外研版2019英语必修三非谓语动词讲义

非谓语动词作定语、状语

             to do: 主动，将来

非谓语       doing: 主动，进行

             done: 被动，完成

一、非谓语作定语（非谓语作定语可以把非谓语部分改写为定语从句）

1. 分词作定语和所修饰的词有逻辑上的主谓/动宾关系，现在分词一般表示正在发生的动作，过去分词表示已经发生的动作或表被动意义。

a racing horse=a horse that is racing

the girl standing there=the girl who is standing there

a fallen leaf=a leaf that has already fallen

the building completed three years ago=the building that was completed three years ago

2. 不定式作定语，通常表示未来发生的动作，且常后置。

The topic to be discussed at the meeting is still unknown.=

The topic that is to be discussed at the meeting is still unknown.

二、非谓语作状语（大部分可把非谓语部分改写为状语从句）

1. 不定式在句中作状语常表目的、结果或原因；

(not) To give the teacher a good impression, I decided to sit in the front row.（表目的）

In order (not) to give the teacher a good impression, I decided to sit in the front row.

He is old enough to join the army.（表结果）

He is so old that he can join the army.

They laughed to hear the joke.（表原因）

They laughed because they hear the joke.

2. 现在分词/过去分词作状语表示时间、原因、让步、条件、方式、伴随等。

Hearing the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.（表时间）

When they heard the news, they immediately set off for Shanghai.

Seen from the top of the hill, the school looks like a big garden.

When it is seen from the top of the hill, the school looks like a big garden.

Being a model Party member, I should work even harder.（表原因）

Because I am a model Party member, I should work even harder.

Encouraged by the teacher, the girl was very happy.

As she was encouraged by the teacher, the girl was very happy.

Being more careful, I still made quite a few mistakes.（表让步）

Although I was more careful, I still made quite a few mistakes.

Left alone at home, Jenny didn’t feel afraid at all.

Although she was left alone at home, Jenny didn’t feel afraid at all.

Turning to the right, you will find a path leading to his house.（表条件）

If you turn to the right, you will find a path leading to his house.

Given more time, I could write the composition better.

If I was given more time, I could write the composition better.

现在分词/过去分词表示方式、伴随说明动作发生的背景或情况。一般情况下，分词所表示的动作与谓语动词所表示的动作同时发生。可转化成并列句。

He ran out of the classroom, shouting at the boy.（表伴随）

He ran out of the classroom and shouted at the boy.

He hurried to the hall, followed by two guards.

He hurried to the hall and was followed by two guards.

注：现在分词作状语与过去分词作状语的最主要区别就在于两者与所修饰的主语在逻辑上是主动还是被动关系。

1. 现在分词作状语时，现在分词表示的动作与主语之间在逻辑上是主动关系。

Not knowing what to do, he asked his good friend for help.

由于不知道要做什么，他向他的好朋友求助。

2. 过去分词作状语时，主语是过去分词动作的承受者，它们之间是被动关系。

Given more attention, the flowers could have grown better.

如果给予更多关注，这些花本能长得更好的。