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    常见单词短语词义和用法辨析

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    常见单词短语词义和用法辨析

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    常见单词短语词义和用法辨析

    1. must与have to的用法比较
    must的主要用法有下面几条:
    (1)表示义务、意图或建议:必须,应该
    I must leave at six today. 我今天必须六点钟离开。
    I must write a letter to the head teacher. 我非得给校长写封信不可。(强烈意图)
    You must go and see that film——you'd really enjoy it. 你得去看看那部电影,你会真的喜欢它的。(提建议)
    (2)表示推测:必定,一定
    The light is still on, so he must be at home. 灯还是亮的,他一定在家。
    The light was out. They must have gone to bed. 灯都熄了,他们必定睡了。
    【注意】1. must表示推测时的否定式是can't或couldn't(不可能) ,因为must只用于肯定句,语气很强。2. 若对过去情况的推测用must have加过去分词。
    (3)表示主张:硬要,一定要
    If you must go, at least wait till the rain stops. 如果你坚持要走,至少也要等雨停了再走。
    The machine must break down at this busy hour. 正忙的时候机器偏偏坏了。
    (4)表示不可避免性:必然要,必定会
    All men must die. 人总有一死。
    【辨析】must与have to
    must与have to都可以表示“必须”,其区别如下:
    (1) must 强调主观上认为“必须”做某事,而have to 强调客观上要求“不得不”做某事。如:
    You have to wear uniform on duty, don't you?你在值班时必须穿制服,是吗?
    (2) have to较must有更多的时态,如过去式和将来时就要用had to与will have to。
    Yesterday morning I have to call on a friend. 昨天早上我必须要去探访一个朋友。(不用must)
    但在间接引语里却往往用must。如:
    Yesterday morning I told my father that I must call on a friend. 昨天早上我告诉父亲,我必须要探访一个朋友。
    (3) have to有非谓语动词形式,但must没有。如:
    I hate having to get up so early. 我讨厌这第早就得起床。
    (4) 在回答must引起的问句时,如果是否定的答复,可用don't have to或needn't(不必) ,但不能用mustn't(一定不,必须不,不允许,不得) 。如:
    —Must I clean the dining room at once? 我必须马上打扫餐厅吗?
    —Yes, you must. 是的,你必须马上打扫。
    —No, you don't have to (=needn't) . 不必啦。
    You mustn't smoke in the office. 你不得在办公室抽烟。
    2. fast, quick与rapid的用法区别
    三者均可表示“快”,其区别比较麻烦,归纳以下几点供参考:
    (1)表示人的动作之迅速,三者都可用,有时可换用。
    如:a fast [rapid, quick] worker 做事手脚快的人
    a fast [rapid, quick] typist 打字快的打字员
    (2) fast 表示“快”,侧重指速度方面。如:
    She ran as fast as she could. 她有好快就跑好快。
    You are reading too fast for me to follow. 你读得太快,我跟不上。
    【注意】询问速度或表示钟表走得快等,通常用 fast。如:
    How fast is the fish swimming? 这鱼游得有多快?
    My watch is 5 minutes fast. 我的表快 5 分钟。
    (3) quick 通常表示某一动作来得突然或时间持续很短,有时还含有匆忙之意(但通常不指动作的频率)。如:
    He gave her a quick kiss. 他突然吻了她一下。
    He had a quick look at it. 他匆匆地扫了一眼。
    She ate a quick breakfast and rushed off to work. 她匆匆吃了早餐就赶去上班。
    【注意】催人快做(快走等),通常用 quick。如:Be quick! 快点!
    (4) rapid 比另外两词要稍正式些,通常指突然或急速(且连续不断)的动作。如:a rapid burst of machine-gun fire 机枪声骤起
    He asked questions in rapid succession. 他连珠炮似地发问。
    另外 rapid 还有一个特殊用法,即指一种有益的高速度(相比之下,fast 和 quick 有时指无益的急速)。如:
    He made rapid progress in English. 他在英语方面取得了很快的进步。
    3. little与a little 的用法区别
    little与a little的区别跟few与a few的区别相似,little表示否定意义,表示数量“很少”或“几乎没有”;而a little则表示肯定意义,表示量虽不多,但毕竟还是有一点。
    如:I have little interest in drawing. 我对画画没什么兴趣。
    The room attendant speaks a little English. 客房服务员讲一点英语。
    与few和a few不同的是,few和a few后面总是要接可数名词的复数形式,而不定代词little和a little后面只能接不可数名词。
    【注意】not a little并不是a little的反义词,a little表示“一点儿”,而not a little表示“很”“非常”。如:
    He was a little surprised. 他有点儿吃惊。
    He was not a little surprised. 他非常吃惊。
    其实,not a little的意思是不是“一点点”,也就是“很”的意思。
    4. advise doing 与 advise to do用法比较
    请看下面这道题,该选哪个答案?是advise doing还是advise to do?
    The husband advised _________ to the south, but his wife advised him _________ up the idea.
    A. moving, giving B. to move, to give C. moving, to give D. to move, giving
    【分析】此题容易误选A,因为许多学生都记住了“advise 后接动词要用动名词而不用不定式”这一搭配规则。但此“规则” 的表述是不准确的,准确的说法应该是:advise 后接动词作宾语时,要用动名词,不用不定式;但若其后接的动词前有宾语,此动词用作宾语补足语时,则此动词要用不定式。即说 advise doing sth (建议做某事)或 advise sb to do sth (建议某人做某事)。类似情况的还有 allow(允许),permit(允许),forbid(禁止)等动词,即:
    allow doing sth 允许做某事,allow sb to do sth 允许某人做某事;
    permit doing sth 允许做某事,permit sb to do sth 允许某人做某事;
    forbid doing sth 禁止做某事,forbid sb to do sth 禁止某人做某事。
    顺便说一句,要特别注意以上各句型后一结构的被动语态形式,如:
    We don't allow smoking in the lab. 我们不准在实验室吸烟。
    We don't allow people to smoke in the lab. 我们不准人们在实验室吸烟。
    People are not allowed to smoke in the lab. 人们不准在实验室吸烟。
    综上所述,此题答案应选C。
    5. join in、join与take part in之间的区别和用法
    (1)join和 take part in二者都有“参加”的意思,但用法有所不同。 join多指参加某组织,成为其中的一个成员。而take part in指参加活动。例如:
    He joined the League in 1985 . 他在1985年入团。
    The old man took part in the Long March . 这位老人参加过长征。
    详解:
    join指加入某党派、某组织或某社会团体,以及参军等,还可表示参与某种活动。例句:
    ①I will never forget the day when I joined the Party.我永远也忘不了入党的那一天。
    ②Will you join us for dinner?请你和我们一起吃饭好吗?
    (2)take part in指参加群众性活动、会议、劳动、游行等,往往指参加者持有积极的态度,起一份作用,有时与join in可互换。例句:
    ①Will you take part in the English evening?同我们一起参加英语晚会好吗?
    ②All the students took an active part in the thorough cleaning.所有的学生都积极参加了大扫除。
    ③We should take an active part in school activities.我们应该积极参加学校的活动。
    (3)join in通常指参加某种活动,尤其指和其他人一起参加某项活动。例句:
    ①May I join in the game?我可以参加这个比赛吗?
    ②I hope you”ll all join in the discussion.我希望你们大家都参加讨论。
    如果说"与某人一起做某事"、"和…在一起"则用join sb. in sth./doing sth.。例句:
    ①Would you join me in a walk?和我一起去散步好吗?
    ②Will you join us in a game of cards?你愿意和我们一起玩牌吗?
    ③I”ll join you in a few minutes.我过几分钟将和你在一起。
    6. other, the other, another与others用法区别
    这些不定代词不仅在含义上有单复数之分,而且在用法上有泛指(无the)和特指(有the)之别。其用法区别可归纳如下:
    (1)指单数时的用法指单数时,若泛指用another,若特指用 the other。如:Give me another (one). 另外给我一个。
    Shut the other eye, please. 请把另一只眼睛也闭上。
    (5)指复数时的用法指复数时,若泛指用 other(后接复数名词),若特指用the other(后接复数名词)。如:There are other ways of doing it. 做这事还有其他的办法。
    Where have the other students gone? 其他学生都到哪里去了?
    (6)other的用法others永远表示复数意义(且其后不能再接名词)。其用法大致相当于)“other+复数名词”,同样地 the others 大致相当于“the other+复数名词”。如:Other people [Others] may not think that way. 别的人可能不这样想。
    He is cleverer than the others [the other students] in her class. 他比班上其他学生聪明。
    (7)another的用法another一般只能表单数,且其后接名词也只能接单数名词。但是若其后有数词或 few 修饰时,则也可接复数名词。如:We need another few chairs. 我们还需要几把椅子。
    In another two weeks it'll be finished. 再过两个星期就可做完了。
    (8)与 some连用与 some 对比使用时,用 others(此时与 some 同义)。如:Some say yes, and others say no. 有人说对,有人说不对。
    7. look, sound, smell, taste, feel的语法特点与区别
    这几个连系动词的意思分别是“看起来”、“听起来”、“闻起来”、“尝起来”、“摸起来”,使用时注意以下几点:
    (1)通常以被感觉的东西作主语,虽有被动词味,但不用被动语态:
    误:The material is felt nice. 这料子摸起来不错。(is felt 应改为feels)
    误:The soup is tasted delicious. 这汤味道不错。(is tasted应改为tastes)
    (2)其后均可接介词 like:
    This looks (tastes, smells, feels) like an orange. 这东西看起来(吃起来,闻起来,摸起来)像桔子。
    另外,taste和smell后还可接介词of,表示“有…的味道”:
    It tastes [smells] of fish. 这东西有鱼的味道。
    (3)除look外均不用于进行时态(即使是look用于进行时态也不多见):
    You look [are looking] tired this evening. 今晚你好像很累。
    但是不说What you says is sounding reasonable.
    【注意】feel 表示“感觉”可用于进行时:
    How are you feeling now? 你现在感觉如何?
    I'm feeling terrible. 我感到难受极了。
    另外,若以上动词用作实意动词,则可以用于进行时态:
    He is tasting the pudding. 他在尝布丁。
    除look外,均不能接 to be(即使是look后接to be也不多见):
    She looks (to be) the best person for this job. 她似乎是做这项工作的最佳人选。
    【注意】feel 有时可表示“使人感觉起来…”:
    It feels cold in here. 这儿很冷。
    8. some和any的用法区别
    (1)some一般用于肯定的陈述句中,any多用于否定句、疑问句或条件句中。两者都可修饰可数名词,也可修饰不可数名词。
    例如:There is some water in the cup.
    Do you have any friends in Shanghai?
    If you have any help, let me know.
    (2)在疑问句中有时也用some,表示希望得到肯定的回答或表示请求、建议、命令等含义。
    例如:Would you like some more tea?
    (3)any也可以用在肯定陈述句中或条件状语从句中,表示“任何的”、“任何一个的”,其后接名词单数形式。
    例如:Jim runs faster than any other student in his class.
    9. little, a little与 few, a few
    (1)few, a few修饰可数名词复数形式,little, a little 修饰不可数名词。
    (2)a few,a little有肯定含义,译作“有几个”,“有一点”;而few和little表否定,译作“没有几个”,“没有多少”。
    10. many, much和a lot of/lots of
    都是“许多”的意思,many后接可数名词复数形式,much后接不可数名词,a lot of/lots of后接可数名词复数形式或不可数名词都可以。
    11. each和every
    each对两个或两个以上的人或物而言,侧重于个体,且可单独作主语、宾语等;every是对三个或三个以上的人或事物而言,侧重整体情况,且不能单独使用,只能做修饰词。
    12. clothes与clothing的区别
    clothes和clothing均可表示衣服的统称,但clothes是一个没有单数形式的复数名词(永远是复数),而clothing则是一个没有复数形式的单数名词(永远不可数)。如:
    Soak the clothes in cold water. 把这些衣服浸泡在冷水里。
    You shouldn't wear informal clothes to an interview. 参加面时,不应该穿得随随便便的。
    两者比较而言,clothes的含义比较具体,而clothing的含义则比较抽象。如:
    She hung the clothes on the line to dry. 她把衣服挂在绳上晾干。
    Our clothing protects us against the cold. 我们的衣服可以御寒。
    但是, 若不考虑其细微区别,clothes和clothing常可换用。如:
    Warm clothes are [clothing is] a must in the mountains. 在山里厚衣服是必不可少的。
    另外,在a wolf in sheep's clothing(披着羊皮的狼)这一习语中,习惯上用clothing。如:
    He turned out to be a wolf in sheep's clothing. 他原来是只披着羊皮的狼。
    He certainly seems harmless enough, but is he a wolf in sheep's clothing? 看起来他倒是十分和善,但会不会是披着羊皮的狼?
    13. 常用词用法辨析:Speak, Talk, Say和Tell
    (1)Speak比较庄重,表示某人(即讲者)在一段对话中所说的话较其它人多。
    举例:The Principal speaks to us every morning at the assembly.
    Tom, your boss wants to speak to you.
    (2)Talk不及speak庄重,而且多用于说话,少用于书写。 Talk表示两个或更多的人在对话。
    举例:The students were talking loudly in the classroom, in the very presence of the teacher.
    当宾语是一种语言时,要用 speak 不用 talk 或 say:
    正确: Victor speaks fluent Putonghua.
    错误: Victor talks fluent Putonghua.
    错误: Victor says fluent Putonghua.
    (3)在书面英语, talk 极少用作及物动词,除非在 talk 后接用以下的宾语:
    Stop talking nonsense.
    They are talking business again.
    (4)若不是接用上列的宾语,talk 后必需接用前置词 about。
    举例:
    正确: Betty and Susan are talking about the trip to London.
    错误: Betty and Susan are talking their trip to London.
    Say通常跟讲者所说的话一起使用,不论是直述句或陈述句:
    Please say hello / thank you to your mum.
    What did your father say when you told him about your plan to get married? 'I cant believe it,' he said.
    He said that he could not believe it.
    可是,say 有时也可用于一些非直述句或陈述句中。
    看看以下的例子:
    I want you to say something about how we met at our wedding party.
    注意 something about how we met并不是用于引述别人所说的真实语句。
    另一方面, tell 并不是用于引述别人所说的话语,而是表达别人的说话中所述的事实或资料:
    He told me about the accident.
    He told his parents the truth.
    He told us a funny story.
    (5)在陈述命令句中,应用 tell 而不用 say:
    'Keep quiet,' the teacher said to the students.
    The teacher told the students to keep quiet.
    'Dont stay up late,' my mother said to me.
    My mother told me not to stay up late.

    14. Mr与Mrs用法区别
    (1)Mr 意为“先生”,是 mister 之略,用于男子的姓(名)或职务之前;Mrs 意为“夫人”,是 mistress 之略,用于已婚妇女,其后通常接丈夫姓(名)或自己婚后的姓名。如:
    Mr (John) Brown (约翰·)布朗先生
    Mr President 主席先生
    Mrs (Henry) Smith (亨利·)史密斯太太
    Mrs Mary Jones 玛丽·琼斯太太
    注意,Mrs 之后接妇女自己婚后姓名的情况主要见于法律文件,另外对有的寡妇也这样称呼。另外注意,Mr 要用于姓前或姓名前,但不用于教名前,比如一个名叫 John Smith 的人,我们可以称他为 Mr Smith 或 Mr John Smith, 但不能称他为 Mr John。
    (2)在正式场合,介绍自己时也可用 Mr 或 Mrs。如:
    I'm Mr (Mrs) Smith. 我是史密斯先生(夫人)。
    (3)在称呼某某夫妇时,用“Mr and Mrs+夫姓”的形式,其中的Mr 与 Mrs 一般不能倒过来;用作主语时,谓语动词也用复数。如:
    In addition to her, there were Mr and Mrs Dalby. 除了她还有戴尔比夫妇。
    比较下面两句表达:
    Mr. and Mrs. Smith are from New York. 史密斯夫妇是纽约人。
    The Smiths are from New York. 史密斯夫妇是纽约人。
    (4)有时可用于地方、运动或职业的名称前。如:
    Mr America 美国先生(指美国男子健美冠军)
    Mrs America 美国太太(指美国已婚妇女的选美冠军)
    Mr Baseball 棒球先生(由于表现出色而被评选出的棒球运动员)
    (5)在口语中(尤其是美国英语中)Mr 的完整形式(mister)可独立地用作呼语。如:
    What's the time, mister? 先生,请问几点了?
    15. a bit,a bit of的区别
    a bit,a bit of这两个短语都可表示“一点,一些”。其区别是:
    a bit的意思是“有点”,在句子中常修饰动词、形容词,作状语;a bit of是表示数量的短语,意思是“一点点”,在句子中多用做定语,后面只接不可数名词。例如:
    The weatheris a bit cold.天气有点冷。
    Please wait a bit.请等一下。
    I know a bit of French.我懂一点法语。
    【练习】:用a bit或a bit of 填空:
    1、He is not_____like his brother.
    2、After hard work,we should take_____rest.
    答案:1. a bit 2.a bit of
    16. a moment和the moment的区别
    a moment的意思是:片刻,一会儿,一时,一点儿,常与延续性动词连用;the moment的意思是:目前,当时。例如:
    She hesitated for a moment,and then went on.她迟疑了一下,然后接着说。
    There is no need to fear for him for the moment, he is going to get well.目前不必为他担忧,他很快就会好起来。
    【练习】用a moment或the moment 填空:
    1、The police arrived right at_____of the explosion.
    2、Will you watch for the bus while I go into the shop for______?
    答案:1 .the moment 2.a moment
    17. as long as 与only if 辨析
    (1)as long as 有两个意思,一是用于本义,意为“与…一样长(久)”,在否定句中,也可说成 (not) so long as;二是用于引申义,表示“只要”,用于此义时也可说成 so long as(不管是肯定句、否定句还是疑问句)。如:
    This river is as long as that one. 这条河与那条河一条长。
    He lived abroad as long as five years. 他住在国外长达五年之久。
    He didn't stay there as [so] long as she. 他在那儿住得不如她久。
    As long as it doesn't rain we can go. 只要不下雨,我们就可以去。
    As [So] long as you need me, I'll stay. 只要你需要我,我就留下。
    (2)only if 可视为 if 的加强说法,即其中的 only 是修饰 if 从句的,其意为“只有在……条件下”。如:
    I'll tell you, but only if you don't tell anyone else. 我可以告诉你,但条件是你不能告诉其他任何人。
    I'll accept the bill only if you send it to my home address. 你必须把账单送到我住的地方,我才愿意偿付。
    (3)从语气上看,only if 的语气要比as long as 强,as long as 通常只是用于提出一个条件,与if 的意思比较接近;而only if 引出的从句内容则通常暗示它是主句内容的唯一条件,含有“只有……才……”“只有在……的时候”“……唯一的条件是……”之意。比较:
    As long as you do your best, we'll be happy. 只要你尽力,我们就满意了。
    You can borrow the book as long as you keep it clean. 只要你不把书弄脏,这书你就可以借。
    We can succeed only if everyone in the team pulls his weight. 我们全队只有人人各尽所能才能取得成功。
    The coach stops at the principal hotels to pick up tourists, but only if they arrange this in advance. 大客车到各主要的旅馆来接观光者,但条件是必须事先安排好。
    (4)动词搭配上的差别
    在许多情况下,as long as 与 only if 均可用,只是语气有强弱之分。但是,当主句和从句的谓语动词均为短暂性动词时,通常只用 only if,而不用 as long as。如:
    你只有请他,他才会来。
    误:He will come as long as you ask him.
    正:He will come only if you ask him.
    析:此句中的 only if 不能用 as long as 代替,因为动词 ask 与 come 均短暂性动词。
    (5)词序上的差别
    两者均可引导从句置于主句之后,也可置于主句之前。但是,当only if 引导的状语从句置于主句之前时,其后的主句要用倒装语序,而且 as long as 引导的从句置于主句之前不用倒装。如:
    As long as it doesn't rain we can play. 只要不下雨,我们就能玩。
    As long as you're happy, it doesn't matter what you do. 只要你高兴,你做什么都没关系。
    Only if a teacher has given permission is a student allowed to enter this room. 只有得到教师的允许,学生才可以进这间屋。
    Only if the red light comes on is there any danger to employees. 只要红灯一亮,就表示有危及职工的险情。
    (6)注意 only if 与 if only 的差别
    only if 意为“只要”,可视为 if 的加强说法。而 if only 有两个意思,一是表示“只要”,此时通常与陈述语气连用,与 only if 用法相似;二是表示“但愿”“要是……就好了”,此时多与虚拟语气连用。如:
    I will come only if you promise not to invite Mary. 只要你答应不请玛丽,我就来。
    If only it clears up, we'll go. 只要天晴,我们就去。
    If only I was rich. 要是我很有钱就好了。
    If only I hadn't told him about it. 要是我没有告诉他这事就好了。
    It's a good plan, if only we could carry it out. 那是个不错的计划,但愿我们能实现它。
    18. weigh与weight的用法区别
    weigh 为动词,主要用法注意两点:
    (1)表示“称……的重量”,是及物动词。如:
    Will you weigh it, please? 请你称一称它,好吗?
    Can I have this parcel weighed here? 我可以在这儿称一下这个包裹吗?
    (2)表示“重(多少)”,是不及物动词,也有的词典认为此时为连系动词。如:
    How much do you weigh? 你体重多少?
    This luggage weighs 20 kilograms. 这件行李重20公斤。
    weight 为名词,主要用法注意两点:
    (1)表示“重”“重量”“分量”,不可数。如:
    What is the weight of the parcel? 包裹有多重?
    The kilogram is the international standard of weight. 千克是国际重量标准。
    有时可专指“体重”。如:
    She should eat less if she wants to lose weight. 如果她想减肥,就应当少吃些。
    During her illness her weight went down from 50 kilos to 40. 在病中她体重由50公斤下降到40公斤。
    (2)比较 by weight与in weight:前者表示“按重量”,后者表示“重量上”。如:
    Do they charge carriage by weight? 他们是按重量收取运费吗?
    It's smaller in size but greater in weight. 它体积比较小,但分量比较重。
    19. bath与bathe用法比较
    bath的用法
    (1) 用作名词,一般指在室内的浴室或浴缸里“洗澡”,是可数名词;英国英语和美国英语都用它,但搭配上稍有差别,英国英语多用have a bath,而美国英语多用take a bath。如:
    I shall have [take] a hot bath and go to bed. 我洗个热水澡就将上床睡觉了。
    (2) 用作动词,也指在室内的浴室或浴缸里“洗澡”,只用于英国英语中;在美国英语中一般不这样用,要表示类似用法美国人会用bathe。如:
    I bath(英)[bathe(美)] every night. 我每晚洗澡。
    She bathed in cold water winter and summer. 不论寒暑她都用凉水洗澡。
    但是,即使在英国英语中,bath用作动词是比较正式的用法,在非正式文体中,人们通常会用have a bath或take a bath。
    另外,在英国英语中,bath还可用作及物动词,后接宾语,但在美国中英语中则用bathe。如:
    It's your turn to bath [bathe] the baby. 该你给孩子洗澡了。
    bathe的用法
    (1) 用作名词,指到室外的河里或海里等“游泳”,主要用于英国英语中,属比较正式的用法。如:
    It's a sunny day. Let's go for a bathe. 今天天气晴朗,咱们游泳去吧。
    (2) 用作动词,也指到室外的河里或海里等“游泳”,也主要用于英国英语中。如:
    On hot days we often bathe [go bathing] in the river. 天热时我们常在河里[去河里]游泳。
    该用法属比较正式的用法,在非正式文体里,一般说have a swim, go for a swim, go swimming, 或者就说swim。如:
    Let's go for a swim in the river. 咱们下河游泳吧。
    另外,在美国英语中,bathe经常用来表示“洗澡”,相当于英国英语中的bath。如:
    I always bathe(美)[bath(英)] before I go to bed. 我睡觉前总要洗个澡。
    (3)bathe无论在英国英语还是美国英语中,都可以表示用水冲洗身上疼痛的部位,此时为及物动词。如:
    The nurse bathed the wound. 护士冲洗伤口。
    The doctor told him to bathe his eyes twice a day. 医生叫他每天洗眼两次。
    (4)汉语说“日光浴”,说成英语是sunbathe,不是sunbath。如:
    I like to sunbathe in the morning when the sun is not so hot. 我喜欢在早晨阳光不太强烈时沐日常浴。
    20. to与for表示目标和方向时有什么区别
    to 与 for 均可表示目标、目的地、方向等,此时也要根据不同动词分别对待。
    (1)在 come, go, walk, move, fly, ride, drive, march, return 等动词之后通常用介词 to 表示目标或目的地。如:
    We'd better go to the playground. 我们最好到运动场去。
    We do hope that you will come to the party. 我们真希望你能参加这个宴会。
    I walked to the corner and made a right turn. 我走到拐角处向右拐。
    They moved to New York to seek jobs. 他们搬到纽约找工作。
    I'm flying to America, but my car is being shipped. 我坐飞机去美国,但我的汽车要用船运去。
    I ride to school on my bike. 我骑自行车上学。
    He returned to England to find himself famous. 他回到英国,发现自己竟出了名。
    There are three principal routes by which one can drive to North Wales. 开车到北威尔士,有3条主要路线可走。
    (2)在 leave, start, set out, set off, sail, head 等动词之后,通常用介词 for 表示方向。如:
    What time do you start for work? 你几点钟去上班?
    He started for Paris last week. 上周他动身去巴黎了。
    He set out for home directly after the party. 晚会后他直接回家了。
    No ships were to sail for France. 没有开往法国。
    They equipped themselves with a pair of sharp axes and set off for the forest. 他们带上两把利斧朝森林走去。
    She was very emotional; she cried even when her husband left for another city on business. 她很易动感情,她丈夫到另一个城市出差时她竟然放声大哭。
    After the play we all headed for the bar. 看完戏后我们都去了酒吧。
    The thirsty animals headed for the water. 干渴的动物向水走去。
    注:在某些名词之后也通常用介词 for(有时也用 to) 表示方向或目的地。如:
    Is this the train for [to] Paris? 这是开往巴黎的火车吗?
    Passengers for Oxford must change at Didcot. 前往牛津的旅客必须在迪德考特换车。
    21. such as与for example的用法区别
    (1)两者的用法共同点
    such as与for example均可用于表示举例,有时可互换。如:
    Some sports, such as (=for example) motor racing, can be dangerous. 有些体育运动,比如赛车,有时是很危险的。
    My wife likes social activities, such as (=for example) tennis and golf. 我妻子喜爱社交活动,如打网球和高尔夫球等。
    (2)两者的用法不同点
    such as除表示举例外,还可表示诸如此类,意思是“像……这样的”“诸如……之类的”,此时不宜与for example互换(但可与表示诸如此类意思的like互换)。如:
    Opportunities such as (=like) this did not come every day. 这样的机会不是天天都有的。
    Avoid unhealthy foods such as (=like) hamburger and chips. 不要吃汉堡和薯条之类的不健康食品。
    另外,such as有时可分开用,但for example不能分开用。如:
    The disease attacks such animals as cats and dogs. 这种病只侵袭像猫狗一类的动物。(比较:The disease attacks animals such as cats and dogs.)
    (3)两者位置的不同点
    such as用于举例时,总是跟在被说明的内容之后,不能独立成句,也不能用于句首或句末,其后也不能用逗号,但for example可以。如:
    Each situation is different. For example, a man with a rich wife doesn't have to work. 情况各有不同,例如,娶了有钱妻子的男人就不必工作。
    You make too many mistakes—lots of spelling mistakes, for example. 你的错误太多——比如,有好多拼法错误。
    【练习】用such as, for example, like填空:
    1. After talking about the job in general, we got down to the specifics, ________ the salary.
    2. Carmakers use robots to do unpleasant jobs, ________ painting cars in hot conditions.
    3. There is a real risk of injury in sports ________ climbing.
    4. There are many big cities in Europe, ________, London, Paris and Rome.
    5. ________, we are to have less clothes, coal and food even than we have had and less petrol than we expected.
    参考答案:1. such as / for example 2. such as / for example 3. such as / like 4. for example 5. For example
    22. So do I 与 So I do 的用法比较
    (1)So do I这一结构主要用来说明前面所说的情况也同样适用于后面的人或物,意为“…也一样”。该结构中的助动词 do 根据前文的情况也可换成 is, am, are, was, were, does, did, can, could 等。如:
    He passed the exam, and so did I.
    =He passed the exam, and I passed the exam, too.
    =Both he and I passed the exam.
    =He and I both passed the exam.
    他通过了考试,我也通过了考试。/ 他和我都通过了考试。
    又如:
    They went to the zoo yesterday. So did we. 他们昨天去了动物园,我们也去了。
    但是如果前面所述情况为否定式,则用neither, nor引出倒装句(此时不能用so)。如:
    He couldn't do it, and neither could she. 他做不了这事,她也做不了。
    He never comes late. Nor do I. 他从不迟到,我也从不迟到。
    (1)So I do这类结构主要用于加强语气,其意为“的确如此、确实如此”,表示后者赞同前者的话或意见,只是进一步强调并重复前句所述的内容。前后句的主语指的是同一个人或物。该结构中的助动词 do 根据前文的情况也可换成 is, am, are, was, were, does, did, can, could 等。如:
    —He has done a good job. 他干得不错。
    —So he has. 他的确干得不错。
    —He will speak at the meeting tomorrow. 他明天将在会上发言。
    —So he will. 确实如此。
    —He went to see his friend yesterday. 他昨天去看朋友了。
    —So he did. 的确如此。
    【练习】
    1. —Will you go shopping tonight?
    —If you go, ______.
    A. so do I B. so will I C. so I go D. that I'll go
    2. —I'll go there for a visit with my family during the long holiday of May.
    —______.
    A. So do I B. So I do C. So will I D. So I will
    【答案解析】
    1. B。根据会话语境可得知答句意为“如果你去购物的话,我也去”,应选B。
    2. C。这里的主语虽然同是I,但根据上下文可确定它们不是指同一个人,故应用“so+助动词(be动词或情态动词)+主语”结构,再根据前句的时态可知答案应选C。
    23. young, youngster, youth的区别
    这组词都有“青年,年轻人”的意思。其区别是
    young是形容词,它可以和man, woman, person等连用,表示“男青年”“女青年”青年人”;它还可以和定冠词连用,从而名词化,表示据有年轻这一特征的人。
    youngster是可数名词,尤指天真活泼的男孩和少年。
    youth是青年男女的统称,它除了用作集体名词外,还可用作普通可数名词,尤指十多岁的男青年、小伙子,有时含有贬义。例如:
    She looks young for her year.她看起来比她的岁数年轻。
    Jack is a lively youngster.杰克是个活泼的少年。
    He rode the youngster on his back.他让小孩骑在他背上。
    The youth of our country have lofty ideas. 我们国家的青年有崇高的理想
    She was being chatted up by a youth when I arrived on the scene我一到那儿正好撞见有个小伙子在和地搭讪。
    【练习】用 young, youngster或 youth的适当形式填空:
    ①The _______ man graduated from a prestigious university.
    @The fight was started by some _______who had been drinking
    ③ These_______are advancing towards maturity.
    (答案:① young ② youths ③youngsters)
    24. answer 与 reply 的区别
    (1)两者均可表示“回答”,但 answer 属常用词,多用于一般性应答,而 reply 则较正式,多指经过考虑而作出答复。如:
    He answered my letter. 他给我回了信。(指他在信中说信已收到等)
    He replied to my letter. 他给我回了信。(指他在信中把我提出的问题都作出回答)
    若不细分,两者可换用。如:
    I was so nervous that I couldn't answer [reply]. 我紧张得没作回答。
    (2)answer 可自由地用作及物或不及物动词,而 reply 除后接 that 从句或引出直接引语是及物动词外,一般只用作不及物动词。其后若接名词或代词作宾语,应借助介词 to。如:
    He replied that he had changed his mind. 他回答说他改变了主意。
    He didn't answer [reply to] my question. 他没有回答我的问题。
    比较下面两句:
    He did not know what to reply. 他不知道回答什么(即:用什么回答)。
    He did not know what to reply to. 他不知道回答什么问题(即:对什么作回答)。
    (3)answer 除表示“回答”外,还可表示接听(电话)或对门铃等声响作出反应等(常与 telephone, door, bell, door-bell 等连用)。但 reply 不能这样用。如:
    Who answered the telephone? 谁接的电话?
    A little girl answered the door. 一个小女孩应声去开门。
    Nobody answered my call for help. 没有人理会我的呼救。
    (4)两者除用作动词外,都可用作名词。要表示“对……的回答(答复,答案)”等,其后均接介词 to (不用 of)。如:
    Have you had an answer to your letter? 你寄出的信有回音没有?
    I received no reply to my request. 我的要求没有收到任何答复。
    25. rain, raning, rains和rainy的用法区别
    (1)rain 可做动词或名词。作动词常用的是做不及物动词意为“下雨”。名词就是“雨”了。
    首先 rain是不可数名词 所以rains只是个三单形式而已 不是单独的词。例句:
    It rains a lot。常常下雨。
    It is raining outside。外面正在下雨。
    (2) rainy是形容词 用来修饰名词 一般和day连用。译为“多雨的,下雨的”
    (3)rain 本身可作名词和动词用,就是雨水或下雨的意思。作为动词用时,根据人称和时态自然衍生出如 rains / raining / rained 这些变化。例如:
    It usually rains in the afternoon in Bangkok. 曼谷大都在下午会下雨
    It is raining now. 现在正在下雨
    It rained for 2 hours last night. 昨夜下了两小时雨
    26. a number of 和the number of在用法上的区别
    a number of + 可数名词复数 谓语用复数,意为:许多,大量的…。
    the number of + 可数名词复数 谓语用单数,意为:…的数目。
    (1)a number of是“一些”,可以指“几个”,也可以指“很多个”,但总是一个以上,所以应配复数形式名词和动词,例如:“A number of girls have the same problem.”
    有时,为求数目清楚一点,number之前会加形容词,例如:a large/small number of girls(很多/少数女孩子)。
    (2)The number of则是“……的数目”,这数目只有一个,所以须配单数形式动词,例如:“The number of girls present was close to one hundred.(出席的女孩子有将近一百人。)
    27. me too与me either的用法区别
    (1)口语中说me too,其意为“我也一样”,主要用于延续前面的肯定信息。如:
    “I like potato chips.”“Me too.”“我喜欢吃薯条。”“我也是。”
    “I’m going home.”“Me too.”“我要回家了。”“我也是。”
    类似地,若语义需要还可以说us too。如:
    “I’m glad it’s Friday.”“Us too!”“我很高兴今天是星期五。”“我们也高兴!”
    (2)me either的用法,口语中说me either或me neither,其意均表示“我也不……”,主要用于延续前面的否定信息(两者一般可互换)。如:
    “I can’t swim.”“Me either.”“我不会游泳。”“我也不会。”
    “I don’t want to go to a political meeting”“Me neither!”“我不想参加政治集会。”“我也不想!”
    28. Everyone 与 Everybody用法区别
    (1)两者意思相同,均表示“人人”“每人”等,但 everybody比 everyone 更常用、更口语化。用作主语,谓语用单数。如:
    Everyone [Everybody] burst out laughing. 每个人都大笑起来。
    使用相应代词时,按传统语法是使用阳性人称代词,除非上下文中是明确指阴性的(如a girls' school女校)。如:
    Everyone knows what he has to do, doesn't he? 每个人都知道他必须做什么,对吗?
    但是,在实际运用中,人们通常使用性别差异的复数代词。如:
    Everyone knows what they have to do, don't they? 每个人都知道自己必须做什么,对吗?
    (2)指三者或三者以上的“每人”,不能用来指两者。如:
    来了两个男孩,我给他们每人一个苹果。
    正:Two boys came, and I gave an apple to each.
    误:Two boys came, and I gave an apple to everyone.
    (3)一般不后接 of 短语,若接可用 every one。如:
    Every one of the children was crying. 那些孩子个个都在哭。
    everyone与every one的另一个区别是:前者只用于指人,后者可用于指人或指物。如:
    His books are wonderful. I've read every one of them. 他的书写得好极了,我每一本都读过了。
    (4)与 not 连用,通常构成部分否定。如:
    However, not everybody agreed. 然而并不是人人都同意。
    Grammar isn't everyone's idea of fun. 语法不是每个人都认为有趣的。
    (5)受形容词的修饰时,形容词置于其后。如:
    Everyone intelligent can do the work. 每一个有智力的人都可以做这工作。
    29. That is because…和 That is why…的区别
    “That is because…”指原因或理由,“That is why…”则指由于各种原因所造成的后果。例如:
    He did not see the film last night. That is because he had to help his little sister with her homework.昨天晚上他没有去看电影, 那是因为他得帮助他的妹妹做作业。(第一句话说明结果, 第二句话说明原因)
    He had seen the film before. That is why he did not see it last night.他以前曾看过那部电影, 因此他昨天晚上没有去看。(第一句话说明原因, 第二句话说明结果)
    30. upset,anxious,nervous之间的区别
    upset意为“心烦的;沮丧的”,表示由于某事的发生而感到心烦意乱。例句:
    She was very upset when she got the result.
    当她得知结果后,她感到很不安。
    anxious意为“焦虑的;担忧的”;表示由于害怕某种事情会发生而感到焦急。例句下:
    My mother was anxious when she knew my brother had gone there alone.
    当我妈妈得知弟弟一个人去了那里时,她感到很焦虑。
    nervous意为“紧张的”,表示在事情发展的过程中有一种害怕的感觉。例句:
    I'm always nervous when I stand up to answer the teachers' questions.
    当我起立回答老师问题时,我总是感到很紧张。
    31. sleepy, asleep,sleep的区别
    sleepy, asleep,sleep这三个词都有睡的意思,sleepy 指人“困倦的或瞌睡的”状态,作表语时,意为“困倦;想睡觉”,作定语时,意为“瞌睡的;寂静的”。例如:
    She always feels sleepy in class because she stays up late.因为熬夜,她上课总感到困倦。
    asleep是表语形容词,意为“睡着的”,常用于短语fall asleep,意为“睡着”。例如:
    Don't wake them up. They're asleep. 别吵醒他们,他们睡着了。
    sleep是动词或名词,意为“睡觉;睡眠”。例如:
    He didn't sleep well before the exam.考试前他没睡好。
    32. a part of和part of的区别
    a part of和part of这两个短语的共同意思是“一部分”。其区别是
    (1)part of强调某物是一个整体不可分割的一部分,可以是一半,也可以是一半以上,还可以是一半以下;
    a part of仅指整体一半以下的一小部分“或指“一小股”的事物,相当于 a small part of。
    例如:
    The greater part of the valley aoas flooded. 大部分山谷被淹没。
    A part of the books have arrived. 一小部分书已经运到了。
    (2)在用于小说时,part of笼统指其中一部分,而 a part of则有一个章节的意味。例如:
    He read part of the novel. 他读过这部小说的部分内容
    He has only read a part of the novel.他只读过这部小说中的一个章节的内容。
    【练习】用part of或 a part of填空:
    ①Once your business becomes international, flying constantly will be__ __________ your life.
    ②Only___________his story is true.
    答案:① part of ②a part of



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