外研版 (2019)选择性必修 第一册Unit 5 Revealing nature学案

这是一份外研版 (2019)选择性必修 第一册Unit 5 Revealing nature学案，文件包含Part2docx、Part1docx等2份学案配套教学资源，其中学案共97页， 欢迎下载使用。

Part 2　Developing ideas,Presenting ideas,Reflection


1.主题语境:人与自然——自然界植物语言的奥秘。
2.语篇类型:说明文。
3.课文内容分析:文章具体介绍了自然界中不同植物之间的交流方法,从而使学生通过了解神奇的自然增长知识,进一步产生对自然的好奇心,形成与自然和谐相处的积极的人生态度。

The Secret Language of Plants

答案:1.has revealed　2.communicate　3.chemicals　4.tiny amounts of　5.drive;away　6.sound　7.tell　8.link



1.And in some modern stories,such as the film Avatar,trees can communicate with animals and people.(教材第56页)
在一些现代故事——例如电影《阿凡达》中,树可以与人类和动物沟通交流。
◆communicate v.交流,传递
The key to successful small talk is learning how to connect with others,not just communicate with them.
有效闲聊的关键是学会如何与他人建立联系,而不只是与他人交谈。
He was eager to communicate the good news to the group.
他急于把好消息传达给小组成员。



单句语法填空
①We are in 　　　　 (communicate) with them on the matter. 
②He has 　　　　 (communicate) his wishes to me. 
③The need 　　　　 (communicate) is a key characteristic of human society. 
答案:①communication　②communicated ③to communicate

2.With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy,new research has revealed something amazing:it appears that plants can communicate after all.(教材第56页)
我们一直认为会说话的植物只存在于幻想之中,但新研究有了令人惊奇的发现:植物间似乎确实可以交流。
　◆reveal v.揭示,显示,透露
It was revealed that important evidence had been suppressed.
据透露,重要的证据被隐瞒了。
She would not reveal her secret to anyone else except her mother.
除了她母亲外,她对谁都不愿意透露自己的秘密。
A survey of the British diet has revealed that a growing number of people are overweight.
有关英国人饮食的一项调查显示,越来越多的人体重超标。

完成句子
①他不肯透露会议做出了什么决定。
He would not 　　　　 what decisions had been reached at the meeting. 
②这些信件表明他是一个诚实的人。
These letters 　　　　 him 　　　　 an honest man. 
③部长向我透露了秘密。
The minister revealed 　　　　　　　　. 
答案:①reveal　②revealed;to be　③the secret to me
3.This happens when a plant,say a bean plant,gets attacked by insects.(教材第56页)
当一株植物——比如豆科植物——被昆虫袭击时,就会发生这种情况。
　◆get attacked受到攻击(get相当于be)
While waiting for the opportunity to get promoted,Henry did his best to perform his duty.
亨利在等待升迁机会的时候,他尽了最大的努力去履行他的职责。
Has she ever been asked for her autograph?
有人向她索要过签名吗?

单句语法填空
①Anyone providing information which leads to the recovery of the painting will get　　　　 (reward). 
②The student got 　　　　(praise) because of his returning the wallet to its owner. 
③During the flight of a plane from Sichuan Airlines,a pane of glass in aircraft cockpit　got 　　　　 (break). 
答案:①rewarded　②praised　③broken
4.The plant releases tiny amounts of chemicals from the leaves that are being eaten.(教材第56页)
正遭受啃食的叶子会释放出微量的化学物质。
　(1)release v.& n.释放,松开,发行
After my examination I had a feeling of release.
考完试后我有一种如释重负的感觉。
It took firefighters two hours to release the driver from the wreckage of the car.
消防员花了两个小时将司机从汽车残骸中救出来。
When is the best moment to release the date of the election to the newspapers?
什么时候是向报界透露选举日期的最好时机?

完成句子
①关于这次事故,警方迄今没有透露更多的细节。
Police 　　　　 no further details about the accident until now. 
②昨天公布的数据显示,零售额在3月份有所下滑。
Figures 　　　　 yesterday showed retail sales were down in March. 
③在我们准许之前,你不要向公众公布这一消息。
Don’t release 　　　　　　　　　　　　 until we give you the go-ahead. 
答案:①have released　②released　③this news to the public
(2)amounts of 大量的(修饰不可数名词)
It was profitable for them to produce large amounts of food.
生产大量的食物能让他们获利。
It is detected that the Martian atmosphere contains only tiny amounts of water.
据探测,火星的大气层中只含有极少量的水。

“很多”“大量”的表达方法有多种。有些只能跟可数名词,有些只能跟不可数名词,还有的既可以跟可数名词又可以跟不可数名词。
①后只接可数名词复数:a (large) number of / (large) numbers of、a good/great many、quite a few/a good few/not a few、a series of、dozens of、scores of。
Philip found that there were a good many people already there.
菲利普发现已经有很多人在那儿了。
Not a few foreigners have taken part in the party.
不少外宾参加了聚会。
②后只接不可数名词:a large/ huge amount of / large amounts of、a great/good deal of。
A large amount of money was spent on clothes.
大量的钱花在了衣服上。
③后接可数名词复数/不可数名词:a lot of/lots of、a (large)quantity of /(large) quantities of、plenty of、a mass of/masses of、a great/wide/considerable variety of、varieties of。
There is a quantity of water in the lake.
湖里有很多水。
There are large quantities of flowers in the garden.
花园里有很多花。
A great variety of books were recently published.
最近出版了各种各样的书。
There was a considerable variety of opinions.
当时各种各样的意见相当之多。
④many a/an、more than one后用可数名词单数,谓语动词用单数。
Many a ship has been wrecked on these rocks.
很多船在这些岩石上触礁。

单句语法填空
①There are 　　　　(variety) of cloth in the shop. 
②Large numbers of 　　　　 (reporter) at the meeting are from all over the country. 
③A great number of visitors 　　　　 (be)attracted to my hometown,and the number of foreigners there 　　　　(be) quite large. 
④The number of the children who 　　　　 (own)the mobile phones 　　　　 (be)growing all the time. 
⑤Large quantities of information,as well as some timely help 　　　　　　　　 (offer) since the organisation was built. 
答案:①varieties　②reporters　③are;is　④own;is　⑤have been offered
5.Most surprisingly of all,plants have an amazing system of communication that can link nearly every plant in a forest.(教材第56页)
然而最令人惊奇的是,植物拥有一套神奇的信息交流系统,几乎可以连接起森林中所有的植物。
　◆link v. 把……联系起来;连接
n.联系;连接;关系;纽带
The video cameras are linked to a powerful computer.
这些摄像机是与一台功能强大的计算机相连接的。
The Channel Tunnel links Britain with the rest of Europe.
英吉利海峡隧道把英国和欧洲其他国家连接起来了。
Social customs provide a vital link between generations.
社会风俗在代与代之间起到了极其重要的纽带作用。



完成句子
①新建的大桥把那个岛与大陆连接起来。
The new bridge will 　　　　　　　　 the mainland. 
②昨天我们在动物园门口与他们会合。
We 　　　　with them at the gate of the zoo yesterday. 
③这条古老的丝绸之路在古时候把中国和西方连接了起来。
This old Silk Road 　　　　　　　　 the West in ancient times. 
答案:①link the island to　②linked up　③linked China with

6.Perhaps one day scientists will learn how to create a “firewall” to help prevent these attacks within the wood wide web.(教材第57页)
也许未来某一天,科学家会研究出建造“防火墙”的方法来阻止植物万维网中的这些攻击。
　◆prevent v.阻止,阻碍
It prevents people who are cut off from society falling victim to cheaters.(2020年天津卷,完形填空)
它阻止那些与社会隔绝的人成为骗子的受害者。
We recognised the possibility and took steps to prevent it happening.
我们认识到了这种可能性,并且采取了一些防止事情发生的措施。
If you like,a squeeze of fresh lemon juice on the bananas will prevent them turning brown.
如果你喜欢的话,在香蕉上挤一些新鲜的柠檬汁可以防止香蕉变成褐色。




单句语法填空
①His physical condition prevents the blood 　　　　 (circulate) freely. 
②I wish you’d stop him 　　　　 (play) that trumpet. 
③The rain continued.The water in the river keeps 　　　　 (rise). 
④But our insisting it’s merely a window has kept them from 　　　　 (attempt) millions of requests to open the door.(2020年全国Ⅰ卷,完形填空) 
答案:①circulating　②playing　③rising
④attempting

1....it appears that plants can communicate after all.(教材第56页)
……植物间似乎确实可以交流。
　◆It appears that...看上去……;似乎……
It appears that your methodology may be affecting both companies.
看起来,你的做事方法可能对两家公司都产生了影响。



完成句子
①看来她对自己的工作已失去兴趣。
It appears　　　　 she’s lost interest in her job. 
②虽然这似乎很难,但你必须努力克服困难。
While it appears　　　　,you have to manage to overcome the difficulty. 
③好像他已经知道了真相。
It seemed　　　　　　　　　　　　 the truth. 
答案:①as if/that　②(to be) hard　③that/ as if he had known

2.It has been known for some time that plants use chemicals to communicate with each other.(教材第56页)
人们早就知道植物可以利用化学物质进行交流。
　◆It has been known that...众所周知……
It has been known that areas of children’s brains can grow when they learn music or a language.
众所周知,学习音乐或一种语言能开发孩子的大脑。
It has been known that the foreign plant and animal species have caused serious problems to native ecology.
据悉,外来动植物物种已对当地生态环境造成了严重的问题。




表示“众所周知”的句型还有:It is well known that=It is generally accepted/acknowledged/agreed that=As we all know=As is known to all。

完成句子
①同时,希望孩子们在将来会更负责任、更勇敢。
Meanwhile,　　　　　　　　 children will be more responsible and braver in the future. 
②很有可能,我们都有一种折中的对话智慧。
　　　　　　　　 we all have compromised conversational intelligence. 
③据报道,献血对健康有好处。
　　　　　　　　 donating blood does good to health. 
答案:①it is hoped that　②It is likely that　③It is reported that

1.With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy,new research has revealed something amazing:it appears that plants can communicate after all.(教材第56页)
我们一直认为会说话的植物只存在于幻想之中,但新研究有了令人惊奇的发现:植物间似乎确实可以交流。
本句为主从复合句。句中With us long believing that talking plants are fantasy为with复合结构,其中that talking plants are fantasy为宾语从句,充当believing的宾语;主句为new research has revealed something amazing;而it appears that plants can communicate after all为something amazing的同位语,其中that plants can communicate after all为主语从句。

单句情境写作
①人们不断意识到气候变化越来越无常,他们开始明白一个事实:砍伐太多树木显然是错误的。
 
 
②随着越来越多的人长期以来相信在阳光下阅读更好,科学家们正面临着巨大的挑战:让人们在短时间内接受真相似乎很困难。
 
 
③随着越来越多的人知道熬夜有害健康,他们知道了一些重要事情:立即改掉这些坏习惯是有必要的。
 
 
答案:①With people realising that climate change is becoming more and more volatile,they come to understand the truth:it is obvious that cutting down too many trees is wrong.
②With more and more people long believing that reading in the sun is better,scientists are facing a huge challenge:it seems that making people accept the truth in a short time is very difficult.
③With more and more people knowing that staying up late does harm to health,they have known something important:it is necessary that they get rid of these bad habits immediately.
2.Some trees make clicking noises when there is not enough water,indicating drought is arriving.(教材第56页)
还有些树木在水分不足时会发出咔嗒声,以示干旱就要来了。
本句中,when引导时间状语从句,indicate与noises之间为主动关系,因此indicating drought is arriving为现在分词短语作定语,可以用定语从句which indicates drought is arriving来表达。

单句情境写作
①树叶变黄,候鸟向南飞,这显示天气会变凉爽。
 
②他做完工作后什么也不想说,说明他很累。
 
③当河水再次变得清澈时,鱼越来越多,说明环境得到了很好的改善。
 
答案:①The migratory birds fly south when the leaves turn yellow,showing the weather will become cool.
②He didn’t want to say anything after he finished his work,suggesting that he was very tired.
③There are more and more fish when the river is clear again,indicating the environment has been well improved.

1.Alexander the Great and Marco Polo were said to have visited such a tree in India.(教材第56页)
据说亚历山大大帝和马可·波罗曾在印度见过一棵会说话的树。
本句Sb./ Sth.is said to do...为It is said that sb./sth. ...“据说……”句型的变式,也可以这样表达:It was said that Alexander the Great and Marco Polo had visited such a tree in India.
其他类似的说法还有:It is reported that据报道,It is announced that据宣布,It is declared that据宣布
It is said that about 20% of 25—34-year-olds live with their parents,compared with 16% in 1991.(2020全国Ⅲ,阅读理解C)
与1991年的16%相比,据说现在大约20%的25-34岁的年轻人跟父母住在一起。
It’s been reported that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.(2020全国Ⅱ,七选五)
据报道在一些西方国家76%的员工在工作中使用表情符号。
It was announced that the launch of the satellite was successful.
据宣布,这次卫星发射非常成功。
2.It is in some ways similar to the Internet we use.(教材第56页)
在某种程度上,它很像人类使用的互联网。
◆in some ways在某些方面;在某种程度上
In some ways we wish we could turn the clock back.
在某些方面,我们希望能回到以前。
These paintings are in some ways a reminder that earthly pleasures are ephemeral.
这些画在某种意义上提醒人们世俗的享乐是短暂的。



完成句子
①他今天面临的麻烦在某种程度上和以往一样大。
The trouble facing him today are 　　　　　　　　 as big as ever. 
②我们开车去那里,一路上开得很慢。
We got there by driving slow 　　　　　　　　. 
③我决不会采用他的任何方法。
　　　　　　　　 am I going to adopt any of his methods. 
答案:①in some ways　②all the way　③In no way
3.Plants can steal food from each other,or spread poisons to attack other plants.(教材第57页)
植物会偷取同伴的养分,或散播有毒物质攻击其他植物。
◆steal v.窃取,偷偷地(或悄悄地)移动
She stole out of the room so as not to wake the baby.
她生怕惊醒婴儿,蹑手蹑脚地从屋里出来。

完成句子
①他的团队从自然界获得灵感,解决了这个工程难题。
His team solved the engineering problem by 　　　　 an idea 　　　　 nature. 
②以前他们经常晚上偷偷溜出来和我们碰面。
They often 　　　　　　　　 at night and joined us before. 
答案:①stealing;from　②stole away
4.The daffodil bulbs have been planted side by side in soil,with the pointed ends facing up.(教材第59页)
水仙花球茎在土壤中并排种植,尖端朝上。
◆side by side并排,并肩
I saw them sitting side by side on the long chair.
我看见他们并排坐在长椅上。
The two children are walking side by side.
那两个孩子肩并肩地走着。



Writing an observational journal

1.文体类型:观察日志,属于说明文范畴,常用于记录观察的事物。
2.要点内容:记录水仙花从种植到开花的过程。



观察日志首段常用表达:
...has/have been planted in soil (a pot/flowerpot/flowerbed/...)
...need(s) watering regularly.
I water it every three days.
It is necessary to keep the soil damp/ put them in the shade/ put them in a cool place/...
The seed sprouts two days after...
观察日志中段常用表达:
I’ll cover it when the weather is cold.
New leaves sprout from the stem.
A flower bud is growing at the top of the stem.
...come(s) out.
A bud gradually becomes a flower.
The roots grow deeper into the soil.
观察日志尾段常用表达:
...grow(s) into...
Each stem produces a single flower.
As time goes by,it goes/runs to seed.
...grow(s) taller and stronger...
...flower(s) the following day.
The white flowers have fallen from the stem.

请根据下面的提示,用英语写一篇观察日志,描写甜椒(bell pepper)的生长过程。要点包括:
1.播种及发芽阶段(seed、sprout、8月初、发芽期10-15天);
2.生长及发育阶段(stem、blossom、幼苗期30-50天);
3.成熟及结果阶段(produce、fruit、开花和结果期60-100天)。
注意:写作词数应为80个左右。


Ⅰ.对接单元词汇
1.　　　　　　　v.种植  
2.　　　　　　　 n.种子  
3.　　　　　　　 v.播种  
4.　　　　　　　 v.发芽  
5.　　　　　　　 v.浇水  
6.　　　　　　　 v.长出,产出  
7.　　　　　　  并排
8.　　　　　　  又细又长
答案:1.plant　2.seed　3.sow　4.sprout
5.water　6.produce　7.side by side
8.narrow and long
Ⅱ.巧用单元句式、语法
完成句子
1.甜椒一般在8月初种植。
Bell peppers are usually　　　　 in early August. 
2.我们切开甜椒,取出种子,然后将其并排种在土中。
We cut the bell peppers to get the　　　　.Then the seeds are 　　　　 into the soil side by side. 
3.按时浇水。10—15天后,种子发芽了。
The seeds are　　　　 regularly.After ten to fifteen days,the seeds can 　　　　. 
4.两片绿叶从幼苗上长出来。幼苗又细又长。
Two green leaves are on the green seedlings.They are　　　　　　　　　　　　. 
5.逐渐地,茎上长出更多的叶子。
As time goes by,more green leaves　　　　　　　　 the stem. 
6.水分和光照充足。甜椒继续生长。
There is enough water and sunlight.Those plants　　　　 growing. 
7.不久长出白色花苞。
Soon white buds 　　　　　　　　. 
8.花闻着一股清香,预示着将要结出丰硕的果实。
The flowers smell　　　　　　　　　　　　.It indicates they will bear plentiful fruits. 
9.接下来的60到100天里,甜椒将会结出果实。
In the next sixty to one hundred days,the plants finally　　　　 fruits. 
答案:1.planted　2.seeds;sowed　3.watered;sprout　4.narrow and long　5.grow out of
6.keep　7.come out　8.sweet and fresh　9.produce

1.第3句中将前一句改写成过去分词短语,与后一句合并。
 
 
2.第4句中将后一句改写成定语从句,与前一句合并。
 
 
3.第6句中将前一句改写成with短语,充当后一句的状语。
 
 
4.第8句中将后一句改写成现在分词短语,与前一句合并,充当其状语。
 
 
答案:1.After ten to fifteen days,if watered regularly,the seeds can sprout.
2.Two green leaves are on the green seedlings,which are narrow and long.
3.With more water and sunlight,those plants keep growing.
4.The flowers smell sweet and fresh,indicating they will bear plentiful fruits.

Bell peppers are usually planted in early August.First,we cut the bell peppers to get the seeds.Then the seeds are sowed into the soil side by side.After ten to fifteen days,if watered regularly,the seeds can sprout.Two green leaves are on the green seedlings,which are narrow and long.As time goes by,more leaves grow out of the stem.
During the next thirty to fifty days,the stem grows longer and stronger.With enough water and sunlight,those plants keep growing.Soon white buds come out.The bell peppers blossom in sunlight.The flowers smell sweet and fresh,indicating they will bear plentiful fruits.
In the next sixty to one hundred days,the plants finally produce fruits.

请根据下文提示,写一篇短文,描述你种植牵牛花的经历。
1.邻居种花,我也想尝试,从图书馆里的书上看到这方面的知识;
2.种了一些牵牛花种子,天天浇水;
3.最终没有破土而出;
4.请教邻居才知道是因为浇水和施肥太多。
注意:写作词数应为80个左右。
参考词汇:morning glory(牵牛花)、flowerpot(花盆)、fertilizer(肥料)。









One possible version:
Some of my neighbours began to grow flowers.So I wanted to have a try myself.
According to what I had learnt from a book in the library,I sowed some seeds of the morning glory in a flowerpot with a lot of fertilizer,and watered them every day.But,to my disappointment,the morning glory didn’t come up.So I went to consult one of my neighbours.He told me my failure was due to too much water and fertilizer.
The experience has taught me the lesson:Never go beyond the limit even if for good purpose.

课时作业(十)　Unit 5　Part 2


　　　　　　 　　　　　 　　　　　
Ⅰ.语境填词
1.Many forms of cancer can be cured if 　　　　 (detect) early. 
2.He smiles and nods, 　　　　(indicate) that everything is fine. 
3.When plants 　　　　 (attack) by insects, they can release chemicals. 
4.Her sudden arrival prevented him from 　　　　 (go) out. 
5.　　　　 (surprise), she didn’t feel regretful about her actions. 
6.It remains 　　　　 (see) whether he will be fit enough to play in the finals. 
7.A subway line will link the airport 　　　　 the city centre. 
8.He once 　　　　 (work) as a lecturer, but now he is a manager. 
9.The Martian atmosphere contains only a tiny 　　　　 (amount) of water. 
10.By nine o’clock last night, we 　　　　 (get) 200 pictures from the spaceship. 
答案:1.detected　2.indicating　3.are attacked　4.going　5.Surprisingly　6.to be seen　
7.to　8.worked　9.amount　10.had got
Ⅱ.单句情境写作
1.What is more, people can correspond and 　　　　　　　　 (与……交流) others more easily with the help of the technology. 
2.All our members work 　　　　　　　　(并肩) to fight pollution. 
3.　　　　　　　　　　　　 (随着考试临近) it’s a good idea to review your class notes. 
4.　　　　　　　　 (毕竟),when someone wants to get better at something,they should surround themselves with more of that activity, not less, right?
5.I have followed your careers and enjoyed your victories　　　　　　　　 (也,还)cried for your tragedies. 
答案:1.communicate with　2.side by side　
3.With exams approaching　4.After all　5.as well as



阅读
A
Plants cannot run or hide,so they need other strategies to avoid being eaten.Some curl up their leaves,others produce chemicals to make themselves taste bad if they sense animals drooling over them,chewing them up or laying eggs on them—all signals of an attack.New research now shows that some flora can feel a plant-eating animal well before it launches an attack,letting a plant prepare a preemptive (先发制人的) defense that even works against other pest species.
When ecologist John Orrock of the University of Wisconsin-Madison sprayed snail slime—a liquid the animals release as they slide along—onto soil,nearby tomato plants appeared to notice.They increased their levels of an enzyme (酶),which is known to prevent plant-eating animals.“None of the plants were ever actually attacked,”Orrock says.“We just gave them cues that suggested an attack was coming,and that was enough to cause big changes in their chemistry.”
Initially Orrock found this defense worked against snails;in the latest study,his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat.The investigators found that hungry caterpillars(毛虫),which usually eat tomato leaves greedily,had no appetite for them after the plants were exposed to snail slime and activated their chemical resistance.This nonspecific defense may be a strategy that benefits the plants by further improving their overall possibilities of survival,says Orrock,who reported the results with his colleagues in March in Oecologia.
The finding that a snail’s approach can cause a plant response that affects a different animal made Richard Karban curious,a plant communication expert,who was not involved in the study.“It is significant that the plants are responding before being damaged and that these cues are having such far-ranging effects,”Karban says.“The research was comprehensive,”he adds,“but he wonders how the tomato plants felt chemicals in snail slime that never actually touched them.”
“That’s the million-dollar question,”Orrock says.He hopes future research will make out the mechanisms that enable plants to sense these relatively distant cues.
1.John Orrock sprayed a liquid onto soil near tomato plants to 　　　. 
A.make them grow better
B.give them a warning
C.keep plant-eating animals away
D.inform plant-eating animals of danger
2.Why is the example of caterpillars mentioned in Paragraph 3?
A.To introduce another animal.
B.To confirm the result of the study.
C.To appeal to people to protect animals.
D.To analyse different resistance chemicals.
3.What does Richard Karban really want to know?
A.How tomato plants become aware of danger.
B.What the chemicals in the snail slime are.
C.Whether the research is of practical value.
D.What the finding of the research is.
4.What can be a suitable title of the text?
A.Watchful Plants
B.Greedy Animals
C.A Snail’s Approach
D.A Defense Attack
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新的科学研究。研究表明植物会对外在威胁相当警觉,会自动做出反应进行自我保护。阅读本文,有助于学生了解自然生物。
答案及剖析:
1.B　推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据第二段的最后一句可推知,John Orrock在西红柿植株附近的泥土上喷洒液体的目的是给予植物一种警告,让它们能够产生自我保护性反应,且与第三段第一句的“his team measured the slimy warning’s impact on another potential threat”呼应。故选B。
2.B　推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据第三段的第一句可推知,文章中提到毛虫的例子是为了验证研究的结果。故选B。
3.A　推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据第四段的最后一句,并结合对最后一段的整体理解可推知,Richard Karban实际上想了解的是西红柿植株是如何意识到危险的。故选A。
4.A　标题归纳题。考查学生理解和概括文章标题的能力。根据文章中的关键词“plant”,并结合对全文的整体理解可推知,本文主要讲述的是有关植物的科学研究,研究发现植物会对外在威胁或攻击做出自我保护性反应。故选A。
B
When a leafy plant is under attack,it doesn’t sit quietly.Back in 1983,two scientists,Jack Schultz and Ian Baldwin,reported that young maple trees getting bitten by insects send out a particular smell that neighbouring plants can get.These chemicals come from the injured parts of the plant and seem to be an alarm.What the plants pump through the air is a mixture of chemicals known as volatile organic compounds,VOCs for short.
Scientists have found that all kinds of plants give out VOCs when being attacked.It’s a plant’s way of crying out.But is anyone listening?Apparently.Because we can watch the neighbours react.
Some plants pump out smelly chemicals to keep insects away.But others do double duty.They pump out perfumes designed to attract different insects who are natural enemies to the attackers.Once they arrive,the tables are turned.The attacker who was lunching now becomes lunch.
In study after study,it appears that these chemical conversations help the neighbours.The damage is usually more serious on the first plant,but the neighbours,relatively speaking,stay safer because they heard the alarm and knew what to do.
Does this mean that plants talk to each other?Scientists don’t know.Maybe the first plant just made a cry of pain or was sending a message to its own branches,and so,in effect,was talking to itself.Perhaps the neighbours just happened to“overhear” the cry.So information was exchanged,but it wasn’t a true,intentional back and forth.Charles Darwin,over 150 years ago,imagined a world far busier, noisier and more intimate(亲密的) than the world we can see and hear.Our senses are weak.There’s a whole lot going on.
5.What does a plant do when it is under attack?
A.It makes noises.
B.It gets help from other plants.
C.It stands quietly.
D.It sends out certain chemicals.
6.What does the author mean by“the tables are turned” in Paragraph 3?
A.The attackers get attacked.
B.The insects gather under the table.
C.The plants get ready to fight back.
D.The perfumes attract natural enemies.
7.Scientists have found from their studies that plants can 　　　. 
A.predict natural disasters
B.protect themselves against insects
C.talk to one another intentionally
D.attack insects with their neighbours
8.What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A.The world is changing faster than ever.
B.People have stronger senses than before.
C.The world is more complex than it seems.
D.People in Darwin’s time were imaginative.
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了当植物受到伤害时,会分泌出一种特殊的化学物质,通知周围的植物保持警惕。阅读本文,有利于激发学生探索自然的兴趣,引发他们对自然的思考和敬畏。
答案及剖析:
5.D　细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第一段的第二、第三句可知,当植物受到伤害时,会分泌一种特殊的化学物质。故选D。
6.A　猜测句意题。考查学生在具体语境中推测句意的能力。根据画线句及其后面的一句可知,一旦它们到达这里,然后这些原本在进食的攻击者就会成为它们的午餐,根据语境,选A。
7.B　细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第四段内容可知,植物在必要的时候会通过分泌化学物质,通知周围的植物保持警惕。故选B。
8.C　推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据“imagined a world far busier...a whole lot going on”可知,这个世界远比我们看到或听到的更热闹、更亲密,我们认知能力有限,有很多事仍在继续发生,远比我们想象的要更复杂。故选C。
核心素养提升(Unit 5)

高考主播音频
　　　　(时间:120分钟　满分:150分)
第一部分　听力(共两节,满分30分)
第一节　(共5小题;每小题1.5分,满分7.5分)
听下面5段对话。每段对话后有一个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听完每段对话后,你都有10秒钟的时间来回答有关小题和阅读下一小题。每段对话仅读一遍。
1.Where does the conversation probably take place?(　C　)
A.In a classroom. B.In a bookshop.
C.In a library.
2.What will the woman do next?(　B　)
A.Check the rare steak.
B.Make the steak medium.
C.Bring the man another steak.
3.What is the man’s opinion about the novel?(　A　)
A.It is interesting.
B.It is out of date.
C.It is boring.
4.How did the man know the woman?(　C　)
A.From a bar.
B.From a physics class.
C.From a studying club.
5.Why is the man calling the woman?(　A　)
A.To place an order.
B.To mail a sweater.
C.To ask for a number.
第二节　(共15小题;每小题1.5分,满分22.5分)
　　听下面5段对话或独白。每段对话或独白后有几个小题,从题中所给的A、B、C三个选项中选出最佳选项。听每段对话或独白前,你将有时间阅读各个小题,每小题5秒钟;听完后,各小题将给出5秒钟的作答时间。每段对话或独白读两遍。
听第6段材料,回答第6、7题。
6.What does the man complain about the hotel?(　A　)
A.He couldn’t find a room.
B.The prices were too high.
C.All sorts of people lived in it.
7.How did the man solve the problem at last?(　B　)
A.He traveled to another place.
B.He went to a colleague’s home.
C.He went to another hotel.
听第7段材料,回答第8至10题。
8.What are the speakers mainly talking about?(　C　)
A.Sophia’s new job.
B.Sophia’s new friends.
C.The friendship between the woman and Sophia.
9.What does the woman say about Sophia?(　A　)
A.She seems to ignore her.
B.She works hard at her new job.
C.She is too busy to have dinner with her.
10.What does the woman decide to do?(　B　)
A.Find a new job.
B.Break with Sophia.
C.Give Sophia more time.
听第8段材料,回答第11至13题。
11.What kind of ticket does the man want?(　A　)
A.A round-trip economy ticket.
B.A one-way business ticket.
C.A round-trip business ticket.
12.How long will the man stay in Paris?(　B　)
A.About 2 days.
B.About 5 days.
C.About 7 days.
13.How will the man pay for the ticket?(　C　)
A.By credit card. B.By cheque.
C.In cash.
听第9段材料,回答第14至17题。
14.What is the relationship between the speakers?(　C　)
A.Husband and wife.
B.Employer and employee.
C.Interviewer and interviewee.
15.What decision has the woman made?(　A　)
A.Giving up her job.
B.Having a second child.
C.Balancing life and work.
16.When did the woman begin to think of a change?(　B　)
A.About twelve months ago.
B.About six months ago.
C.About weeks ago.
17.What made it hardest for the woman to make the decision?(　A　)
A.Her efforts.
B.The high salary.
C.The travel opportunity.
听第10段材料,回答第18至20题。
18.What did the school raise money for?(　A　)
A.A hospital.
B.Women’s equality.
C.The science fair.
19.Who won the award for excellence in English?(　B　)
A.Greg. B.Shannon.
C.John.
20.When might the announcement take place?(　C　)
A.In February. B.In April.
C.In June.
听力原文
第一节
(Text 1)
M:Excuse me.May I take this book out?
W:I’m afraid not.The book has been put on the shelf by Dr Smith.Unless you have his written permission,he won’t lend it out.
M:Oh,I got it.Thanks.
(Text 2)
M:Excuse me,but this steak is too rare.I’d like it medium,please.
W:I’m sorry.I’ll put it back under the grill,sir.
(Text 3)
W:I wish we had better stuff to read for our literature class.That novel she assigned us is so boring.
M:Really?I started it yesterday afternoon and I couldn’t put it down until I finished it.
(Text 4)
W:You look really familiar.Are you from my physics class,or did we meet at a bar?
M:You must be thinking of my brother James.We joined the same English club,but
we’ve never actually talked before...
(Text 5)
W:Hello,Green Mail Order Service.How can I help you?
M:I’m calling to order a men’s sweater from your mail order catalogue.The number is S6489,and I want a large size one.
第二节
(Text 6)
M:I’d been there several times before,but this was the first time I’d had any difficulties.
W:Difficulties?What sort of difficulties?
M:I’d never been there in March before and I’d completely forgotten the festival they have there every year.
W:And they’d put up the prices in the hotels?
M:No,not really.That wasn’t the problem.There were simply too many people there and we couldn’t find a room.
W:How terrible!What did you do?
M:I rang a colleague who lives in a village nearby and fortunately,he put us up for a few days.
(Text 7)
M:You haven’t spent much time with Sophia lately.You two used to do everything together.
W:We did,but since she started her new job,all she does is hang out with her new friends from work.
M:Maybe you should invite her over for dinner.Just the two of you.
W:I tried that a few weeks ago but she brought a friend from work with her!She
doesn’t seem very interested in our friendship anymore.
M:She’s probably just excited about her new job.You should give her some time.It would be a shame to lose such a friend.
W:I’ve given her enough time.I think it’s time for us to go our separate ways.
(Text 8)
M:I’d like to reserve a flight to Paris,please.
W:OK,sir.Do you want a one-way or a round-trip ticket?
M:A round-trip ticket,please.
W:Fine,and when do you want to travel?
M:I’m thinking of leaving on August 3rd,and coming back on August 7th.
W:OK,let me see.We have seats available in business and economy,sir.
M:Economy,please.
W:That will be $1,100.
M:That sounds fine.
W:All right,sir.I’ve confirmed your reservation.Would you like to pay by credit card or by cheque?
M:Neither.I’ve got enough money on hand.
W:Then I’ll hold the seat for you.Is there anything else I can help you with? Maybe a hotel reservation?
M:No.Thank you.
(Text 9)
M:Sandra,you’ve made a different sort of decision.Can you tell us about that?
W:Yes.About twelve months ago,I had my second baby.I went back to work six months after the baby was born,and I began to realize that I simply couldn’t do my job properly and be a good mother of the two children.
M:Tell us a bit more about your job.Why did you feel it was so difficult to do it and to bring up children at the same time?
W:Well,I was director of a large travel company.I needed to travel myself a lot,and I just realized I didn’t want to be away from my children that much.
M:It must have been a very difficult decision,though.I mean it was a very good job...well-paid,lots of travelling...
W:Yes,but the most difficult thing was that I’d just worked so hard to get that position.I mean,you can’t imagine...
M:No,I’m sure.OK,thank you for your time,Sandra.
(Text 10)
Welcome to our annual student achievement awards.Here are our amazing award winners!In February,our school won the Peacock Award at the State Art Competition.In April,our basketball team won the league championships.It is the second year in a row that our Pandas beat the Eagles,our school’s toughest competitor.And just recently,our drama class held their last performance of Beauty and the Beast.With those ticket sales,we raised seven thousand dollars for the Children’s Hospital.Great job,everyone!Now for the award for Best Athlete.For the boys,John Jenkins,our basketball team captain.For the girls,Molly Rice.She came in second place in the state ping-pong championships.For outstanding achievement in science...Greg Anderson.He won $500 at the science fair by building a remote-controlled airplane.Shannon Jackson won for excellence in English,for her essay on women’s equality.Please come up and collect your awards.Well,that’s it,folks.Have a great summer!
第二部分　阅读(共两节,满分50分)
第一节(共15小题;每小题2.5分,满分37.5分)
　　阅读下列短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出最佳选项。
A
Lizzie’s Diary from Antarctica
Day 3:Tuesday December 2

　　We planned to go to Rothera that morning.We’d be staying there for the next two weeks.Because Antarctica is the windiest place on earth,sometimes you can’t fly at all.
We had a nervous wait over breakfast to find out if we’d be leaving that day.People have to stay in Stanley for weeks while the pilots wait for good weather.
It turned clear at 9:30 and we took off at 10:30 on a little red plane called Dash-7.But even when we were in the air,there was still a chance we wouldn’t be able to fly the whole day.
Day 4:Wednesday December 3
　　After waking up in the Antarctic for the first time today I can understand why everybody who comes here falls in love with the place.It is really beautiful.
We’re staying at Rothera Survey base with mountains of ice all around.It is very cold,but the regulars (常客) here are often seen walking around in T-shirts!
Day 5:Thursday December 4
I woke up to another beautiful sunny day here in the Antarctic.I’m told
it’s a bit colder today,but it’s not very windy so it feels warmer.Those of us who are new to the base have to do a special training course before we’re allowed to go off base to other stations or to go snowboarding over the nearby hill.
Day 7:Saturday December 6
Not a cloud in the sky and it’s warm enough to sit outside (in a jacket).
The most amazing thing about this place is how the scenery (风景) changes every day.
At first I thought I was going mad.I’d step outside in the morning and think,“I’m sure that big mountain of ice wasn’t there yesterday.” It’s because the sea ice is always moving—slowly thankfully!
21.When did Lizzie sit outside wearing a jacket?
A.On Tuesday. B.On Wednesday.
C.On Thursday. D.On Saturday.
22.What could stop Lizzie from leaving Stanley for Rothera?
A.Strong winds. B.Thick clouds.
C.Mountains of ice. D.Low temperature.
23.How did Lizzie feel during her stay in the Antarctic?
A.Afraid. B.Nervous.
C.Amazed. D.Bored.
语篇导读:本文是一篇旅游日记。文章主要记述了作者在南极旅行时的经历。阅读本文,有利于加深学生对南极的了解,增进对自然的认识。
答案及剖析:
21.D　细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据“Day 7:Saturday December 6”中提到的第一句可知,这一天不太冷,室外也挺暖和,这里备注写的是穿上了夹克,这天是星期六,故选D。
22.A　推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。在“Day 3:Tuesday December 2”中提到“People have to stay...wait for good weather”可知,飞行员在等好天气,由第一段的“Because Antarctica is the windiest place on earth”可推测,应该是大风天气使得他们无法起飞,不能离开Stanley去Rothera,故选A。
23.C　推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。在“Day 4:Wednesday December 3”的第一段和“Day 7:Saturday December 6”的第二段可推断,Lizzie觉得南极很神奇,故选C。
B
Scientists have recreated a 1985 study of birds in Peru that shows climate change is pushing them from their natural environment.Thirty years ago,researchers studied over 400 kinds of birds living on a mountainside in Peru.In 2017,researchers looked again at the bird populations.They found that almost all had moved to higher places in the mountain.Almost all had decreased in size.And,the scientists say at least eight bird groups that started at the higher elevations(高地) had died out completely.
The researchers say the birds might have moved up the mountain because of temperature changes.Or changes to food sources may have forced them to go higher.The findings were published in a science journal.The 1985 research has documented birds and other animals moving up in elevation in reaction to warming temperatures.Mark Urban,a biologist at a university,said this recent study was the first to prove that rising temperatures and moving to avoid them can lead to extinction.
In 2016,Fitzpatrick,director and a co-writer of the study passed his notes,photos and other records to Benjamin Freeman.Freeman has been researching tropical birds for more than 10 years.He set out in August and September of 2017 to copy Fitzpatrick’s study.His team used the same methods,searching the same places in the same time of year.
Freeman’s team wanted to see how things had changed for the bird groups since 1985.The average temperatures on the mountain had risen 0.42 degrees Celsius.His team placed 20 sound recording devices on the mountain to record the sounds of birds that might not easily be seen.
Freeman said that the birds moved an average of 98 meters further up the mountain.He believes that temperature is the main cause of the birds’ movement.
Fitzpatrick noted that birds used to living in areas with little temperature change may be especially at risk because of climate change.He said,“We should expect that what’s happening on this mountain top is happening more generally in the Andes,and other tropical mountain ranges.”
24.How many kinds of birds lived in Peru 30 years ago?
A.At least 8 bird groups.
B.More than 400.
C.Over 8 bird groups.
D.Less than 400.
25.Why did the birds move up the mountain?
A.To avoid temperature changes.
B.To find more food sources.
C.To adapt to extreme temperature.
D.To react to the increase of other kinds of animals.
26.How did Freeman and his team records the sounds of birds not easily being seen?
A.They had the temperature rise 0.42 degrees Celsius.
B.They moved an average of 98 meters further up the mountain.
C.They placed 20 sound recording devices on the mountain.
D.They kept on listening to the sounds happening on this mountain top.
27.What is the main idea of the text?
A.Two teams used the same methods to do researches.
B.Scientists documented birds and other animals moving up in elevation.
C.Scientists have been researching tropical birds for more than 10 years.
D.Rising temperature causes some birds in Peru to become extinct.
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文。研究发现,温度上升会让鸟类向海拔更高的地方迁徙,而这会导致鸟类的灭绝。阅读本文,有利于提升学生对自然界的认知,并增强保护鸟类及动植物的
意识。
答案及剖析:
24.B　细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第一段的第二句可知,在30年前,有400多种鸟类生活在秘鲁。故选B。
25.A　细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第二段的第一句可知,它们是为了避开温度的变化。故选A。
26.C　细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第四段的最后一句可知,他们通过在山上放置20个录音设备来记录那些不容易被看见的鸟类的声音。故选C。
27.D　主旨大意题。考查学生理解文本主旨要义的能力。根据全文内容可知,本文主要介绍了一项研究成果,即温度上升会让鸟类向海拔更高的地方迁徙,而这会导致鸟类的灭绝。D项体现了这项研究的结果,概括了本文的主要内容。故选D。
C
　　A team of scientists from 19 countries will set off for the Arctic on Friday,aiming to freeze their ship into the polar ice for a year to research the changing climate.
The mission will study the atmosphere,ocean,sea ice,ecosystem and natural processes—looking to build a picture of how climate change is affecting the region and the entire world.
“No other region of the world has warmed as quickly as the Arctic in the past decades,” Markus Rex said.“At the beginning of this year,we had an extreme case where the central Arctic was warmer than in Germany.It’s almost the center of global warming.At the same time,we know little about this region so far.We won’t be able to accurately predict our climate if we don’t have reliable forecasts for the Arctic.”
The Polarstern will set off from Tromso,Norway,and then tie up to a huge iceberg before drifting (漂移) for almost a year through the central polar region—the ice freezing at least 1.5 meters thick around it as winter draws in.Four icebreakers from Russia,China and Sweden,as well as aeroplanes and helicopters,will resupply the ship and carry crew members in and out.Once frozen in place,the Polarstern itself will remain home to all the expedition members—around 100 people at any one time.
Around it,a very small city of science will spring up on the ice,divided into sections to keep the different researchers’ experiments from interfering with one another.One will provide a launching spot for underwater robots investigating the world below the ice and the seafloor,while another will be the base for investigating the ice and snow and how they interact with air and water.
28.What do we know from what Markus Rex said?
A.He is in charge of the research.
B.Germany used to be warm in winter.
C.Researchers don’t know about Arctic.
D.The conditions of the Arctic are serious.
29.Why is Polarstern mentioned?
A.It is the largest icebreaker nowadays.
B.It will be used to do research in Arctic.
C.It will leave for Tromso in the near future.
D.It will be the home of researchers in winter.
30.Why are several sections in the city of science divided?
A.To reduce ice losses.
B.To attract more scientists.
C.To make it convenient investigate.
D.To keep researchers avoiding being disturbed.
31.Where may the passage come from?
A.A science fiction. B.A science report.
C.An advertisement. D.A weather report.
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了来自19个国家的科学家为了更加深入地了解北冰洋的气候,将进行为期一年的科学考察。阅读本文,有利于加强学生对科学探究的了解和认识,激发学生探索自然的兴趣。
答案及剖析:
28.D　细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第三段的第一句可知,北极情况很严峻。故选D。
29.B　细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第四段内容可知,提到这艘破冰船的目的是说明它将用于在北极进行的研究。故选B。
30.D　细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据最后一段的第一句可知,其目的是让研究人员避免受到干扰。故选D。
31.B　推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。本文介绍的是科学家要在北极进行为期一年的科学考察,了解北极的气候变化。由此可知本文与“科学报道”有关。故选B。
D
When she first started learning about the climate change from one of her elders,Fawn Sharp was invited on a helicopter flight over the Olympic Mountains to survey the Mount Anderson glacier.But the glacier was gone,melted by the warming climate.Sharp had a deep sense of loss when she discovered the glacier wasn’t there anymore.
Loss is a growing issue for people working and living on the front lines of climate change.And that gave Jennifer Wren Atkinson,a full-time lecturer at the University of Washington Bothell,US,an idea for a class.
This term,she taught students on the Bothell campus about the emotional burdens of environmental studies.She used the experiences of Native American tribes (部落),scientists and activists,and asked her 24 students to face the reality that there is no easy fix—that “this is such an intractable problem that they’re going to be dealing with it for the rest of their lives.”
Student Cody Dillon used to be a climate science skeptic (怀疑论者).Then he did his own reading and research,and changed his mind.
Dillon wasn’t going into environmental work—he was a computer-science major.Yet,the potential for a worldwide environmental catastrophe seemed so real to him five years ago that he quit his job and became a full-time volunteer for an environmental group that worked on restoration (恢复) projects.
Six months into the work,he decided that Atkinson’s class was just what he was looking for—a place where he could discuss his concerns about a changing climate.
Atkinson said she hoped the class helped her students prepare themselves for the amount of environmental loss that will happen over their lifetimes.
“We are already changing the planet—so many species are going to be lost,displaced or massively impacted,” she said.“The future isn’t going to be what they imagined.”
32.Why did the author mention the case of Fawn Sharp?
A.To lay a basis for Fawn Sharp’s further research.
B.To prove Fawn Sharp’s work is similar to Atkinson’s.
C.To lead into the issue of loss caused by climate change.
D.To show scientists’ concern about the Mount Anderson glacier.
33.What’s the main purpose of Atkinson’s class?
A.To explore how different people deal with climate change.
B.To get students more concerned about the environmental issue.
C.To find solutions to the environmental issue of Olympic Mountains.
D.To teach students how to conduct research about environment.
34.Which of the following best explains “intractable” underlined in Paragraph 3?
A.Simple. B.Difficult.
C.Common. D.Interesting.
35.How did Atkinson’s class influence Dillon?
A.It made him work as a part-time volunteer for restoration projects.
B.It made him realise a planet-wide climate disaster would happen.
C.It encouraged him to be more involved in environmental protection.
D.It discouraged him to work on restoration projects for the environment.
语篇导读:本文是一篇夹叙夹议文。文章叙述了Fawn Sharp通过一次搭乘直升机飞行的经历认识到了冰川融化和环境污染问题的严重性,同时Jennifer Wren Atkinson决定给学生开设课程,教学生如何应对环境污染,她的课程让很多学生关注环境问题。阅读本文,有利于培养学生对环境污染的严重性的认识,提高保护环境的意识。
答案及剖析:
32.C　推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据第一段可知,Fawn Sharp有一次搭乘直升机飞行时意识到气候变化导致了冰川融化;由此可推知,作者在第一段中提及Fawn Sharp的例子是为了引出下文气候变化导致环境问题的话题,故选C。
33.B　细节理解题。考查学生识别和理解文本中具体信息的能力。根据第三段的第二句可知,Atkinson开设该课程的目的是让学生更加关注环境问题,故选B。
34.B　猜测词义题。考查学生在具体语境中推测词汇意义的能力。根据画线词所在句和本段内容可知,这是一个如此困难的问题,以至于学生们要用他们的余生来解决,故选B。
35.C　推理判断题。考查学生根据文本信息进行推断归纳的能力。根据倒数第三段内容可推知,Atkinson的课鼓励了Dillon更多地参与环境保护,故选C。
第二节(共5小题;每小题2.5分,满分12.5分)
　　阅读下面短文,从短文后的选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Concern about extinction—the permanent loss of a species—motivates a wide variety of people to take action to protect animal species at risk of dying out.Animal protection and animal rights are familiar themes associated with the field of environmental activism.Certainly,endangered animals suffer no lack of support.36.　　 
Surprisingly,some of the most endangered plants are species that,up until recently,were used by humans as necessary food crops.37.　　 
In order to maximise productivity,farmers have chosen to focus on a handful of high yield crops that can be harvested efficiently.At one time,the number of plant species used by humans to meet their nutritional requirements numbered above 7,000.Now,it is around 150.Some experts even claim that humans actually rely on merely 12 species of plants for most of their food.
A single food crop generally contains several species,which may be further divided into hundreds of varieties,but these varieties are quickly disappearing.
38.　　　 Eighty percent of the corn varieties grown in Mexico in 1930 have disappeared.Ninety percent of the 10,000 wheat varieties cultivated in China in 1949 are no longer used. 
39.　　　 Crop diversity is a factor that ensures the continuation of certain beneficial natural processes in ecosystems—the cycling of nutrients,management of pests,and maintenance of water quality.40.　　　 Clearly,there is an urgent need to preserve the plant’s irreplaceable crop diversity before it is lost altogether. 
A.You probably want to know the exact approach to protecting endangered plants.
B.Also,crop diversity provides the necessary gene pool to supply crops with a variety of traits (特点).
C.Threatened by current shortsighted farming techniques,crop diversity has shrunk dramatically.
D.However,endangered plants are defended by few.
E.Examples of losses in crop diversity have been recorded worldwide.
F.The permanent loss of plant species represents a huge threat to humanity.
G.Thanks to modern farming techniques,many countries have taken measures to protect them.
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了人类为了提高粮食生产率,目光短浅地采用了一些耕作技术,导致大量农作物品种的迅速消失,一些品种甚至绝种。作者进而强烈呼吁——保护人类粮食作物的多样性。阅读本文,有利于开阔学生的视野。
答案及剖析:
36.D　考查学生理解语义转折句的衔接关系的能力。第一段主要介绍当前有许多人关注并支持濒危动物保护事业,而对濒危植物保护的关注与支持则不尽如人意。因此这两种情况应是转折对比关系,故选D。
37.C　考查学生理解平行和递进语义连贯的具体信息的能力。第二段的第一句说“令人惊讶的是,直到最近,一些最濒危的植物还在被人类用作必要的粮食作物”,所以下文应该是选与之成强烈对比的选项,以点明当前大量植物濒危的原因,故选C。
38.E　考查学生理解上下文语义、建立段落内语义连贯的能力。第四段设空处前面说“单一粮食作物通常所包含的数百个变种正在迅速消失”,设空处后面是在举例说明,E项承上启下,故选E。
39.F　考查学生对平行信息之间的衔接关系的理解能力。设空处后一句在谈保持作物多样性的好处,根据语境可知,此处应选F。
40.B　考查学生理解平行和递进语义连贯的具体信息的能力。根据上下文语境可知,本段为“总—分”结构,前句谈了保持作物多样性的一些好处,B项承接上文。故选B。
第三部分　语言运用(共两节,满分30分)
第一节(共15小题;每小题1分,满分15分)
　　阅读下面短文,从每题所给的A、B、C、D四个选项中选出可以填入空白处的最佳选项。
　　Afroz Shah,a lawyer in Mumbai,hasn’t had a weekend off in four years.But he hasn’t spent this time preparing for court.
His mission? Saving the world’s oceans from 　41　 pollution. 
It’s a calling he found in 2015 after moving to a community in Mumbai called Versova Beach.He had played there as a child and was 　42　 to see how much it had changed.The sand was no longer 　43　 because it was covered by a layer of garbage more than five feet thick—most of it is plastic waste. 
“The whole beach was like a　44　 of plastic,” he said,“It hurt me.The 　45　 mess.” What Shah had seen is part of a global environmental crisis.More than 8 million tons of plastic 　46　 in the world’s oceans each year.It’s predicted that by 2050,there will be more plastic in the ocean than fish.“Plastic in the ocean is a 　47　.And the sea-species have no choice at all,” Shah said,“We are attacking their habitats.”  
In October 2015,Shah began 　48　 up plastic waste from the beach every Sunday morning.At first,it was just him and a neighbour,and then he began calling on others to join in.Word 　49　 and with help from social media,more volunteers got
　50　. 
For Shah,the work has always been a(n) 　51　 journey,but it has earned global attention.After he was 　52　 as a Champion of the Earth by the United Nations in 2016,Shah now devotes nearly all of his free time to this cause. 
He’s now spent 209 weekends on this mission,　53　 more than 200,000 volunteers,some of whom are young students,to join him in what’s been called the world’s biggest beach cleanup.By October 2018,Versova Beach was 　54　 clean and Shah’s cleanups expanded to another beach as well as a stretch of the Mithi River and other regions of India. 
“This world talks too much.I think we must talk 　55　 and take action more,” he said when interviewed by media in October 2019.“We are a smart species.Well adapt.We’ll learn.And with these youngsters rising up,I see hope.”  
41.A.plastic B.soil
C.river D.oil
42.A.upset B.confused
C.delighted D.hesitant
43.A.pure B.golden
C.shiny D.visible
44.A.curtain B.carpet
C.painting D.photograph
45.A.temporary B.permanent
C.ugly D.pretty
46.A.sticks to B.keeps off
C.gives back D.ends up
47.A.killer B.cleaner
C.guest D.decoration
48.A.pulling B.thinking
C.picking D.looking
49.A.came B.failed
C.went D.spread
50.A.involved B.lived
C.stuck D.paid
51.A.easy B.tough
C.personal D.general
52.A.known B.regarded
C.decided D.honoured
53.A.requiring B.rejecting
C.inviting D.inspiring
54.A.originally B.finally
C.politically D.theoretically
55.A.fewer B.less
C.better D.worse
语篇导读:本文是一篇记叙文。文章主要记叙了孟买的一名律师Afroz Shah四年间花费自己的周末时间去清理沙滩塑料垃圾的故事。他在2016年被联合国授予“地球卫士”称号,并且激励了二十多万名志愿者,其中一些是年轻学生,加入到他所谓的世界上最大的海滩清理行动中来。阅读本文,有利于培养学生保护环境、与自然和谐相处的意识。
[文章脉络]

答案及剖析:
41.A　从下文中多处可以看出,Shah着手治理塑料(plastic) 污染,故选A。
42.A　从下文的“because it was covered by a layer of garbage”可知,此处是不好的改变,所以他心里很沮丧(upset)。故选A。
43.D　根据语境可知,这片沙滩再也看不见(visible)了,因为它被一层垃圾覆盖了。故选D。
44.B　从上文可知,沙滩被一层垃圾覆盖,像毯子(carpet) 一样。故选B。
45.C　从文中的“mess”“a global environmental crisis”可知,这些垃圾污染是不好的,是丑陋的(ugly)。故选C。
46.D　从下文的“It’s predicted that by 2050,there will be more plastic in the ocean than fish.”可知,塑料垃圾最终(ends up)进入了海洋。故选D。
47.A　从下文中的“We are attacking their habitats.”可知,海洋中的塑料是一个杀手(killer)。故选A。
48.C　结合语境可知,他每周日早上都在沙滩捡(picking) 塑料垃圾。短语pick up意为“捡起”。故选C。
49.D　此处指消息传播(spread),其他选项不符合语境。故选D。
50.A　结合后文“more than 200,000 volunteers”可知,更多的志愿者参与了(involved) 进来。短语get involved意为“参与”。故选A。
51.C　从下文中的“but it has earned global attention”可知,此处与后文表对比转折,同时“personal”与“global”对应。故选C。
52.D　结合后文的“as a Champion of the Earth by the United Nations in 2016”可知,这是一种荣誉的授予(honoured)。故选D。
53.D　结合后文内容可知,Shah激励了(inspiring) 二十多万名志愿者。故选D。
54.B　根据下文中的“Shah’s cleanups expanded...other regions of India.”可知,Versova海滩终于(finally) 被清理干净了。故选B。
55.B　本题的“less”和后面的“more”对应。表示“少说多做”。故选B。
第二节(共10小题;每小题1.5分,满分15分)
　　阅读下面短文,在空白处填入1个适当的单词或括号内单词的正确形式。
　　Rainforests are thick forests in the hot parts of the world.They have a great effect 56.　　　　 the world environment.For example,they play 57.　　　　 part in controlling the climate.Without 58.　　 　　 (they),climate would change a lot.What’s more,many plants are of 59.　　　　 (important) in medical value. 
　　However,in the past hundred years,humans 60.　　　　 (begin) destroying rainforests to search for land and wood.The 61.　　　　 (hard) we harvest from them,the more carbon dioxide 62.　　 　　 (release) into the air,63.　　　 　
affects the climate,environment and ourselves as a whole.Meanwhile,we are losing the opportunity 64.　　　　 (explore) the medical use of the plants.With the population 65.　　　　 (grow) rapidly,we indeed have an increasing need for resources,but we will suffer more in the end if we keep on doing so. 
语篇导读:本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍了热带雨林对环境和人类的重要性,因此我们应该停止对它们的破坏。阅读本文,有利于提升学生维护自然和谐生态的意识。
答案及剖析:
56.on　考查介词。have an effect on...意为“对……有影响”,为习惯搭配。
57.a　考查冠词。此处的part是可数名词,以辅音音素开头,需要用不定冠词a修饰,play a part in意为“在……方面起作用”。
58.them　考查代词。充当介词without的宾语,用宾格。
59.importance　考查名词。充当介词of的宾语,用名词。
60.have begun　考查时态。根据时间状语in the past hundred years可知,此处强调过去的动作对现在造成的影响,应用现在完成时。
61.harder　考查副词比较级。此处是“the+比较级,the+比较级”结构,表示“越……,就越……”。
62.is released　考查被动语态与主谓一致。 此处carbon dioxide为物质名词,视为单数,且与release之间为被动关系,故用is released。
63.which　考查非限制性定语从句。指代整个主句的内容并在从句中作主语,应用which。
64.to explore　考查非谓语动词。充当后置定语修饰opportunity,表示“……的机会”,用不定式。
65.growing　考查非谓语动词。此处grow与the population之间为主动关系,故用growing。
第四部分　写作(共两节,满分40分)
第一节(满分15分)
　　假设你是学生会主席李华,为了拯救濒危动物,你打算在学校举办一场活动,希望得到林校长的批准和支持。请根据以下提示给林校长写一封申请信,内容包括:
1.活动:举办濒危动物图片展,旧书义卖活动,为拯救濒危野生动物捐款;
2.时间:本周二至周五的每天下午放学后;
3.地点:学校图书馆前与篮球场。
注意:写作词数应为80个左右。
Dear Mr Lin,










Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
[写作指导]

　　One possible version:
Dear Mr Lin,
I am writing to ask permission from you to hold an activity.
As we all know,many rare wild animals are in great danger.Once they are gone,there will never be any more.Each animal has its place in the balance of nature.Destroying any kind of wild animals can create many problems,so we plan to help save wild animals by holding an activity.We will hold a Picture Exhibition on Endangered Animals as well as a fair to sell old books.The whole school will work together to raise as much money as possible.The exhibition and the fair are to be held after school in the afternoon from this Tuesday to Friday in front of the school library and on the basketball court.
We sincerely hope that we can get your permission.
Yours sincerely,
Li Hua
第二节(满分25分)
　　阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60个词左右的内容概要。
Rats eat our food or make it so dirty that it isn’t fit for people at all.
That’s why people often kill them by laying down poison.After a day or two,they find the poison still there.The rats haven’t touched it,even though it is near the food which they eat.People think they must be clever and cunning.Some scientists have been trying to find the best way to poison rats.They have watched to see just what a rat does day and night.They have found out that rats aren’t so clever.They are just very shy.
Rats usually live in holes.They run from these holes to the places where they eat and drink.They have special paths on which they travel each time.So they know their paths quite well.
If anything new,such as stone or wood,is put in the path,the rats won’t go near it at first as they are too frightened.It will take them many days to get over the fear.They are also frightened to go near a place that they know,where something has been taken away.If a path goes around a rock,the rats follow the same path around the rock each time.If the rock is taken away,they will still run round the place where the rock was!They won’t cross the empty place,which is now open to them,even though it would be quicker.
Rats will always keep away from anything unusual to them.That’s why they
won’t eat poison on the first or second night.They usually won’t go anywhere near it for about four days until they get used to being there.Even then they only eat a little at a time.If people want to kill rats with poison,all they have to do is to leave it out for a few days.Once the rats have got used to it,they will eat it and die.







[写作指导]
1.确定文体及文章主旨大意。
文体:说明文。主旨大意:老鼠不吃老鼠药不是因为老鼠聪明而是因为它们害怕新鲜事物。一旦熟悉并适应了老鼠药的出现,它们就会把它吃掉。
2.明确各段主旨。

3.概括各段要点。

4.提炼语言,完善概要。
It is generally considered that rats are smart enough not to be poisoned.
That’s not true.(要点1)Actually,they just refuse to accept new changes in their familiar paths.(要点2)If any change takes place on their usual paths,they feel unsafe for several days before they adjust themselves to it and use the paths again.(要点3)Therefore,they won’t be poisoned until they become familiar with the poison.(要点4)