高中英语上教版必修一 Unit2.同步资料含课文翻译（含答案）


Unit 2 Language and Culture

In this unit, we are going to
·describe feelings related to cross-cultural experiences
·discover cross-cultural differences in languages
·illustrate an idea with an example
·listen for the main idea,attract the audience’s attention while giving a presentation,and write supporting sentences

Reading A
Have you had any confusing moments in another culture?Read the story and find out what might be the cause(s).

THE CONFUSING WAY MEXICANS TELL TIME

v When I first set foot on表示踏入的意思，尤指以前未曾到过的地方。
Mexican soil, I spoke Spanish well. So when I asked a local ice-cream seller for an ice-cream, and he said “ahorita”,which directly translates to “right now,” I took him at his wordtake sb. at his word表示相信了某人的话。
, believing that its arrival was immediate.

v I sat near his shop and waited. Half an hour passed and still no ice-cream arrived, so I asked again about it. “Ahorita,” he told me again. His face was a mix of confusion and maybe even embarrassment.

v I was torn. Waiting longer wasn’t pleasant, but I felt it was impolite to walk away, especially if the ice-cream was now being delivereddeliver表示递送的意思。
delivered food 外卖
just for me. But finally, after waiting too long, I made a rushmake a rush for sp. 匆匆赶往某地。
for the nearest bus to take me home. As I left, I signaled at my wristsignal做动词有发信号，示意的意思。

and shrugged to the ice-cream seller. Obviously I couldn’t wait any longer and it really wasn’t my fault. His face was, once again, one of total confusion.习惯性表达，表程度，翻译成十分疑惑。


v This experience faded fade表示“逐渐消失，褪色”的意思。它是一个不及物动词。
from my memory until years later when I came back to live in Mexico. I discovered that understanding “ahorita” took not a fluency in这两句话的字面意思比较晦涩，在理解了fluency的基础之上可以意译。
the language, but rather a fluency in the culture. When someone from Mexico says “ahorita,” it should almost never be taken literally该副词有2个重要意思：一是表强调，真地；真正地；二是表示从字面意思上。这两种用法都会经常考到。
; its meaning changes greatly with context. As a linguist told me, “Ahorita could mean tomorrow, in an hour, within five years or never.” It is even used as a polite way of saying “no, thanks” when refusing an offer.

v Difficulty in explaining what I have come to call “Ahorita Time” is a reflection of different cultural understandings of time. Since I moved to Mexico, my attitude towards time has changed dramatically这又是一个常考的副词，表示程度，“大幅，显著，戏剧般地”
. I don’t worry so much about being late; I am generally still on time for appointments, but when I’m not, I don’t panic. Ironically具有讽刺意味地
, it would seem that “Ahorita Time” has actually allowed me to live far more in the “right now” than I ever did before.


【参考译文】

墨西哥人报时方式的“骚操作”

v 当我第一次踏上墨西哥的土地时，我的西班牙语说得很好。所以，当我向当地的冰淇淋小贩要冰淇淋时，他说的是“ahorita”(直译为“现在”)，我相信了他的话，认为它马上就会到来。

v 我坐在他的商店附近等着。半个小时过去了，冰淇淋还没有到，所以我又问了一遍。“ahorita，”他又对我说。他的脸上混杂着困惑，甚至可能是尴尬。

v 我要炸了。等得久一点并不让人愉快，但我觉得走开是不礼貌的，尤其是如果现在冰淇淋是专为我送的。但最后，在等了太久之后，我匆忙赶去最近的公共汽车回家。离开时，我示意了一下自己的手腕，对卖冰淇淋的小贩耸了耸肩。显然我不能再等了，这真的不是我的错。他的脸又一次显得十分疑惑。

v 这段经历逐渐从我的记忆中消失，直到多年以后我回到墨西哥生活。我发现理解“ahorita”并不需要流利的语言，而是需要对文化理解的顺畅。当来自墨西哥的人说“ahorita”时，几乎不应该从字面上理解;它的意思会随着上下文的变化而变化很大。正如一位语言学家告诉我的那样，“Ahorita可能意味着明天，一个小时内，五年之内，甚至永远不会。”甚至在拒绝某项工作时，它也被用来礼貌地说“不，谢谢”。

v 难以解释我所称的“ahorita时间”是不同文化对时间理解的反映。自从我搬到墨西哥后，我对时间的态度发生了巨大的变化。我不太担心自己会迟到;我通常还是能准时赴约，但如果不能准时赴约，我也不会惊慌。具有讽刺意味的是，似乎“Ahorita Time”实际上让我比以前更能活在“当下”。


Digging in
Comprehension
I.Below is an outline of the passage you have just read.Complete the diagram with information from the text.
Setting
Time:
Place: in Mexico
Character(s):
Climax
The author was torn and .
Development
The author then waited because .
However,half an hour later,when she asked again,the ice-cream seller felt
.
Ending
The author left the shop after a long time.The seller looked .
Beginning
The author asked a local ice-cream seller for an ice-cream,and the seller answered .
Message
Understanding “ahorita” took not a fluency in the language,but rather
.
II.Answer the questions.
1.What did “ahorita” mean to the author?What might the ice-cream seller mean by saying “ahorita”?
2.What did the author suggest by saying “I was torn” (line 12)?
3.Why didn’t the author worry so much about being late after moving to Mexico years later?
4.Do you think Spanish people would mean the same as Mexicans when they say “ahorita”?Why or why not?

Vocabulary Focus
I. Key Vocabulary
Fill in the blanks with the appropriate forms of the given words and expressions to complete the passage.
confusion
deliver
reflection
refuse an offer
context
set foot on
signal
torn
This is a story about how a foreigner got confused about a Mexican word even though she could speak fluent Spanish.It happened when she Mexican soil for the first time.She asked an ice-cream seller for an ice-cream,and he said “ahorita”.She thought it would
immediately because the word can be directly translated to “right now”.But she waited for half an hour and still no ice-cream came.When she asked the seller about it,he said “ahorita” again,with his face showing .She felt between waiting and walking away.Finally,she had to go home,so she to the seller that she could not wait any longer.Years later back in Mexico,she came to realise that the meaning of “ahorita” changes according to its .It could mean “tomorrow,” within five years, “never,” or even “no,thanks” when one wants to . “Ahorita Time” is a of different cultural understandings of time.That is,understanding “ahorita” takes not a fluency in the language,but a fluency in the culture.
II.Word Formation:Prefixes
1.Read the sentence and rewrite it with the opposites of the underlined words without changing the meaning.
Waiting longer wasn’t pleasant,but I felt it was impolite to walk away.
Waiting longer was ,but I felt it wasn’t to walk away.
A prefix is a letter or a group of letters added to the beginning of a word to indicate or modify its meaning.
Prefix
Word
Word with a prefix
im-
polite
impolite
in-
expensive
inexpensive
un-
fortunate
unfortunate
fold
unfold
dis-
appear
disappear
advantage
disadvantage
mis-
understanding
misunderstanding
cross-
cultural
cross-cultural
en-
rich
enrich
pre-
view
preview
co-
operation
cooperation
2.Add a prefix in the left box to a word in the right box to make a new word.Fill in the blanks with the new words.
Prefix:cross-/en-/mis-/inter-/un-/co-/tele-
Word:cultural/understanding/phone/able/certainty/operation/national
Culture shock refers to a sense of confusion or with feelings of anxiety when people are introduced to a foreign environment.
If you are a(n) student experiencing culture shock,here are some tips that might help:
·Research the host country’s culture and build up awareness.
·Look for activities that you to interact with other students who share your interests.
·Stay calm when some occurs and reach out for help if necessary.
·Keep in touch with your family and friends via email,video chat or .
·Value and prepare to work with other students.
Grammar in Use
Basic sentence patterns
I.Read the passage and tell how many sentence patterns there are.
The origin of the English word hello is the French hola.It roughly means “whoa there!” (ho,la).But the French people do not make hola a greeting word.The Italian word Ciao finds its origin in the Venetian phrase s-ciao vostro or s-ciao su.The literal translation is “I am your slave.” In fact,the meaning is “at your service.”
Grammar Highlights
S+V:Subject+Verb(vi.)
the meaning of the idiom(S) changes greatly(V).
S+V+C:Subject+Linking Verb+Complement
I(S) was(V) torn(C).
S+V+O:Subject+Verb(vt.)+Object
I(S) spoke(V) Spanish(O) well.
S+V+O+C:Subject+Verb+Object+Complement
She(S) found(V) the word “ahorita”(O) confusing(C).
S+V+Oi+Od:Subject+Verb+Indirect Object+Direct Object
She(S) gave(V) him(Oi) a signal(Od).
II.Identify the sentence pattern of each sentence in the paragraph.An example is given.
Today my friend told me a funny story(S+V+Oi+Od).One day,an American was meeting a Chinese man( ).As the visitor saw the host’s wife( ),he said, “Your wife is very beautiful.”( )The host smiled( )and said, “Where?Where?” It made the American very surprised( ),but still he answered( ), “Eyes,hair,nose.” Of course the host found the answer a bit puzzling( ).We know that cultural differences in languages caused the confusion( ). “Where?Where?” in Chinese is a kind of humble expression( ),but the American understood it as “Which parts of the body?”
III.Complete the story according to the pictures and the clue word.Try to use as many different sentence patterns as possible.
1.restaurant
2.milk
3.cow
4.bullfight
A couple were travelling in Spain.One day they went into a small restaurant for lunch.They did not speak the local language and the waiter did not speak their language ...


Listening and Viewing
Cultural Differences in Body Language (Radio programme)
I.If you were a traveller in Spain,how would you use your body language to ask the waiter for milk?
II.Listen and choose the main idea of the programme.
A.Gestures differ from country to country in expressing similar ideas.
B.Similar gestures may have different meanings in different countries.
C.People often use their hands or heads to express their feelings.
D.People in different countries use different gestures to show disagreement.
III.Fill in each blank with no more than two words.Then listen again and check.
Using gestures to express what you are feeling is common in some countries but not in others.Shaking heads mostly means ‘no,’ but in some countries it can mean the .For
example,in Greece,shaking heads means ;in Bulgaria,it means ;and in India,it means lots of .Besides,in some areas of southeastern Europe,
means ‘no.’
IV.Some gestures may convey different messages in different cultures.Give an example.

“I Don’t Care.” vs. “I Don’t Mind” (Mini-lecture)
I.Before watching,complete the dialogues with “I don’t care” or “I don’t mind”.
1.Do you mind giving a free ride to a stranger?

2.Would you like to have tea or coffee?

II.Watch Part I of the video and choose the best answer.
The video is about the difference .
A.between tea and coffee
B.in making decisions in the US and the UK
C.between American and British English
D.in showing disagreement in the US and the UK
III.Watch Part II of the video and complete the diagram.
I’m happy with either alternative.
American English:
But in British English,it means you are not interested.
British English:
But in American English,it makes .
IV.Answer the questions.
1.What other differences between American and British English are mentioned in the video?
2.Can you give more examples to show differences between American and British English?

Moving Forward
Introducing a Chinese Food
I.Writing:Writing about a Chinese word
Suppose some students from your sister school abroad are visiting your school.
You are asked to give a talk about “Chinese words and their stories.”
Step 1:Work in groups.Brainstorm about words in Chinese and their different usages in different contexts.The words can be confusing,interesting or funny,such as “ahorita” in Mexican Spanish or “chi” in Chinese.
Step 2:Choose one word and list its different usages or stories.Find out the peculiar cultural message behind the word.
Step 3:Write a topic sentence based on the information.Find relevant details and put them in the supporting sentences.
Writing Strategy (Writing supporting sentences)
All the supporting sentences should be related to the topic sentence.Good supporting sentences have different goals.Writers use them to explain,describe,give reasons,give facts,give examples or define.
Tick (√) the sentences that are related to the given topic sentence.
Topic sentence:
A simple Chinese word “chi” (to eat) has a lot of extended meanings.
Supporting sentences:
□As the saying goes, “People can’t do without food.”
□Chinese people’s love or concern for food has lent many colorful expressions to their mother tongue.
□The word sometimes goes beyond its literal meaning.For example, “chi moshui” means “to receive education” instead of “to eat ink.”
□It can be also used to mean “to depend on.” For instance, “kaoshan chishan” means “those living in a mountainous area depend on the mountains for a living.”
Step 4:Put all the sentences into a paragraph.
II.Speaking:Giving a talk on a Chinese word
Step 1:Work in groups.Find a way to attract the audience’s attention with the help of the speaking strategy.
Step 2:Put what you have written in a speaking outline.Practise the group presentation with other members.Prepare some questions for listeners to answer after the presentation.
Introduction
Greeting
Asking a question
e.g. Do you know how to say “eat” in Chinese?
Body
Topic sentence
e.g. A simple word “chi” has a lot of extended meanings.
Supporting sentences
e.g. meaning 1/meaning 2
Conclusion
Step 3:Give your presentation in class.Ask some questions after the presentation.
Speaking Strategy (Attracting the audience’s attention)
A good speaker begins a presentation with a quick and friendly greeting.This makes the audience feel welcome.
A speaker can also attract the audience’s attention by asking a question.
·How many of you have ever studied Chinese?
·Have you got a Chinese expression similar to “ahorita”?


Reading B

MY EXPERIENCE WITH AMERICAN ENGLISH
v When I was ten years old, I went to the US to visit some family friends. We travelled all the wayall the way 一直，一路上
from California to Las Vegas. I noticed something funny about the way everyone spoke English. I was thinking, “This is the way they speak in films!”

v At the beginning of the holiday, one of my friends asked me if I wanted to order “French fries.” I couldn’t imagine what French fries werewhat引导宾语从句，what做句子成分，充当表语。
. What was fried and French? Snails? Chinese? She was amazed that I had never triedtry 后面可以加food,表示吃过某种食物。
them and she ordered a portionportion 此句中是指”（食物的）一份”的意思;
Desserts can be substituted by a portion of fresh fruit.
甜点可以替换成一份新鲜水果。
for us to share. When the waiter brought us some chips, I asked her where the French fries werewhere 引导的宾语从句（直接宾语）；where在从句中充当地点状语。
. She pointed to the plate of chips! Later that week she said she was going to buy some “chips” from the supermarket. She came out with a packet of crisps!

v During that holiday we were also offeredoffer作动词表示主动提供,其常用搭配为offer sb. sth； offer sth. to sb.
表示“提供”的还有另外两个词：
1、provide sb with sth; provide sth for sb.
2、supply sb with sth; supply sth to sb.
注意不同词之间的介词搭配。
“biscuits and gravy” with our lunch. This was a very strange idea to me, because in England biscuits are sweet. Gravy is a salty, meat-based sauce. I later realized that “biscuits” in America are savoury snacks. What we call “biscuits,” they call “cookies.”

v I was also embarrassed尴尬的；难为情的，不好意思的。
when a stranger told me she liked my “pants.” I remember thinking, “How can she see my underwear!” My mum then told me that they call “pants” what we call “trousers该句又是一个what引导的补语从句，what在补语从句中做宾语。
,” the outer clothing that you wear on your legs!

v I was disgustedIf you are disgusted, you feel a strong sense of dislike and disapproval at something. 厌恶的
例：
I'm disgusted with the way that he was treated.
我对他受到这样的对待感到厌恶。
常用搭配：be disgusted with…厌恶。。。
when I saw an “eggplant” pizza on the menu in a restaurant. Eggs do not grow on plants, I thought. What on earth could an “eggplant” be? Something eggy and leafy? My dad ordered this pizza and it was covered cover作为高中重点词，可以重点讲解：
1.
V-T If you cover something, you place something else over it in order to protect it, hide it, or close it. 盖
例：
Cover the casserole with a tight-fitting lid.
用紧实的盖子把砂锅盖住。
例：
He whimpered and covered his face.
他呜咽着捂住了脸。
2. 
V-T If one thing covers another, it has been placed over it in order to protect it, hide it, or close it. 盖住
例：
His finger went up to touch the black patch which covered his left eye.
他的手指抬起来去摸盖在他左眼上的黑眼罩。
3. 
V-T If one thing covers another, it forms a layer over its surface. 覆盖
例：
The clouds had spread and covered the entire sky.
乌云铺开，遮蔽了整个天空。
4. 
V-T To cover something with or in something else means to put a layer of the second thing over its surface. 铺盖
例：
The desk was covered with papers.
书桌上铺了些报纸。
5. 
V-T If you cover a particular distance, you travel that distance. 走过 (一段距离)
例：
It would not be easy to cover ten miles on that amount of petrol.
要靠那些数量的汽油跑10英里可不容易。
6. 
V-T An insurance policy that covers a person or thing guarantees that money will be paid by the insurance company in relation to that person or thing. 保险
例：
Their insurer paid the $900 bill, even though the policy did not strictly cover it.
他们的保险公司赔付了他们$900，尽管保单并没有严格保到此项。
7. 
V-T If a law covers a particular set of people, things, or situations, it applies to them. 适用于
例：
The law covers four categories of experiments.
这一原理适用于4类试验。
8. 
V-T If you cover a particular topic, you discuss it in a lecture, course, or book. 论及
例：
Introduction to Chemistry aims to cover important topics in organic chemistry.
《化学入门》意在论及有机化学的重要问题。
9. 
V-T If a sum of money covers something, it is enough to pay for it. 足够支付
例：
Send it to the address given with $2.50 to cover postage and administration.
把这封信寄到所给地址，$2.50足以支付邮资和手续费。
10. 
V-I If you cover for someone who is doing something secret or illegal, you give false information or do not give all the information you have, in order to protect them. 包庇
例：
Why would she cover for someone who was trying to kill her?
她为何要包庇那个试图要杀死她的人呢？
11. 
V-I If you cover for someone who is ill or away, you do their work for them while they are not there. 代替
例：
She did not have enough nurses to cover for those who were sick.
她没有足够的护士来代替她们生病的同事的工作。

in aubergines. I asked him where the “eggplant” was. He laughed and pointed to the aubergines. He told me, “They call this ‘eggplant’ in America!”

v Although the same “language” may be spoken in different countries, there are likely tobe likely to do 有可能做…
be many differences, not just in vocabulary but also in spelling, grammar and pronunciation I think part of the excitement of learning a language is discovering the differences in how it is spoken in different places.how引导的宾语从句（介宾）；how在宾语从句中做方式状语。




Culture Link (Varieties of English)
There are many varieties of English throughout the world, such as British, American English, Australian English, Indian English, Canadian English, Malaysian English and Singapore English. Take Singlish (Singapore English) as an example. The New York Times calls Singlish a “patchwork” because Singapore’s population consists of migrants from a variety of countries, including China, India and Malaysia, all of whom have made their own special contributions to the country’s unique version of English. In Singlish you can easily recognise influences from Chinese like “mee sian” (rice noodle) in terms of the accent.
文化链接(英语变体)
世界上有许多英语变体，如英国英语、美国英语、澳大利亚英语、印度英语、加拿大英语、马来西亚英语和新加坡英语。以新加坡英语(Singlish)为例。《纽约时报》称新加坡式英语为“拼凑式”，因为新加坡的人口是由来自不同国家的移民组成的，包括中国、印度和马来西亚，他们都为这个国家独特的英语版本做出了自己独特的贡献。在新加坡


【参考译文】
我学习美式英语的经验

十岁时，我去美国拜访一些家族朋友。我们从加利福尼亚一路旅行到拉斯维加斯。我注意到每个人讲英语的方式很有趣。我在想，“这就是他们在电影里说话的方式!”

假期刚开始的时候，我的一个朋友问我要不要点““French fries”。“我无法想象“French fries是什么。什么是油炸的和法式的?蜗牛?中国的?她很惊讶我从来没有吃过，她叫了一份给我们一起吃。当服务员给我们拿来一些薯条时，我问她“French fries在哪里。她指着那盘薯条!那个星期晚些时候，她说她要去超市买一些“chips”。她拿着一包薯片出来了!

在那个假期里，我们的午餐还提供了“biscuits and gravy”。这对我来说是个很奇怪的想法，因为在英国biscuits是甜的。肉汁是一种以肉为基础的咸酱。后来我意识到“biscuits””在美国是一种美味的零食。我们称之为“biscuits””的东西，他们称之为“cookies”。

当一个陌生人告诉我她喜欢我的“pants”时，我也感到很尴尬。我记得当时想:“她怎么能看到我的内衣!”我妈妈后来告诉我，他们把我们称为“trousers”的东西叫做“pants”，就是你穿在腿上的外衣!

当我在一家餐厅看到菜单上的“eggplant”披萨时，我感到恶心。鸡蛋不会从植物上长出来，我想。“eggplant”到底是什么呢?鸡蛋和叶子的东西?我爸爸点了这个披萨，上面全是茄子。我问他“eggplant”在哪里。他笑着指着茄子。他告诉我，“在美国，他们叫这个‘eggplant’!”

虽然所说的同样的“语言”可能在不同的国家,可能会有很多差异,不仅在词汇,拼写,语法和发音上。我觉得学习一门语言让人兴奋的地方在于去发现它在不同的地方是怎样被不同地表达的。

Comprehension Plus
I.Answer the questions.
Where does the author most probably come from?Why?
II.Fill in the blanks with information from the text.

her friend
she felt
American English
British English
At the beginning of the holiday,
ordered French fries for her.
curious.
French fries
Chips
Later that week,




During that holiday,




When she met a stranger,




When she was in a restaurant,






Critical Thinking
I.Cultural factors may influence meanings of languages and cause misunderstandings in cross-cultural communication.Fill in the blanks with information from the unit.
Cross-cultural misunderstandings
regional differences:
time concept:ahorita
food traditions:
...
II.Do you agree that learning about cultural differences can help you better communicate with others?Give an example to support your opinion.

Further Exploration
Comparing different cultural messages behind English and Chinese words
Step 1:Work in groups.Each group searches for a certain type of words in both languages,such as words for numbers,colours,animals,plants or foods.
Step 2:Find out the different cultural messages of these words in each language.Take their respective cultural traditions into consideration as cultural message may have changed over time.Sort out the collected information and put it in the table.An example is given.
Group 1:Comparing Colour Words in Traditional Cultures

English
Chinese
Word
Cultural message
Example
Cultural message
Example
white
purity
weeding dress
(bride)
death
funeral
green




red




...




Step 3:Practise your presentation within groups.
Step 4:Give your presentation to the class.Other groups listen carefully,raising questions or making comments afterwards.

Self-assessment
Look at the expected learning outcomes of this unit and answer the questions.
A.Understanding one’s feelings when he or she is experiencing a different culture
B.Introducing a Chinese word or expression with different meanings in different contexts
C.Exploring different cultural messages behind English and Chinese words
D.Illustrating factors leading to cross-cultural misunderstandings with example
E.Listening for the main idea about cross-cultural communication
F.Writing supporting sentences for a paragraph
G.Attracting the audience’s attention at the beginning of a presentation
Which of the above have you done well?Why and how?
Which of the above do you still find difficult?Why?
What do you plan to do if you find something difficult?