高考英语阅读理解分类训练：社会类

这是一份高考英语阅读理解分类训练：社会类，共28页。

阅读理解
American Jake Pinnick comes from a small town called Kewanee.
Pinnick said when he told friends and family he wanted to go to the Wudang Kungfu Academy in China, the response was typical. "It's not a usual thing to say, but it is pretty normal for kids to want to get out of a place like Kewanee. Most kids say something like they want to move to Hollywood and become an actor, " said the 30-year-old. “When I first thought about it, it was daydreaming for myself, too.”
Once he found himself at the academy, Pinnick said fitting in was softened by other foreigners who were in the area and a part of the school. Getting used to the way of life was surprisingly easy given the peaceful nature to it. Pinnick said after a while, he found himself more at home in Wudang than he ever felt back home in Kewanee. Locals were more than welcoming and willing to engage.
“The culture shock wasn't that bad. Surprisingly, I find I have more of that going back to America now... learning the language did take some time, but everyone around the school was familiar with foreigners, so we had a lot of fun speaking broken English and Chinese back and forth at the start.”
After he settled into a routine, Pinnick set about engaging himself in Chinese culture, including Kungfu training. He was also attracted by the philosophical tradition most well-known for the idea of living in harmony with the universe.
Pinnick said he had to go home after the first six months and immediately wanted to return to China, feeling as if it had now become his home more than America, and he had begun a process of rewriting himself as a person overseas.
His life now goes around training, teaching and studying. He graduated from the academy in 2014 and still helps teach there.
Pinnick said the goal is to one day return to America and teach what he has learned. Looking back on his amazing journey, Pinnick said he has grown by leaps and bounds from a small-town American kid who had a daydream he could not shake.
1．What did Pinnick's family think of his idea of learning Kungfu?
A．Unrealistic. B．Creative.
C．Challenging. D．Disappointing.
2．What mainly helped Pinnick get used to the life in China?
A．His fluent Chinese. B．The friendly local culture.
C．His peaceful nature. D．Other foreign teachers there.
3．What did Pinnick gain from his experience in China?
A．A career choice. B．A large fortune.
C．A Kungfu certificate. D．A good reputation.
People’s distrust in science has led many scientists to take up arms (or at least keyboards) to defend their enterprise. But in their efforts to fight back against science denial, some scientists say things that just aren’t true-and you can’t build trust if the things you are saying are not trustworthy.
One popular move is to insist that science is right-full stop-and that once we discover the truth about the world, we are done. Or, as famous physicist Steven Smith said, “Even though a scientific theory is in a sense a social consensus (共识), it is unlike any other sort of consensus in that it is culture-free and permanent.” Well, no. Even a modest familiarity with the history of science offers many examples of matters that scientists thought they had resolved, only to discover that they needed to be reconsidered.
Another popular move is to say scientific findings are true because scientists use “the scientific method.” But we can never actually agree on what that method is. Some will say it is the observation and description of the world. Others will say it is the experimental method. Recently a prominent scientist claimed the scientific method was to avoid fooling oneself into thinking something is true that is not.
Each of these views has its merits, but if the claim is that any one of these is the scientific method, then they all fail. In point of fact, the methods of science have varied between disciplines and across time.
In my view, the biggest mistake scientists make is to claim that this is all somehow simple and therefore to imply that anyone who doesn’t get it is stupid. Science is not simple, and neither is the natural world; therein lies the challenge of science communication. What we do is both hard and, often hard to explain. Our efforts to understand and characterize the natural world   are just that: efforts. Because we’re human, we often fall flat. The good news is that when that happens, we pick ourselves up,   brush ourselves off, and get back to work.
Scientific theories are not perfect replicas of reality, but we have good reason to believe that they capture significant elements of it. And experience reminds us that when we ignore reality, it sooner or later comes back to bite us.
4．Paragraph 2 stresses that _________.
A．scientific theories may change with time
B．the familiarity with science’s history matters
C．the unresolved matters should be reconsidered
D．a social consensus is culture-free and permanent
5．According to the passage, the author might agree that_________.
A．it is critical for scientists to stay true to reality
B．science puts an accurate interpretation on nature
C．the definitions of the scientific method are outdated
D．the credibility of scientific theories is underestimated
6．How does the author persuade readers in this passage?
A．By stressing the importance of science.
B．By comparing opposite opinions on science.
C．By questioning the way scientific discoveries are made.
D．By pointing out the fault in claims made by some scientists.
The word “robot” was coined in 1920 by the Czech playwright Karel Capek meaning fully functional servants. For most of their history, robots have been inelegant mechanical devices sitting out of sight in factories. Things are starting to change, however. Robots are leaving carefully managed industrial settings for everyday life and, in the coming years, will increasingly work in supermarkets, clinics, social care and much more.
They could not be coming at a better time. Many industries are facing a shortage of labor — the demand for workers has recovered much faster than expected and some people have left the workforce, particularly in America. Warehousing (仓库) has grown rapidly thanks to the e-commerce boom. Robots are picking items off shelves and helping people pack a rising numbers of boxes. They are even beginning to move slowly along some pavements, delivering goods or food right to people’s doors. Nowadays, short of workers but with lots of elderly folk to look after, having more robots to boost productivity would be a good thing.
And yet many people fear that robots will destroy jobs. A paper in 2013 by economists at Oxford University was widely misinterpreted as meaning that 47% of American jobs were at risk of being automated.
In fact, concerns about mass unemployment are overblown. The evidence suggests robots will be ultimately beneficial for labor markets. Japan and South Korea have the highest robot usage rate but very strong workforces. A Yale University study that looked at Japanese manufacturing between 1978 and 2017 found that an increase of one robot unit per 1,000 workers boosted a company’s employment by 2.2%. Research from the Bank of Korea found that robotization moved jobs away from manufacturing into other sectors, but that there was no decrease in overall vacancies.
For all that, the march of the robots will bring big changes to workplaces, too. One supposed example of “bad automation” is self-service checkouts in supermarkets, because they displace human workers. But robots could perform unpleasant work. Checkout staff who retrain to help customers pick items from aisles (传送带) may find that dealing with people in need is more rewarding than spending all day swiping barcodes in front of lasers. In addition, as jobs change, workers should be helped to acquire new skills, including how to work with and manage the robots that will increasingly be their colleagues.
The potential gains from the robot revolution are huge. In Capek’s play, the robots revolt(反抗)against their human masters and cause mass unemployment and worse. However, the beginnings of the world’s real robots have not matched Capek’s assumption. So there is no need to concern about their future.
7．The author mentions the two researches in paragraph 4 to ____________.
A．prove an argument B．introduce an approach
C．present an assumption D．highlight an experiment
8．What can we infer from the passage?
A．New skills will be acquired by workers with the help of robots.
B．The more robots are used, the greater employment it can bring.
C．Robots will betray their human masters and cause worse problems.
D．Checkout staff in supermarkets may be happier to do with people in need.
9．Towards wide spread of robots, the author is ____________.
A．approved B．neutral C．opposed D．doubtful
10．What’s the best title of the passage?
A．Future Risk: Jobs Being Automated
B．Robot Revolution: Causes of Changes
C．Workplace Automation: Rise of Robots
D．Robotization: Solution to Unemployment
It shouldn’t come as news to anyone that the planet is moving quickly towards a climate emergency. And fast fashion certainly plays its part in this.
Fast fashion brands, which release hundreds of new styles every week, have caused trends cycles to speed up rapidly, leading to overproduction and overconsumption. British shoppers are buying twice as much as we did a decade ago and both brands and consumers are throwing away “unfashionable” clothing more often—over £300,000 of it ends up in landfill every year. How do we solve this issue?
One answer lies in the new generation of made-to-order brands making their way into the mainstream. These brands make clothes only as and when they’re ordered, and because there’s no overproduction, less unwanted stock ends up in landfills. They also promote a slower fashion model, with pieces taking between three weeks and three months to arrive once purchased. The focus is on creating special, well-made pieces for consumers to treasure for years to come.
Made-to-order fashion is nothing new. Until the mid-20th century, it was the norm. However, the 1960s brought about the dawn of fast fashion and a shift in our relationship with our clothes. The value once placed on craftsmanship and quality was replaced by the desire for low cost and volume, resulting in cut-cost production and the attitude that clothing should be cheap and disposable.
Of course, made-to-order fashion has continued to exist alongside this, though research clearly shows that fast fashion prevails (盛行). Cue a made-to-order brand bringing bespoke (定制) back to the mainstream. Spanish brand Alas features a slow business model. It takes orders each week which are then handmade and delivered in about three weeks. It also revolves around an on-demand production process that rewards consumers for “pre-planned responsible shopping.” Every week, they launch a new drop, available to pre-order for a discounted rate for a limited time. From pre-order, Alas determines how popular each new item is and calculates how many units should be produced to fulfill both pre-orders and future full-price orders, therefore reducing the overproduction of stock.
With made-to-order brands growing in popularity, it begs the question—could this be the dawn of a new, environmentally responsible era? The answer is self-evident.
11．What do the first two paragraphs mainly show?
A．Our strong desire for fashion.
B．The fast development of fashion industry.
C．The urgent need for a different fashion model.
D．The advantages and disadvantages of fast fashion.
12．What does the underlined word “this” in Paragraph 5 refer to?
A．The shadow of fast fashion.
B．The value placed on quality.
C．The shift towards a green lifestyle.
D．The criticism for cheapness and quantity.
13．What does the example of Spanish brand Alas tell us?
A．The reward mechanism is a must in slow fashion.
B．It takes patience and thought to buy made-to-order items.
C．The pre-order model reduces the cost of purchasing brands.
D．Consumers have a say about how their orders are produced.
14．As for the future of made-to-order fashion, the author is ________ .
A．anxious B．confident
C．puzzled D．curious
Neuroscientists have explained the risky or aggressive behavior of teenagers as the product of a brain that is somehow damaged. A groundbreaking research in the past 10 years, however, shows that this view is wrong. The teen brain is not defective (有缺陷的). It is not a half-baked adult brain, either. It has developed to function differently from that of a child or an adult.
Foremost among the teen brain’s features is its ability to change in response to the environment by adjusting the communication networks that connect brain regions. This special plasticity, is a double-edged sword. It allows teenagers to make enormous progress in thinking and socialization. But it also makes them susceptible to dangerous behaviors and serious mental disorders.
The most recent study indicates that the riskiest behaviors arise from a mismatch between the maturation (成熟) of networks in the limbic system (大脑边缘系统), which drives emotions and strengthens at adolescence, and the maturation of networks in the prefrontal cortex (前额皮质), which occurs later and promotes sound judgment and the control of impulses(冲动). Indeed, we now know that the prefrontal cortex continues to change until well into a person’s 20s. And yet adolescence seems to be starting earlier, extending the “mismatch years.”
The changeability of networks linking brain regions and not the growth of those regions — is key to eventually behaving like an adult. Understanding that, and knowing that a widening gap between the development of emotional and judgment networks is happening in young people today, can help parents, teachers, and teenagers themselves. People will better see that behaviors such as risk taking, and turning away from parents and toward peers are not signs of cognitive (认知的) or emotional problems. They are a natural result of brain development, a normal part of adolescents learning how to negotiate a complex world.
The same understanding can also help adults decide when to intervene and help. A 15- year-old girl’s departure from her parents’ tastes in clothing or music may be a source of sadness for Mom and Dad, but does not indicate mental illness. A 16-year-old boy’s interest to skateboard without a helmet is more likely a result of short-range thinking and peer pressure than a desire to hurt himself. Other exploratory and aggressive actions might be warnings however. Knowing more about the unique teen brain will help all of us learn how to separate unusual behavior that is age-appropriate from that which might indicate illness. Such awareness could help society reduce teen problems.
15．The difference between the teen’s brain and that of an adult is its ______.
A．disorder B．weakness C．maturation D．changeability
16．What does the underlined word “susceptible” in Paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Safe. B．Sensitive. C．Hesitant. D．Resistant.
17．According to the most recent study, teens’ riskiest behaviors arise because ______.
A．their brains are somehow damaged
B．their emotions strengthen at adolescence
C．the prefrontal cortex fails to control impulses
D．two brain regions don’t develop at the same pace
18．What is the significance of the research?
A．It provides effective solutions to teens’ mental problems.
B．It highlights the functions of different brain regions of teens.
C．It helps adults to analyze teens’ behaviors and offer help.
D．It intends to prevent teenagers from risky and aggressive behaviors.
One question every coach has beard in their coaching career is this.
“Why isn’t my kid playing?”
The stupidity of many “win-at-all-cost” coaches in youth sports is neatly matched by that of “play-my-kid-or-else” parents at the high-school level.
When the games start to count, the main reason why your kid isn’t playing is simple:
“They’re just not good enough.”
“He/she just isn’t fast enough.”
“He/she just isn’t strong enough.”
Good coaches, however, are not usually that blunt. They are very skillful in not telling what you and I would consider the “truth”. The thing is that many kids know what they’re good at, and what they’re not good at. When it comes to football, for instance, most of the middle-schoolers or freshmen already know the one or two kids who are good enough to play on the varsity team or to catch the eye of a college admissions officer. Their parents do not.
The rest play because they enjoy it, need the discipline, want to belong to a team, have dreamed of it since they were five or six, are trying to make their parents happy, need a varsity sport on their college application, or some combination of the factors above. Some of them don’t possess much athletic skill, but make up for it by practicing, by getting stronger and quicker, and with on-field effort.
Far too many children today are living in a world where they never learn “no”. They don’t know how to handle disappointment and failure. Nor do they know how to react and move on when they don’t get their own way.
It’s awful when your kid isn't playing. Been there, done that. No reasonable parent wants to see their child hurt. But no one escapes this life unhurt, emotionally if not physically. When these kids move on in life, they are going to get rejected when they apply for college, fail to get the job they want, and taste failure and disappointment on multiple fronts.
Coaches should try to make sure everyone gets some playing time. But that should never come at the expense of other kids who are more talented, try harder or spend more time practicing. No child should ever go out for any team thinking they’re going to be guaranteed a spot or playing time, no matter how loudly their parents complain.
In that sense, sports are a true mirror of life. No one is guaranteed “playing” time in life. For the most part, hard work, effort, planning and desire is rewarded. The benefits can be wonderful. But it’s good to be prepared when it doesn't work out that way.
19．What does the underlined word “blunt” probably mean?
A．Impatient. B．Annoying. C．Direct. D．Serious.
20．The author believes that ______.
A．kids should learn how to face rejection in their life
B．people can live a life without being emotionally hurt
C．parents must help kids escape disappointment and failure
D．coaches need to ensure every student gets enough playing time
21．What probably motivated the author to write this passage?
A．Coaches’ mistaken beliefs about varsity teams.
B．Parents’ unrealistic views of kids’ playing time.
C．Children’s ignorance of the meaning of sports and life,
D．The public’s doubts about why kids need to play sports.
An economist, Adam Smith, famously wrote that “it is not from the benevolence (慈善)of the butcher, the brewer or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self-interest.” Like Smith, many economists today believe that one’s self-interest is what drives competition and growth in market economies. Yet, in an increasingly interconnected society, it is even more crucial to have collaborative skills. Thus we should encourage cooperation to better prepare children for the future.
Firstly, in the present age marked by the transformative potential of technology to facilitate interactions, cooperation is an especially prized soft skill to have. As a research study proves, soft skills such as good communication and empathy consist of qualitative indicators of outstanding employees as compared to technical skills or knowledge. In contrast, excessively (过分地)competitive and individualistic behaviour may fracture social relations in the community of co-workers and since no man is an island, even the most competent employee will not be able to pursue his goals effectively without the help of others who are able to share a common vision and understanding.
Moreover, encouraging cooperation increase a healthy sense of self-esteem in children that better prepares them for the competitive working world. Many modern societies today are consumed by an obsessive drive for success and the pressure to perform has infiltrated both classrooms and offices alike. The consequences of the fierce competitive culture include higher rates of anxiety and depression among university students and office workers, which are all counterproductive. Teamwork can help a maturing individual realise that each has his or her own unique set of abilities to bring to the table and that another person’s strengths do not in any way diminish (降低)the value of his or her talents. Thus, cooperation can affirm the self-worth of children by correcting the violent insight that winning or paper achievement is an exclusive (唯一)measure of success in life.
However, critics may claim that in a cutthroat world, adapting to competition should be of supreme priority in education and parenting. To achieve one’s deepest ambitions, such as to become a medical student, or to create a tech start-up, one has to adopt competition by actively fighting for opportunities and distinguishing oneself from others. Nevertheless, since passion can already stimulate children to work hard to fulfill their ambitions, the need to encourage competition may be at the end of the day. As much as external competition can drive people to pursue excellence, internal motivation is at least equally or arguably even more essential, and collaboration plays an instrumental role in helping one uncover one’s tendency and motivations.
22．What can be inferred from Adam Smith’s words?
A．Our society is increasingly interconnected.
B．Our dinner is made out of the regards to markets.
C．Self-interest pushes the development of economies.
D．The butcher, the brewer or the baker is not sympathy.
23．What does the underlined word “fracture” mean in paragraph 2 probably mean?
A．Deepen. B．Establish. C．Maintain. D．Damage.
24．Which of the following might the author agree with?
A．Paper achievement is an exclusive measure of success.
B．Confidence and ambitions can be achieved through cooperation.
C．Actively fighting for distinguishing oneself is a healthy competition.
D．Competition is not essential for people to pursue excellence.
25．What is the author’s purpose of writing this passage?
A．To introduce parents the advantages of cooperation.
B．To inform parents to balance cooperation and competition.
C．To persuade parents to care about their children’s education.
D．To tell parents to encourage their children to learn to cooperate.
An ageing population is a global phenomenon. Countries are looking for the balm to address the demands of a swelling elderly community.
Many nations are threatened by a shortage of healthcare workers because of unenviable tasks such as bathing, feeding and changing the diapers. Advancements in technology now present an innovative solution to this. Japan has now developed carebots, specially-designed robots, to replace human caregivers. Japan is also working at more coordinated care for the elderly within the community which includes the integration of hospitals, homecare, elderly care centres and nursing homes. Putting in place a system that can effectively track and retrieve the medical history of every elderly person, Japan leverages technology to provide quality healthcare for the seniors.
The unique feature about Sweden is that most of the elderly live in their own homes where they continue to enjoy living independently. Local governments allocate funds and manage services while citizens have the freedom to choose the type of home services and their service provider. They can apply for homecare services including delivering meals to homes, hanging curtains, changing light bulbs etc. In Sweden, the focus is also on preventive care—keeping the elderly healthy. The elderly who are ill are not just given medicines but also a specific type of physical activity, where their doctors also monitor the outcome.
Singapore also provides more homecare services and day-care centres where the older people can go for rehabilitative and social activities. Besides, the government is creating more dementia-friendly communities, where support comes from the community. Various people within a community like policemen, shopkeepers and other volunteers are trained to assist the elderly with dementia (痴呆). With greater community awareness and support, it is more plausible for a dementia sufferer to stay at home instead of a nursing home.
In our search for the best model to meet the demands of a burgeoning ageing population, let us keep in mind that there is no one-size-fits-all solution. What is important is shouldering the responsibilities of caring for them and ensuring them to age well and comfortably.
26．How does Japan deal with the problem of the shortage of healthcare workers?
A．By offering quality healthcare for the seniors.
B．By tracking the medical history of every elderly person.
C．By developing robots programmed with caregiving functions.
D．By integrating places like hospitals, homecare, and nursing homes.
27．According to the passage, what do Sweden and Singapore have in common?
A．Optional care services are both provided free.
B．Independent living is respected and supported.
C．Preventive care for the elderly is highly valued.
D．Social activities and voluntary help are enjoyed.
28．What is the passage mainly about?
A．Models for giving the elderly care.
B．Countries with an ageing population.
C．Responsibilities of caring for the elderly.
D．Demands of a growing elderly community.
Earlier this week the online UK supermarket Ocado told its customers that it had “limited ability” to deliver ice ream. Why? Because the price of natural gas has increased greatly, which has hit the supply of CO2 in the UK. And that has led to a cut in the supply of dry ice that supermarkets use to keep food cool in their delivery vans (小型货车). So no ice cream.
This mini crisis has been fairly quickly resolve, for now at least. However, that doesn’t mean you shouldn’t worry. This incident serves as a timely reminder of just how reliant we are on fossil fuels. Despite our optimistic enthusiasm for wind and solar power, one way or another oil and gas use is shot through every part of our economic and social lives. That will be the case for many decades to come.
In his recently updated book There is No Planet B, Mike Berners-Lee lays out the challenge. When we talk about shifting from fossil fuels to clean energy of one kind or another, we aren’t discussing taking the amount of energy we use now and producing that amount in a different way. Instead, our target is always on the move. The more energy we can get our hands on, the more we use—even if our use of it becomes more efficient.
Energy usage is going to keep rising, while energy transitions (转变) tend to both take a very long time and never actually end. We just pile new sources on top of old. The world still uses much the same amount of traditional biomass (wood etc) as it did 100 years ago. We are running to stand still. This will change. But not as fast as you might like to think. In 2019, 33 percent of our new power generation needs were met by renewable energy. That’s a start. But 40 percent were met by natural gas.
There’s urgency here of course—which might speed things up. But there is something else that might slow us down. It didn’t take much to move people to fossil fuels—they are relatively easy to extract, relatively easy to transport, hugely energy dense and efficient and, of course, cheap. Until their externalities were understood, who could possibly have objected? Our current transition is different: people and companies will switch not because the new sources are easier to access, cheaper or more energy dense but because regulation mandates that they must.
Either way, the truth is that whether we like it or not our energy transition involves long term reliance on fossil fuels. That means we should stop demolishing them. Instead, we should focus on making their extraction cleaner and more efficient while we wait for the engineering challenges around a renewables-led future to be solved.
If we don’t do this—if we allow ourselves to be beguiled by the idea that solar is so advanced that we no longer need filthy fuels to have ice cream, we, will find the future held back by needlessly expensive energy—and almost certainly ice-cream free.
29．What do the first two paragraphs mainly show?
A．The necessity for traditional fuels.
B．Our enthusiasm for clean energy.
C．The seriousness of energy crisis.
D．UK’s dependence on dry ice.
30．According to Mike Berners-Lee, ______.
A．we have more types of energy on hand
B．the use of energy becomes more efficient
C．energy transition is far from being realized
D．we are closer to the aim of replacing fossil fuels
31．The underlined word “demolising” in Paragraph 6 can be replaced by ______.
A．wasting B．devaluing
C．distributing D．justifying
32．What is the writer’s attitude toward the transition to the renewable energy?
A．Indifferent. B．Defensive.
C．Disapproving. D．Cautious.
Throughout history, many species of animals have been threatened with extinction. When Europeans first arrived in North America, more than 60 million buffalo (水牛) lived on the continent. Yet hunting the buffalo was so popular during the 19th century that by 1900 the animal’s population had fallen to about 400 before the government stepped in to protect the species. In some countries today, the elephant faces a similar challenge, as illegal hunters kill the animals for the ivory in their tusks.
Yet not all animals with commercial value face this threat (威胁).The cow, for example, is a valuable source of food, but no one worries that the cow will soon be extinct. Why does the commercial value of ivory threaten the elephant. while the commercial value of beef protects the cow?
The reason is that elephants are a common resource, while cows are private goods. Elephants wander freely without any owners. The hunter has a strong motivation to kill as many elephants as he can find. Because illegal hunters are numerous, each has only a slight motivation to preserve the elephant population. By contrast, cattle live on farms that are privately owned. Each farmer makes great effort to maintain the cattle population on his farm because he harvests the benefit of these efforts.
Governments have tried to solve the elephant’s problem in two ways. Some countries, such as Kenya and Uganda, have made it illegal to kill elephants and sell their ivory. Yet these laws have been hard to put into effect, and elephant populations have continued to dwindle. By contrast, other countries, such as Malawi and Namibia, have made elephants private goods and allowed people to kill elephants, but only those on their own property.
With private ownership and the profit motive now on its side, the African elephant might someday be as safe from extinction as the cow. The ancient Greek philosopher Aristotle pointed out the problem with common resources: “What is common to many is taken least care of, for all men have greater regard for what is their own than for what they possess in common with others.”
33．Why does the author mention buffalo in paragraph 1?
A．To introduce a similar threat to elephants.
B．To provide an example of species extinction.
C．To offer an explanation for government policies.
D．To present the statistics of the buffalo in America.
34．Why do elephants face threats while cows are safe?
A．They are under different law protection
B．They attract different groups of hunters
C．They contain different commercial value
D．They represent different ownership types
35．What is paragraph 4 mainly about?
A．Bans on killing elephants for ivory
B．Effective laws for elephant protection.
C．Methods of making elephants private goods
D．Government policies on the elephant’s problem
36．What can we learn from Aristotle’s words?
A．People hold little regard for others’ property
B．People want to profit from common resources
C．People care more about their own possession
D．People tend to take what they own for granted







参考答案：
1．A
2．B
3．A
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇记叙文。文章讲述了一个来自名叫基瓦尼的小镇的美国人杰克·平尼克，不远万里来到中国的武当功夫学院学习，经过自己的努力，克服语言和文化方面的差异，2014年顺利毕业并在那里教书的故事。
1．
细节理解题。根据第二段“ "It's not a usual thing to say, but it is pretty normal for kids to want to get out of a place like Kewanee. Most kids say something like they want to move to Hollywood and become an actor, " said the 30-year-old.” “When I first thought about it, it was daydreaming for myself, too.”（这位30岁的女孩说：“这不是通常说的话，但孩子们想离开基瓦尼这样的地方是很正常的。大多数孩子说他们想搬到好莱坞，成为一名演员。”“当我第一次想到它时，我自己也在做白日梦。”）可知平尼克的家人认为他学习功夫的想法是不现实的。故选A项。
2．
细节理解题。根据第三段“Pinnick said after a while, he found himself more at home in Wudang than he ever felt back home in Kewanee. Locals were more than welcoming and willing to engage. ”（平尼克说，过了一会儿，他发现自己在武当的家比在科瓦尼的家更自在。当地人非常欢迎并愿意参与。）可知友好的当地文化主要帮助平尼克适应了中国的生活。故选B项。
3．
推理判断题。根据最后一段“Looking back on his amazing journey, Pinnick said he has grown by leaps and bounds from a small-town American kid who had a daydream he could not shake.”（回顾他那令人惊叹的旅程，平尼克说，他已经从一个小镇上的美国孩子成长为一个有着无法撼动的白日梦的人。）可知平尼克从他在中国的经历中获得了职业选择。故选A项。
4．A
5．D
6．D
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇议论文。文章主要讲述了科学家为了捍卫科学而努力时所犯的错，而作者则认为，科学很重要，因为科学把握了现实的重要元素。
4．
推理判断题。根据第二段“Even a modest familiarity with the history of science offers many examples of matters that scientists thought they had resolved, only to discover that they needed to be reconsidered.(即使对科学史稍有了解，也能找到许多这样的例子：科学家认为他们已经解决了一些问题，结果却发现这些问题需要重新考虑)”可推断，所谓的科学理论其实一直在变化。故选A。
5．
推理判断题。根据第一段“People’s distrust in science has led many scientists to take up arms (or at least keyboards) to defend their enterprise.(人们对科学的不信任导致许多科学家拿起武器（或者至少是键盘）来捍卫他们的事业)”可知，人们对科学是不信任的；再根据最后一段“Scientific theories are not perfect replicas of reality, but we have good reason to believe that they capture significant elements of it.(科学理论并不是现实的完美复制品，但我们有充分的理由相信，它们捕捉到了现实的重要元素)”可知，科学是被低估了。故选D。
6．
推理判断题。根据第五段“In my view, the biggest mistake scientists make is to claim that this is all somehow simple and therefore to imply that anyone who doesn’t get it is stupid.(在我看来，科学家们所犯的最大错误就是声称这一切在某种程度上都很简单，从而暗示那些不理解这一点的人都是愚蠢的)”及全文可知，文章在开头指出科学家们为反驳人们对科学的不信任而做出的努力中有不真实的部分，然后举例引出作者对于科学家犯的错的看法：他们简单化了科学和自然。最后作者提出科学很重要，因为科学把握住了现实的要素。由此可知，作者使用了科学家的错误看法作为反例来说服读者。故选D。
7．A
8．D
9．A
10．C
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章讲述了机器人进入日常生活后给人们带来的便利以及由此人们出现的担忧。
7．
推理判断题。根据第四段“In fact, concerns about mass unemployment are overblown. The evidence suggests robots will be ultimately beneficial for labor markets. Japan and South Korea have the highest robot usage rate but very strong workforces.（事实上，对大规模失业的担忧被夸大了。有证据表明，机器人最终将有利于劳动力市场。日本和韩国的机器人使用率最高，但劳动力非常强大。）”可知，作者在第四段段首首先提出自己的观点，然后紧接着用耶鲁大学和韩国银行研究人员提供的数据支持了这一观点。故选A。
8．
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“One supposed example of “bad automation” is self-service checkouts in supermarkets, because they displace human workers. But robots could perform unpleasant work. Checkout staff who retrain to help customers pick items from aisles(传送带)may find that dealing with people in need is more rewarding than spending all day swiping barcodes in front of lasers.（超市的自助结账是一个糟糕的自动化的例子，因为它们取代了人力。但是机器人可能会做出做令人不快的表现。收银员人员经过再培训，帮助客户从传送带拿取商品，他们发现帮助需要帮助的人比只是单纯的在扫描仪扫码结账更能感觉到自己的努力有所回报）”可知，收银人员更愿意与人打交道，更愿意帮助人。故选D。
9．
推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“They could not be coming at a better time.（他们来得正是时候。）”，第四段“In fact, concerns about mass unemployment are overblown.（事实上，对大规模失业的担忧被夸大了。）”以及最后一段“The potential gains from the robot revolution are huge.（机器人革命带来的潜在收益是巨大的。）”可知，机器人进入生活以来，对于失业率的影响被夸大了，实际上给人类带来的收益的是巨大的，所以作者对机器人的大规模使用是认可的。故选A。
10．
主旨大意题。根据第一段中“however. Robots are leaving carefully managed industrial settings for everyday life and, in the coming years, will increasingly work in supermarkets, clinics, social care and much more.（然而机器人正在离开精心管理的工业环境，进入日常生活。在未来几年，机器人将越来越多地在超市、诊所、社会护理等领域工作。）”和最后一段“The potential gains from the robot revolution are huge. In Capek’s play, the robots revolt(反抗)against their human masters and cause mass unemployment and worse. However, the beginnings of the world’s real robots have not matched Capek’s assumption. So there is no need to concern about their future.（机器人革命带来的潜在收益是巨大的。恰佩克的假设中，机器人对抗人类并导致大规模失业。然而，世界上真正的机器人的诞生并不符合恰佩克的假设。所以没有必要担心他们的未来）”可知，本文主要讲述机器人在日常生活中的使用变多。故选C。
11．C
12．A
13．B
14．B
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了快时尚导致生产过剩和消费过度，对环境产生影响，在这种情况下，定制时尚受到人们的欢迎，它为一个新的、对环境负责的时代带来曙光。
11．
推理判断题。根据第一段内容“It shouldn’t come as news to anyone that the planet is moving quickly towards a climate emergency. And fast fashion certainly plays its part in this.”（对于任何人来说，地球正在迅速走向气候紧急状态都不应该成为新闻。而快时尚无疑在其中发挥了作用。）和第二段关键句“Fast fashion brands, which release hundreds of new styles every week, have caused trends cycles to speed up rapidly, leading to overproduction and overconsumption.”（快时尚品牌每周发布数百种新款式，导致潮流周期迅速加快，导致生产过剩和消费过度。）可知，快时尚品牌的经营模式导致生产过剩和消费过度，进而加快了气候危机，因而，我们需要一种不同于快时尚的时尚模式，来解决这个问题，由此可知，前两段主要展示了对一个不同的时尚模式的迫切需要。故选C项。
12．
词句猜测题。根据第四段内容“Made-to-order fashion is nothing new. Until the mid-20th century, it was the norm. However, the 1960s brought about the dawn of fast fashion and a shift in our relationship with our clothes. The value once placed on craftsmanship and quality was replaced by the desire for low cost and volume, resulting in cut-cost production and the attitude that clothing should be cheap and disposable.”（定制时尚并不是什么新鲜事。直到20世纪中叶，这才成为常态。然而，20世纪60年代带来了快时尚的曙光，以及我们与服装关系的转变。曾经重视工艺和质量的价值被对低成本和低批量的渴望所取代，导致了低成本生产和人们认为服装应廉价且一次性的态度。）和画线词后文“though research clearly shows that fast fashion prevails”（尽管研究清楚地表明快速时尚盛行）可知，上文介绍了定制时尚是先于快时尚出现的，后来快时尚出现，但定制时尚仍然存在，由此可知，画线单词所在句指的是定制时尚仍然存在于快时尚的阴影之下，“this”代指“快时尚的阴影”。故选A项。
13．
推理判断题。根据第五段关键句“Spanish brand Alas features a slow business model. It takes orders each week which are then handmade and delivered in about three weeks. It also revolves around an on-demand production process that rewards consumers for “pre-planned responsible shopping.””（西班牙品牌Alas以缓慢的商业模式为特点。它每周接受订单，然后手工制作并在大约三周内交付。它还围绕一个按需生产流程展开，奖励“预先计划的负责任购物”的消费者。）可知，西班牙品牌Alas号召消费者进行预先计划的、负责任的购物，由此可知，西班牙品牌Alas的例子告诉我们购买定制商品需要耐心和深思熟虑，要进行负责任的购物，并在购物后等待大约三周时间。故选B项。
14．
推理判断题。根据最后一段内容“With made-to-order brands growing in popularity, it begs the question—could this be the dawn of a new, environmentally responsible era? The answer is self-evident.”（随着定制品牌越来越受欢迎，人们不禁要问，这是否是一个新的、对环境负责的时代的曙光？答案不言而喻。）可知，作者在文章中介绍定制品牌越来越受欢迎，并且对环境有利，再结合“The answer is self-evident”可知，作者认为定制时尚会为一个新的、对环境负责的时代带来曙光，由此可推断出，关于定制时尚的未来，作者是有自信的。故选B项。
15．D
16．B
17．D
18．C
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了关于青少年大脑是否有缺陷这个问题，科学家们认为以前的说法是错误的。科学家认为青少年的大脑处于变化之中，这种变化是一种生理自然过程，这种变化能力让他们很好地适应了环境的变化，然而，这种变化也使他们对危险行为和严重的精神障碍敏感。了解更多独特的青少年大脑将有助于我们所有人学会如何区分与年龄有关的不寻常行为。这种意识可以帮助社会减少青少年上瘾、车祸和抑郁症的发生率。
15．
推理判断题。由文章第二段“Foremost among the teen brain’s features is its ability to change in response to the environment by adjusting the communication networks that connect brain regions. (青少年大脑最重要的特征之一是，它能够通过调整连接大脑区域的通讯网络，对环境做出反应。)”可知，青少年大脑和成人不同主要在于对环境做出反应，青少年大脑具有易变性。故选D项。
16．
词句猜测题。由文章第二段“This special plasticity, is a double-edged sword. It allows teenagers to make enormous progress in thinking and socialization. (这种特殊的可塑性，是一把双刃剑。它让青少年在思考和社会化方面取得巨大进步。)”可知，这是一把双刃剑，前一句讲这种可塑性对青少年好的方面，下一句应讲对青少年不好的方面，由后文“dangerous behaviors and serious mental disorders(危险行为和严重精神障碍)”再结合选项可知，但这也使他们对危险行为和严重精神障碍“很敏感”，容易受到的影响。故选B项。
17．
推理判断题。由文章第三段“The most recent study indicates that the riskiest behaviors arise from a mismatch between the maturation of networks in the limbic system, which drives emotions and strengthens at adolescence, and the maturation of networks in the prefrontal cortex, which occurs later and promotes sound judgment and the control of impulses. (最近的研究表明，最危险的行为来自边缘系统网络的成熟与前额叶皮质网络的成熟之间的不匹配。边缘系统在青春期驱动情绪并增强，而促进正确的判断和对冲动的控制前额叶皮质网络成熟较晚。)”可知，这些危险行为主要是因为来自边缘系统网络的成熟与前额叶皮质网络的成熟之间的不匹配，前额叶皮质网络成熟较晚，所以推断是大脑两个区域的发展速度不一致。故选D项。
18．
细节理解题。由文章倒数第二段“Understanding that, and knowing that a widening gap between the development of emotional and judgment networks is happening in young people today, can help parents, teachers, and teenagers themselves. People will better see that behaviors such as risk taking, and turning away from parents and toward peers are not signs of cognitive(认知的) or emotional problems. (了解这一点，并知道如今年轻人的情绪和判断网络发展之间的差距正在扩大，可以帮助家长、老师和青少年自己。人们会更好地看到，诸如冒险、远离父母和同龄人等行为并不是认知或情绪问题的迹象。)”以及最后一段“The same understanding can also help adults decide when to intervene and help. (同样的理解也可以帮助成年人决定何时进行干预和帮助。)”可知，这项研究可以帮助成人更能理解青少年的行为以及知道什么时候给他们帮助。故选C项。
19．C
20．A
21．B
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇议论文。文章主要就父母对于孩子不参与游戏的错误观点发表了自己的看法，作者认为，孩子在生活中应该学会如何面对拒绝，不应该以为父母的抱怨就能为自己在场上争得一席之地。
19．
词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“They are very skillful in not telling what you and I would consider the “truth”.(他们非常善于隐瞒你我认为的“真相”)”可知，好的教练善于隐瞒真相，即不会那么直接。故画线词意思是“直接的”。A. Impatient.无耐心的；B. Annoying.烦人的；C. Direct.直接的；D. Serious.严肃的。故选C。
20．
细节理解题。根据倒数第四段“Far too many children today are living in a world where they never learn “no”. They don’t know how to handle disappointment and failure. Nor do they know how to react and move on when they don’t get their own way.(今天，有太多的孩子生活在一个永远不会说“不”的世界里。他们不知道如何处理失望和失败。他们也不知道当他们没有得到自己的方式时，该如何反应和继续前进)”以及倒数第三段中“But no one escapes this life unhurt, emotionally if not physically. When these kids move on in life, they arc going to get rejected when they apply for college, fail to get the job they want, and taste failure and disappointment on multiple fronts.(但没有人能在生活中不受伤害，即使身体上不受伤害。当这些孩子在生活中继续前行时，他们会在申请大学时被拒绝，得不到他们想要的工作，并在多个方面尝到失败和失望的滋味)”可知，作者认为，孩子在生活中应该学会如何面对拒绝。故选A。
21．
推理判断题。根据第三段“The stupidity of many “win-at-all-cost” coaches in youth sports is neatly matched by that of “play-my-kid-or-else” parents at the high-school level.(在青少年体育运动中，许多“不惜一切代价取胜”的教练的愚蠢与高中阶段“孩子必须参与”的父母的愚蠢完全一致)”结合文章主要就父母对于孩子不参与游戏的错误观点发表了自己的看法，作者认为，孩子在生活中应该学会如何面对拒绝，不应该以为父母的抱怨就能为自己在场上争得一席之地。可推知，作者写这篇文章的动机可能是父母对孩子玩耍时间的不现实的看法。故选B。
22．C
23．D
24．B
25．D
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇议论文。文章从三个方面陈述了合作精神对孩子的重要性，并呼吁父母鼓励他们的孩子学会合作。
22．
推理判断题。根据第一段的“Like Smith, many economists today believe that one’s self-interest is what drives competition and growth in market economies. (像史密斯一样，今天的许多经济学家认为，在市场经济中，个人利益是推动竞争和增长的因素)”可知，像史密斯一样，今天很多经济学家认为个人利益是推动经济增长的因素。由此推知，史密斯的那句话“it is not from the benevolence (慈善)of the butcher, the brewer or the baker, that we expect our dinner, but from their regard to their own self-interest.(我们期待晚餐，不是因为屠夫、酿酒商或面包师的仁慈，而是因为他们对自身利益的考虑)”意在说明个人利益推动经济的发展。故选C。
23．
词句猜测题。根据第二段的“As a research study proves, soft skills such as good communication and empathy consist of qualitative indicators of outstanding employees as compared to technical skills or knowledge.(一项研究表明，与技术技能或知识相比，良好的沟通和同理心等软技能构成了优秀员工的质量指标)”结合in contrast可知，下文内容应与上文形成对比。由此猜测划线部分所在句子“excessively (过分地)competitive and individualistic behaviour may fracture social relations in the community of co-workers and since no man is an island”意为“过度竞争和个人主义行为可能会破坏同事社区中的社会关系”，即fracture意为“破坏”，与damage同义。故选D。
24．
推理判断题。根据第三段的“Moreover, encouraging cooperation increase a healthy sense of self-esteem in children that better prepares them for the competitive working world. (此外，鼓励合作能增进儿童的健康自尊感，使他们更好地为竞争激烈的工作世界做好准备)”和最后一段的“Nevertheless, since passion can already stimulate children to work hard to fulfill their ambitions, the need to encourage competition may be at the end of the day. As much as external competition can drive people to pursue excellence, internal motivation is at least equally or arguably even more essential, and collaboration plays an instrumental role in helping one uncover one’s tendency and motivations.(然而，既然激情已经能激励孩子们努力工作以实现他们的雄心壮志，鼓励竞争的需要可能是在一天结束的时候。就像外部竞争可以驱使人们追求卓越一样，内部动机至少是同等重要的，甚至可以说更重要，合作在帮助人们发现自己的倾向和动机方面发挥了重要作用)”推知，作者认为信心和雄心可以通过合作来实现。故选B。
25．
推理判断题。通读全文可知，文章主要说明了培养合作精神对孩子的重要性：是一种非常重要的软技能，能帮助孩子建立信心，有助于孩子实现雄心。结合第一段的“Yet, in an increasingly interconnected society, it is even more crucial to have collaborative skills. Thus we should encourage cooperation to better prepare children for the future.(然而，在一个日益相互关联的社会中，拥有协作技能更为关键。因此，我们应该鼓励合作，让儿童更好地为未来做好准备)”推知，作者写这篇文章的目的是呼吁父母鼓励他们的孩子学会合作。故选D。
26．C
27．B
28．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了在人口老龄化背景下日本、瑞典、和新加坡所采用的养老模式。
26．
细节理解题。根据第二段的“Many nations are threatened by a shortage of healthcare workers because of unenviable tasks such as bathing, feeding and changing the diapers. Japan has now developed carebots, specially-designed robots, to replace human caregivers. （许多国家都面临医疗工作者短缺的威胁，因为这些工作都不值得羡慕，比如洗澡、喂奶和换尿布。日本现在已经开发了专门设计的机器人——carebots，以取代人类护理者）”可知，日本通过开发具有护理功能的机器人来应对医疗工作者短缺的问题。故选C。
27．
细节理解题。根据第三段的“The unique feature about Sweden is that most of the elderly live in their own homes where they continue to enjoy living independently.（瑞典的独特之处在于，大多数老年人都住在自己的家里，他们继续享受独立生活）”和第四段的“With greater community awareness and support, it is more plausible for a dementia sufferer to stay at home instead of a nursing home.（有了更大的社区意识和支持，痴呆症患者更有可能呆在家里，而不是疗养院）”可知，瑞典和新加坡的相似之处是独立生活收到尊重和支持。故选B。
28．
主旨大意题。根据第一段“An ageing population is a global phenomenon. Countries are looking for the balm to address the demands of a swelling elderly community.（人口老龄化是一个全球现象。各国都在寻找这种灵丹妙药，以满足日益增长的老年群体的需求）”和最后一段的“In our search for the best model to meet the demands of a burgeoning ageing population, let us keep in mind that there is no one-size-fits-all solution. What is important is shouldering the responsibilities of caring for them and ensuring them to age well and comfortably.（在我们寻求最佳模式以应付日益增长的老龄化人口的需求时，我们必须牢记，没有放之四海而皆准的解决办法。重要的是肩负起照顾他们的责任，确保他们健康舒适地老去）”并结合文章第二到第四段分别介绍日本、瑞典和新加坡应对人口老龄化问题可知，本文主要介绍了在人口老龄化背景下的养老模式。故选A。
29．A
30．C
31．A
32．D
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述我们对化石燃料的依赖及能源转移的前景和缺点。
29．
主旨大意题。根据第二段“This incident serves as a timely reminder of just how reliant we are on fossil fuels. Despite our optimistic enthusiasm for wind and solar power, one way or another oil and gas use is shot through every part of our economic and social lives. That will be the case for many decades to come. (这一事件及时地提醒我们，我们是多么依赖化石燃料。尽管我们对风能和太阳能发电充满热情、抱有乐观的看法，但石油和天然气的使用以这种或那种方式贯穿于我们经济和社会生活的方方面面，今后几十年的情况也将如此。)”可知，石油和天然气这样的传统燃料对我们生活非常重要。故前两段主要讲传统燃料的重要性，故选A。
30．
推理判断题。根据第四段“Energy usage is going to keep rising, while energy transitions (转变) tend to both take a very long time and never actually end. We just pile new sources on top of old. The world still uses much the same amount of traditional biomass (wood etc) as it did 100 years ago. We are running to stand still. (能源使用量将继续上升，而能源转变往往需要很长时间，而且永远不会真正结束。我们只是在旧的资源之上堆积新的来源。世界仍然使用与100年前相同数量的传统生物量（木材等）。我们仍然一动不动，没有改变。)”可知，能源转变耗时长，不会真正结束，故推知能源转变很难实现，故选C。
31．
词义猜测题。根据第六段“Either way, the truth is that whether we like it or not our energy transition involves long term reliance on fossil fuels. (不管怎样，事实是，无论我们喜欢与否，我们的能源转型都需要长期依赖化石燃料。)”根据下文“ Instead, we should focus on making their extraction cleaner and more efficient while we wait for the engineering challenges around a renewables-led future to be solved.”（相反，在我们等待由可再生能源主导的未来的工程挑战被解决的同时，我们应该专注于使它们的开采更加清洁和高效。）可知，我们不能浪费化石燃料，故demolishing的意思是“浪费”，与wasting意义一致，故选A。
32．
推理判断题。根据第六段“Either way, the truth is that whether we like it or not our energy transition involves long term reliance on fossil fuels. (无论哪种方式，事实是，无论我们喜欢与否，我们的能源转转变都涉及对化石燃料的长期依赖。)”及最后一段“If we don’t do this—if we allow ourselves to be beguiled by the idea that solar is so advanced that we no longer need filthy fuels to have ice cream, we, will find the future held back by needlessly expensive energy—and almost certainly ice-cream free. (如果我们不这样做——如果我们允许自己被太阳能的先进所欺骗，以至于我们认为不再需要肮脏的燃料来生产冰淇淋，我们就会发现未来被不必要的昂贵能源所阻碍——几乎可以肯定的是，没有冰淇淋。)”可知，我们仍然长期依赖化石燃料。如果只是依赖可再生能源的转移，我们将被这些能源所阻碍，故推知，作者认为不能只是依赖可再生能源，对转变成可再生能源持小心谨慎的态度。故选D。
33．A
34．D
35．D
36．C
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇议论文。文章通过谈论作为公共资源的大象濒临灭绝，而作为私有财产的饲养牛却能安全生存，说明了人们对私有财产比公共资源更加关心的现象。
33．
推理判断题。根据第一段中“Yet hunting the buffalo was so popular during the 19th century that by 1900 the animal’s population had fallen to about 400 before the government stepped in to protect the species. In some countries today, the elephant faces a similar challenge, as illegal hunters kill the animals for the ivory in their tusks. (然而，狩猎水牛在19世纪是如此流行，以至于到了1900年，野牛的数量已经下降到大约400只，直到政府介入保护这个物种。今天在一些国家，大象也面临着类似的挑战，因为非法捕猎者为了获取象牙而捕杀这种动物。)”可知，作者之所以提到水牛，是为了介绍大象所面临的类似威胁。故选A项。
34．
细节理解题。根据第三段中“The reason is that elephants are a common resource, while cows are private goods. (原因是大象是一种公共资源，而牛是私人物品。)”和“Elephants wander freely without any owners. The hunter has a strong motivation to kill as many elephants as he can find. (大象在没有主人的情况下自由走动。猎人有强烈的动机去杀死尽可能多的大象。)” 及“By contrast, cattle live on farms that are privately owned. Each farmer makes great effort to maintain the cattle population on his farm because he harvests the benefit of these efforts. (相比之下，牛生活在私人拥有的农场上。每个农场主都在努力维持农场的牲畜数量，因为他们收获了这些努力的成果。)”可知，之所以大象面临威胁，而奶牛是安全的，是因为它们各自代表着不同的所有权类型。故选D项。
35．
主旨大意题。根据第四段中“Governments have tried to solve the elephant’s problem in two ways. Some countries, such as Kenya and Uganda, have made it illegal to kill elephants and sell their ivory. (各国政府试图通过两种方式来解决大象的问题。一些国家，如肯尼亚和乌干达，已经将猎杀大象和出售象牙定为非法行为。)”以及“By contrast, other countries, such as Malawi and Namibia, have made elephants private goods and allowed people to kill elephants, but only those on their own property. (相比之下，其他国家，如马拉维和纳米比亚，则把大象当作私人物品，允许人们猎杀大象，但仅限于在他们自己的领地上。)”可知，第四段通过举例说明各国政府对大象的政策。故选D项。
36．
推理判断题。根据最后一段中Aristotle所说“What is common to many is taken least care of, for all men have greater regard for what is their own than for what they possess in common with others. (对大多数人来说共同的东西最不被重视，因为所有人都更关心自己的东西，而不是他们与他人共同拥有的东西。)”可以推知，人们更关心自己的财产。故选C项。