2023高考英语语法专项复习学案定语从句

语法专项提升—定语从句

[思维导图]

Review

Ⅰ.定语

1.概念：修饰或限定名词或代词的词、短语或从句被称为定语。

2.形式：定语可由形容词、数词、形容词性物主代词、介词短语、非谓语动词或句子等充当。

3.位置：定语有前置和后置两种情况，单词放前，短语从句放后。

The beautiful girl is her daughter.(形容词和形容词性物主代词作前置定语)

The building being repaired is our library.(非谓语动词作后置定语)

Ⅱ.定语从句

一、3个概念

1．定语从句

在复合句中，修饰名词或代词的从句叫作定语从句。

The boy who is reading needs the pen which you bought yesterday.

2．先行词：被定语从句所修饰的词或句子叫先行词，作先行词的可以是：

(1)一个词(名词/代词)

This is the place which is worth visiting.

He laughs best who laughs last.

(2)一个短语

Many life’s problems which were solved by asking family members，friends or colleagues are beyond the capability of the extended family to resolve.

(3)一个分句

The Greeks assumed that the structure of language had some connection with the process of thought，which took root in Europe long before people have realized how diverse languages could be.

(4)一个完整的句子

I found an old man lying on the ground and I took him to hospital in a taxi immediately，which was why I was late that morning.

3．关系词

引导定语从句的词叫关系词/连词。关系词包括关系代词和关系副词。关系词有三大作用：代指______，连接_________，在从句中作________。

Beijing, which is the capital city of China，is a very beautiful city.

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二、2种分类

1.限制性定语从句

概念：它是先行词在意义上不可缺少的定语，如果去掉，主句的意思就不完整或失去特点：书写时不可用逗号分开。如果关系代词在限制性定语从句中作宾语，关系代词通常可以省略。

Do you know the girl who just came in?

The time when I first met Mr.White was a very difficult period of my life.

2.非限制性定语从句

概念：它只是对先行词作附加补充说明，如果去掉，主句的意思仍然清楚完整。

特点：书写时往往用逗号分开。非限制性定语从句不用that引导。

The old woman，who lives on her own, has a cat for company.

He whispered to me the news，which was really amazing.

三、4步解题

找到从句划括号，根据成分选连词，要看介词在何处。

1.找到从句划括号

①Mozi came from a family which was very poor.

②Ancient China was a place where states were often at war with each other.

③But it was also a time when there were many great philosophers.

④Confucius is the philosopher whose influence has been the greatest.    

⑤Mozi was another teacher who was very influential.             

⑥Mozi founded the philosophy that was called Mohism.                   

⑦Mencius is a thinker whom we respect a lot.

⑧Mencius believed that the reason why man is different from animals is that man is good.

2.根据成分选连词

Those who are interested in the film can contact me.

My daughter，whose job requires her to do a lot of travelling，is always away from home.

Tom is one of the engineers who are sent abroad.

Tom is the only one of the engineers who has come up with the solution.

3.三看介词在何处

四、4步解题

1.用that不用which         “两代限高数，特有重表序”

两：先行词既有人又有物时，关系代词只用that，不用which。

The scientist and his achievements that you told me about are admired by us all.

代：先行词是不定代词或者被不定代词所修饰时，如everything,anything,nothing,all。关系代词通常只用that。

Do you have anything that you want to say for yourself？

限：先行词被the only，the very，the last,any, no, little, few等修饰时。

This is the only thing that we can do now.

高：先行词被形容词最高级修饰时。

数：先行词是数词时。

特：主句是特殊疑问句时。

有：主句是there be句型时。

重：多重定从中已经有了which，为避免重复

He built a factory which produced things that we have never seen before.

表：当先行词在主句中作表语，而关系代词也作表语时。

Shanghai is no longer the city that it used to be.

序：先行词被序数词、形容词最高级， ，关系代词通常只用that，不用which。

There is a book on the desk_____belongs to Jack.

This is one of the most exciting football games _____I have ever seen.

We were deeply impressed by the teachers and the schools_____we had visited there.

Who is the man_____stands there?

China is not the country_____it used to be.

I’ve read all the books ____are not mine.

This is the very book______belongs to him.

2.用which不用that   

①　非限制性定从

②　介词前置

③　多重定从中已经有了that，为避免重复

3.which与as引导非限制性定语从句的3点区别

She married again，which was unexpected.       She married again，as we expected.

[名师指津] as引导限制性定语从句常用于下列句式：such＋名词＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；such(pron.)＋as(像……一样的，像……之类的)；the same＋名词＋as(和……同样的)。

We have found such materials as are used in their factory.

I have the same book as he has.

4．Such...as与such...that

做法：画从句，从句完整填that，不完整填as

He is such a clever boy that everyone likes.

I had such a dog that no one dared to get close to my house.

[名师指津] 当先行词为表示抽象地点的名词situation，case，stage，point等，且关系词在定语从句中作状语时，用关系副词where引导定语从句。如果关系词在定语从句中作主语或宾语时则用关系代词which/that。

They have reached the point where they have to separate with each other.

他们已经到了必须分手的地步。

“缺什么，补什么”，准确选用关系词

1．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少主语，限制性定语从句中用who/that；非限制性定语从句用who。

2．如果先行词指人，定语从句中缺少宾语，限制性定语从句中用who/that/whom；非限制性定语从句用whom。

3．如果先行词指物，定语从句中缺少主语或宾语，限制性定语从句中用which/that；非限制性定语从句用which。

4．如果先行词指时间或地点，定语从句中缺少时间状语或地点状语，定语从句中用when/where; 如果从句中缺少的是主语或宾语，则用that/which。

5．不论先行词指人还是物，只要关系词在定语从句中作定语就用whose。

6．如果先行词指人，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用whom，如果先行词指物，“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句中的关系词用which。

单句语法填空

1．Two of the authors of the review also made a study published in 2014 ________ showed a mere five to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all causes.(2018·全国卷Ⅰ)

2．Many westerners ________ come to China cook much less than in their own countries once they realize how cheap it can be to eat out.(2018·浙江高考)

3．But Sarah，________has taken part in shows along with top models，wants to prove that she has brains as well as beauty.(2017·全国卷Ⅲ)

4．Pahlsson and her husband now think the ring probably got swept into a pile of kitchen rubbish and was spread over the garden，________ it remained until the carrot’s leafy top accidentally sprouted (生长) through it.For Pahlsson，its return was a wonder.(2017·浙江高考)

5．But my connection with pandas goes back to my days on a TV show in the mid－1980s，________ I was the first Western TV reporter permitted to film a special unit caring for pandas rescued from starvation in the wild.(2016·全国卷Ⅰ)

6．Some people think that the great Chinese scholar Confucius，________lived from roughly 551 to 479 B．C.，influenced the development of chopsticks.(2016·全国卷Ⅲ)

Ⅰ.单句语法填空

1．In the following years，there were fewer drop－outs and more college graduates in my village，_____I am proud of even today.(2019·台州模拟)

2．Being in a big，busy building in a country _____I could not speak the language made me nervous，but as I found my way，I gained confidence.(2019·绍兴模拟)

3．The report has also drawn criticism，with some scientists arguing that the data on _____it is based is not wide and representative enough to generate a single number for the decline of wildlife worldwide.(2019·湖州模拟)

4．After some time，when both of you have renewed your confidence in each other，go back to the time _____you nearly fell apart.(2019·金华模拟)

5．Badaling is the most famous of the five sections _____lie near Beijing and can be accessed easily.(2019·温州模拟)

6．Beijing Opera has a history of 200 years，_____origin can be seen as old local operas，especially Anhui Opera.(2019·兰溪联考)

7．The teen，_____is black and only speaks some basic Chinese，has been praised by teachers since he picked up the music as a kindergartener.(2019·台州中学模拟)

8．In addition，due to people’s awful impression of the smoking people，the habit will limit our social network，_____will finally lead to loneliness.(2019·富阳中学模拟)

9．_____is widely accepted，in the Middle East Arabs greet each other by touching noses，but this is not a polite way of greeting in other cultures.(2019·宁海中学模拟)

10．The products，several of _____have been recently introduced，seem to be well accepted.(2019·东阳中学模拟)

Ⅱ.语法填空

(2019·乐清二模)A bridge is a structure built 1.________(cross) a river，road，valley and so on.Designs of bridges differ depending 2.________ the function of the bridge and the nature of the land where the bridge is constructed.

The first bridges 3.________ (make) of wooden logs.Most of these early bridges were poorly built and could rarely support heavy weights.It was this inadequacy that 4.________ (lead) to the development of better bridges.The arch was first used for bridges by the Roman Empire，some of 5.________ still stand today.

The oldest surviving arch stone bridge in China is the Zhaozhou Bridge，6.________ (date) back to the Sui Dynasty.The great bridge expert Mao Yisheng once said that 1，300 years was enough to prove the completeness of its entire structure.The bridge is complex yet elegantly constructed.Taking in the whole view，you will find it a single－arch bridge.However，it is actually a vertical combination of twenty－eight 7.________(arch)．The two smaller spans (桥拱) in the shoulders of the bridge is a 8.________ (create) invention in the history of the bridge construction，giving the stone bridge a 9.________ (fair) pretty design.

This bridge will continue to stand there not only as a tourist attraction 10.________ a treasure for everyone to enjoy.