving Day, even after he entered a nursing home. When we knew it might be his last birthday, the whole family decided to get together for a huge birthday celebration at the nursing home.

  Dad was a good storyteller and we were always his listeners. During a quiet moment, I announced it was now Dad’s turn to listen to stories for a change. I wanted everyone to tell Dad what we loved about him. The room became quiet. Then one after another, people told stories from their hearts, while Dad listened with tears in eyes.

      Everyone seemed to have more than one story. Even the little grandchildren couldn’t wait to tell Dad why they loved him. For a man who had been kind to so many hundreds of people in his life, here was our chance to tell him how much we love him. A few months later, at Dad’s memorial service, we more fully realized what we had given to Dad that night. Those are the stories people normally tell at a funeral (葬礼) after a loved one is no longer alive to hear the words. They tell stories, full of tears. But we had given those memories to Dad in his life, and we had told them through laughter, together with hugs and joy. He had them to hold and enjoyed them from time to time in his mind during his last days and months.

       Words do matter, and they are enough. We just need to say them or to speak them publicly to the ones we love. That’s the ways to give back love and that’s our chance to celebrate a person in his or her life.

From the passage, we know the writer’s father was ______ to hear the stories.

A. surprised           B. moved         C. sad          D. frustrated

summary

如何推测文章的观点或结论

★ 答题窍门：这类问题问的不一定是全文的中心思想或作者的全部观点，可能只是文章中的某一观点。但要推测出文中的某一观点，仍离不开对全文主要观点或中心思想的把握。

如何推断文章的隐含意义

★ 干扰选项：（1）文章中直接表达的信息；

                       （2）无关紧要或片面推出的结论；

                       （3）完全相反的结论等。

★ 答题误区：考生易误选文章中直接表达的信息的选项或片面的结论选项。

★ 答题窍门：（1）全面分析所有相关信息，切忌片面思考，得出片面结论；

         （2）忠实于原文，切忌脱离原文，凭空臆断；

                       （3）切忌选择表层信息选项，应该立足由已知推断未知。

三、主旨大意题

主旨大意题主要考查考生把握全文主题和理解中心思想的能力，以概括中心大意、段落大意、选择标题及判断作者写作意图等形式出现。其正确选项特征为：涵盖性强，覆盖全文或全段；确定的范围恰当，既不太大，也不太小；精确性强，不会改变语言表意的程度及色彩。其干扰选项特征为：过于笼统，不知所云；以偏概全，主次不分；移花接木，偷换概念；无中生有，生搬硬套等。

Question forms:

What’s the main idea（主要大意） of the passage?

This passage is mainly about….

Which of the following is the best title（标题） for the   passage?

What’s the topic（话题） of the text?

The writer writes the article to _______.

 What is the most popular fast food today? Potato chips? Hamburgers? Or Sandwiches? Walk into almost any supermarket or corner store in America and you will see potato chips. Americans are the biggest eaters of potato chips and people in many other parts of the world enjoy them too. Do you know where this very popular fast food comes from?

   One day, almost 150 years ago, a cook in an expensive restaurant in New York State was preparing popular food --- French fries. A customer in the restaurant didn’t like the French fries, and complained(抱怨) because they were too thick. The cook cut some potatoes into thinner pieces and fried them. The waiter brought them to the customer. The customer tasted them, and asked to see the cook because he was still not satisfied.

   The cook went to speak to the customer. The customer complained loudly about the chips again. The cook became very angry because the customer was so rude. He decided to play a trick(戏弄) on the customer. He cut some potatoes so thin that the customer wouldn’t be able to pick them up. To the cook’s surprise, the customer loved the new chips, and soon other customers wanted them too. People went home to tell their friends about this new food. The chips became so popular that the cook opened his own restaurant.

40. The best title for this passage is _____.

      A. The story of potato chips

      B. The taste of potato chips

      C. Ways of making potato chips

      D. A trick on a customer’s potato chips

Our new foreign students are going to arrive very soon, and here are some ways to communicate with them politely. How close do you stand when you talk to a friend? You can stand close to people in the Middle East but don’t stand too close to North Americans! Give them more personal space.

Do you know How to touch people correctly? Chinese girls often walk arm in arm with their friends. South Americans sometimes hold your arm when they talk to you, so you can’t move away! But in Britain many people don’t like other people to touch them at all. Do you look at people when you talk? In some places, it isn’t polite to look at people when you talk, but in other countries it isn’t polite to look somewhere else. In Britain and the US, people usually look at each other when they talk.

And how do you say goodbye? That’s easy, wave(挥手) to say goodbye. But be careful! In Greece, it’s not at all polite! In fact, it’s very rude!

(     ). What’s the best title of this passage?

         A. Saying goodbye         

         B. Touching people

         C. Looking at people       

         D. communicating politely

 Recently, many people have  begun to try a new way of   doing shopping through the Internet. They are interested in it.

     Why is it becoming more and more popular now? There are some reasons. First, more and more people have their own computers and their computers can be joined with the Internet. Second, shopping through the Internet can save them some money and a lot of time. Third, they don’t need to go to the shop .

 On the other hand , some people don’t like this new way of shopping. They are worried about the safety of shoppingonline. And they can’t enjoy the pleasure of buying things. These are the reasons why they don’t like it.

 But I think more and more people will like this new way of shopping in the future.

1. What’s the best title of this passage?

         A. Why don’t people like going shopping?

         B.  Shopping through the Internet is very popular.

         C.  Why do people like shopping online.

         D.   How do people shop with little money.

summary

专项解题方法：

1. 首段指出中心; 尾段对全文进行总结归纳。

2. 学会在头脑中形成mind map，更好把握文章中心。

注意：要理解文章作者的原意， 而不能按你自己的意愿去想当然。

四、词义猜测题

中考阅读理解试题中对于词义猜测题的考查力度逐步加大。词义猜测是一种阅读技巧和能力，考查考生在短时间内根据上下文快速猜测所指定的某一个生词、词组或者句子含义的能力，而这些词或词组往往超出考纲范围。要做好该类试题需要：利用上下文线索猜测词义(重述、定义、举例、同义词或近义词、反义词等)；根据语法知识猜测词义；根据上下文逻辑猜测词义；根据构词法猜测词义；根据常识或背景知识猜测词义等。

Question forms:

The word “…”in the passage probably means_____.

The underlined word means _______.

What does the word “…”mean？____

The word “…”refers to _______.

The close meaning of the underlined word “…” is   ______ in English.

根据上下文的对比关系来理解词义

   【2014咸宁】As always, the people are the most interesting part. A Bite of China 2 shows a greater dream—through homemade food, it tells the joys and sorrows of common Chinese in changing times, according to director Chen Xiaoqing of the documentary series.

What does the underlined word “sorrows” mean in Chinese?

A. 故事          B. 伤害              C. 快乐          D. 悲伤

根据上下文的因果关系来理解词义

When he was 12 years old, he got his first job. He became a newsboy on a train. He did experiments on the train in his spare time. Unluckily, his first work experience did not end well. They fired him when he accidentally set fire to the floor of the train. Then Edison worked for five years as a telegraph operator, but he continued to spend much of his time in experimenting his first patent(专利权) in 1868 for a vote recorder run by electricity.

The underlined word “fired” in the passage means “__________”.

A. Gave somebody a job       B. Set fire to somebody  

C. Let somebody down               D. Forced somebody to leave his job

根据上下文的论证关系来理解词义

Children do not have much experience or knowledge. However, they are natural dreamers. We should not laugh at them for being naive. Many great men were dreamers when they were children. One such dreamer was Thomas Edison. He used to be ostracized (排斥) when he was in primary school, but his achievements were greater than everyone else’s in his time.

   The underlined word “naive” in the passage means “______” in Chinese.

A. 逆反的  B. 幼稚的  C. 调皮的   D. 冲动的

summary

1.根据上下文进行逻辑上的推理猜测词义。

2.通过构词法猜词。

3.通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词。

高分技巧

一、Step One:略读(skimming)

Step Two:查读(scanning)

Step Three:研读(study reading)

skimming弄清文章大意

scanning寻找所需信息

studyreading准确理解含义

二、1.关注起承转合的过渡词，如however，but，moreover，therefore，hence， thus，nevertheless等，要特别注意句子前后意义的转折，递进，因果等关系。

2. 警惕语气绝对的词，如：must, never, the most, all, merely, only, have to, any, no, none，completely,absolutely 等，通常不是答案

3. 关注试探性语气的词，如probably,  possibly,  may, usually, might,  more or less,relatively, be likely to, not necessary, ，tend to，be liable to，往往是答案

三、了解题目设计常考位置

因果关系处

转折处

引言处

列举处

比较处

高分实战

（293词）2015

      One morning Ann’s neighbor(邻居) Tracy found a lost dog near the local school. She asked Ann if she could keep an eye on the dog. Ann said that she could watch it only for the day.

      Tracy took photos of the dog and printed off 400 FOUND fliers(传单)，and put them in mailboxes. At the same time, Ann went to the animal shop and bought some pet food, warning her two sons not to fall in love with the dog. Ann’s son Thomas was 10 years old, and Jack, who had just had a heart operation(手术), was 12 years old.

Four days later Ann was still looking after the dog, which they had started to call Riley. When she arrived home from work, the dog threw itself against the door and barked(吠) madly at her. As soon as she opened the door, Riley ran into the boys’ room where Ann found Jack lying with the serious heart illness. Riley ran over to Jack, but as soon as Ann began to help him, the dog became quiet.

      “If it hadn’t come to get me, the doctor said Jack would have died,” Ann reported to a local newspaper. At this point, no one had called to ask back the dog, so Ann decided to keep it.

      The next morning Tracy got a call. A man named Peter saw his lost dog from the flier. Tracy started crying, and told him, “That dog saved my friend’s son.”

Peter drove to Ann’s house to pick up his dog, and saw Thomas and Jack crying in the window. After a few moments Peter said, “Maybe Odie was happy to find you, maybe you should keep it.”

37. What did Tracy do after finding the dog?

A. She looked for its owner.       B. She gave it to Ann as gift.

C. She sold it to the animal store.   D. She bought some food for it.

38. How did the dog help save Jack?

A. By breaking the door for Ann.      B. By leading Ann to Jack’s room.

C. By carrying Jack out of the room. D. By looking after Jack when Ann was out.

39. Peter called Tracy in order to _____.

A. take back his dog              B. return the flier to het

C. help her friend’s son            D. have a talk with Tracy

40. From the last paragraph we can know that the dog would be ___.

A. sold at last                     B. kept by Ann’s family

C. returned to Peter                D. taken away by Tracy

(2019河北)

(2019河北)What are you holding in your hand while you are taking the examination? Right. A pen.

Though it is small, the pen has changed the history, improved the trade of countries, recorded events, carried news, and done far more work for human beings than all other tools.

Progress without it would have been almost impossible. The invention of the wheel, the introduction of steam engine(蒸汽机), the use of electricity, all these have changed the lives of millions of people, but the pen has done more. It has taken away mountains, and it has prepared the way for all progress and development of the society.

In the past the pen did all the work if you wanted to keep any writing for some time. The lawyers took up their pens and wrote the law of the country from the days when papyrus(纸莎草纸) was first used. The most famous letters in the world were written with a pen. It was with a pen that the greatest thinkers of all time wrote down their thoughts.

The pen is very utilitarian. We cannot sign a bill or write a letter or buy a house without our pen. An agreement is worthless till our name is written with a pen. The writers encourage the world with it. The students take their examinations with it as well.

Our coming into the world is recorded with a pen. Before we have been at school, our name is written on the name list with a pen. We cannot be married till we have signed. A pen records the important events in our life.

Let us remember that we hold in our hand the most powerful instrument which man owns. The pen is a magic tool. Whenever you use it, enjoy it.

56. What’s is the writer trying to do in this passage?

A. Describe what a pen looks like.            B. Introduce the history of the pen.

C. Advise people to prepare a new pen.        D. Show the importance of the pen.

57. The word “mountains” in the third paragraph refers to(指代) “something to ________”.

A. explain the use of electricity            B. lower the students’ scores

C. stop the social development            D. change the law of the country

58. The lawyers started to write the law of the country _______.

A. before their thoughts were changed        B. when papyrus was first used

C. as soon as they recorded their names        D. after they took an important exam

59. The underlined word “utilitarian” in the passage means “______”.

A. cheap                B. boring            C. special            D. useful

60. What is the best title for this passage?

A. A Powerful Tool                        B. An Important Law

C. A Valuable Record                    D. An Exciting Event