高考英语阅读理解分类训练：说明文

这是一份高考英语阅读理解分类训练：说明文，共32页。

阅读理解
If you thought teenage bullying was about someone’s bag being thrown on the science block roof or malicious (恶意的) exchanges on Snapchat, then you need to meet Natasha Devon, a leading mental health educator in British schools. She says that an increasing number of girls are asking for help with hidden forms of bullying, often within friendship groups.
In the latest government study of 10, 000 pupils, boys aged 15 and 16 were less likely to be bullied than a decade ago but girls have reported a rise in issues such as name-calling, social exclusion and cyberbullying.
Girl-on-girl bullying doesn’t only happen in girls’ schools, stresses Devon: “I see girls’ toxic friendships in all the schools I visit — mixed, girls’, state and private.”
Typically, being in a toxic friendship can wear on a girl’s self-esteem. She will follow the other’s advice on diet and dressing and appears to be forgoing her own ambitions to please her friend. Her friend undermines (暗中打击) her with seemingly supportive but subtly abusive comments, leaving her to think she’s the one with the problem. This, explains Devon, is typical“ gaslighting ”
Another behaviour, says Devon, is “topping”; when a girl shares something difficult that’s happening to her, and the friend responds with, “Oh, everyone goes through that”, essentially trying to belittle them.
So what can parents do to support their daughters? “Telling your child what to do very rarely works after the age of 11,”Devon says, “But it will sink in and, given time, they may act on it. Advise them to talk to their friends in a neutral space, preferably a day after an incident.”
“When confronting their friends, they should confine(限制) it to their experience — I feel like this— rather than making accusations —You did this. They also need to be prepared to step away from the friend or group, perhaps for a few months or perhaps forever,”Devon adds.
1．What can we infer about teenage bullying?
A．It is on the decline. B．It tends to be physical.
C．It takes on different forms. D．It is unique to girls’ schools.
2．What does the underlined word “forgoing” mean in Paragraph 4?
A．Abandoning. B．Fulfilling. C．Pursuing. D．Sharing.
3．Which of the following responses is an example of “topping”?
A．“Thank you for telling me. What can I do to help?”
B．“You are so smart. Why bother to ask me about it?”
C．“I’m sorry that you’re going through this right now.”
D．“Oh yeah? Well, something even worse happened to me.”
4．What is a girl advised to do about a difficult friendship?
A．Think about her friend’s positive parts.
B．Have a conversation with her friend.
C．Point out her friend’s wrongdoings.
D．Threaten her friend with violence.
Stanford University researchers have developed a device called a nature-inspired aerial grasper, or SNAG, which can be attached to a quadcopter drone （四轴无人机） to give it feet and legs like those of an eagle. When equipped with the device, the drone is able to fly around catching and carrying objects and perching（栖息）on various surfaces, according to a Stanford news release dated Dec. 1, 2021, describing the work.
But copying the flexibility of birds wasn’t easy to do. The researchers shot videos of small parrots flying back and forth between special perches that contained sensors to measure the physical forces of landing, perching and takeoff.
“What surprised us was that they did the same aerial military exercise, no matter what surfaces they were landing on,” one of the researchers, William Roderick, explained in the news release. “They let the feet handle the variability and complexity of the surface texture itself,” he said.
Giving a drone similar abilities required technological feat. SNAG has a 3D-printed structure that imitates an eagle’s lightweight bones, and each of its legs is equipped with a motor for moving back and forth and a second one for grasping.
Mechanisms in the robot’s legs are designed to absorb impact energy and passively change it into grasping force, the way that a bird’s muscles would. As a result, a drone equipped with the device can grasp something strongly in just 20 milliseconds. Once the robot’s feet are wrapped around a perch, its ankles lock and an accelerometer—a device that measures vibration-detects the landing and activates a balancing algorithm（算法）to stabilize it on the perch.
Elsewhere, researchers at other institutions also have been working for years on giving drones the ability to land and hang onto something. As this 2019 Smithsonian article explains, being able to land in various places helps drones to conserve energy that would expend by having to remain in the air. That’s important, because the flight time of robotic aircrafts is limited by their battery power.
5．What inspired the SNAG’s development?
A．The way parrots perch. B．The military exercise.
C．The 3D-printed technology. D．The eagle’s lightweight bones.
6．What makes the drones’ grabbing something strongly so quickly possible?
A．The powerful battery.
B．Their ability to imitate parrots’ taking off.
C．The application of advanced flying techniques.
D．The mechanical devices modeling a bird’s muscles.
7．What can we infer from the last paragraph?
A．Flight time is not vital to the drones.
B．After 2019, researchers quit efforts to improve flight time.
C．Flight time has been a problem before this study.
D．Researching the ability to land and hang onto something is meaningless.
8．What is the most suitable title for the text?
A．Drones, an application to the military
B．Robotic drones, really like birds
C．Robotic drones, a comparison of birds
D．Quadcopter drones, advanced technology
A new study suggests that crop insurance serves as a disincentive （抑制因素） for farmers to adopt climate change relief measures on their croplands.
The study by researchers at North Carolina State University examined the interactions of warmer temperatures, crop yield （产量） risk and crop insurance participation by farmers. For the study, researchers developed models using historical county-level corn and soybean yield data in the United States, with an eye toward understanding the production impacts of rising temperatures.
The researchers found that variation in crop yield due to higher temperatures rose when more farmers had crop insurance. Interestingly, the results showed greater variability effects for corn yields than for soybean yields.
“This could be an unintended consequence of the government’s providing subsidies for crop insurance, which costs a large sum of money,” said Rod M. Rejesus, professor of agricultural and resource economics at NC State and the author of the research study. “The concept of moral crisis could be present here. If insurance will cover crop losses due to various effects like drought or severe weather, a farmer may not want to pay the extra expense for climate change adaptation efforts such as using cover crops to improve soil health, for example.”
The study models indicate that an increase of daily minimum and maximum temperatures of 1 degree Celsius would increase county-level corn yield variability by 8. 6 bushels （1 bushel equals to 35. 24 L） per acre if 80% of farmers in a county have crop insurance. The same temperature rise in a county with 10％ crop insurance participation would increase corn yield variability by just 6.2 bushels per acre.
The researchers bring up possible solutions to this situation for policymakers. They include providing more subsidies to encourage farmers’ use of climate change relief efforts—like soil health practices—and starting high-level policy conversations about how to possibly adjust rules and guidelines that govern crop insurance contracts in order to reduce the disincentive effects.
9．What does the study find about crop insurance?
A．It ensures crop production. B．It leads to unexpected side effects.
C．It results in worse climate change. D．It doesn’t bring any benefits to farmers.
10．What does the underlined word “subsidies” in paragraph 4 mean?
A．Market support. B．Verbal support.
C．Technical assistance. D．Financial aid.
11．What might explain the unintended consequence of crop insurance?
A．Moral crisis. B．Law issue.
C．Study models. D．Custom change.
12．How did the author show the effects of crop insurance on corn yield variability?
A．By doing experiments. B．By making a comparison.
C．By listing figures. D．By consulting experts.
Imagine that you take a walk around your yard or nearby park and immediately, the sounds of an insect band surround you. Produced by the muscular movements of insects called treehopper (角蝉), this imagined soundscape comes from vibrations(共鸣、振动)that flow across the surface of plants. But it is not at all like the familiar vocalizations of crickets(蟋蟀); instead, it’s something richer, more varied. Some sounds are song-like, others are similar to the noises of machines or musical instruments. The noise made from even a single plant may be “as noisy as a busy street”.
In An Immense World: How Animal Senses Reveal the Hidden Realms Around Us, Pulitzer prize-winning science journalist Ed Yong explains that, on a real walk instead of this one we’ve imagined, humans would not be able to hear the treehoppers’ music without special equipment. In the company of scientists with a laser vibrometer(振动计), a device that changes the treehopper vibrations into sounds audible to human ears, Yong gets to hear them in the wild and in the laboratory. He is shocked by the attractive sounds.
In this book that follows on from 2018’s I Contain Multitudes, Yong writes in a perfect balance of scientific severity and personal awe as he invites readers to grasp something of how other animals experience the world. Communicating through surface vibrations is a rather cool example that extends beyond treehoppers to elephants and spiders, and to this fact about frogs. Attuned to vibrations entering the eggs, frog hatches quickly if a snake shows up with a hard bite, but ignore rain, wind, footsteps and even an earthquake.
My admiration for the book is, well, immense. Like many thousands of other people, I have relied throughout the course of COVID-19 on Yong’s reporting at The Atlantic as he cracked open the fast-changing world of pandemic science. Now, with An Immense World, Yong brings into beautiful focus a host of other animal sensory worlds that co-exist with ours, and how we may protect them.
13．How does the soundscape come about according to paragraph 1?
A．It comes from humans’ muscles.
B．It arises from the vocalizations of crickets.
C．It comes from an imaginable world.
D．It arises from vibrations flowing across the surface of plants.
14．Why can Yong hear the treehopper’s music?
A．Because of a laser device.
B．Because of the surface of plants.
C．Because of the nature of the insects.
D．Because of the special imaginable environment.
15．What can we learn about An Immense World?
A．It appeals to all kinds of peoples.
B．It is aimed at protecting the animals.
C．It is scheduled to be published next year.
D．It describes a virtual world full of animals.
16．What is the text?
A．A news report. B．A historical novel.
C．A book review. D．A personal biography.
Sicilian Rouge High GABA is a special type of tomato designed to contain high levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (氨基丁酸), an amino acid believed to aid relaxation and help lower blood pressure.
Tokyo-based startup Sanatech Seed Company teamed up with scientists at the University of Tsukuba to develop a new variety of tomatoes using CRISPR/Cas9 gene-editing technology. Named Sicilian Rouge High GABA, this new type of tomato contains five to six times the normal level of a type of amino acid called gamma-aminobutyric acid, or GABA．According to Japanese media, the company removed an inhibitory domain (抑制域)within the tomato’s genome to enable it to produce these high levels of GABA．
According to Shimpei Takeshita, President of Sanatech Seed and Chief Innovation Officer of Pioneer EcoScience, the exclusive distributor of the tomato, the company was given permission to commercialize the genetically changed Sicilian Rouge High GABA variety last December, and contract farmers who have been growing them ever since. Now, the tomatoes are ready to hit store shelves.
“At first, we got mixed reactions to genome- edited foods, and we thought it would be difficult to bring them to market as they’re not fully understood by consumers,” Tatsuo Takeshita, chair of Sanatech Seed told NHK. “But the tomatoes earned a good name from those who took part in the trials.”
A Japanese health ministry committee gave Sanatech Seed permission to commercialize the new tomato variety. They provided notification and the startup plans to ship each package of tomatoes with a sticker that says “improved using genome-editing technology”.
Unlike genetically modified foods, genome-edited plant varieties are considered just as safe as varieties improved using traditional methods because no outside gene is introduced during the process.
Sanatech Seed has already started accepting online orders for Sicilian Rouge High GABA tomatoes. A 3-kilogram box of tomatoes will reportedly cost 7,500 yen. That’s a lot of money for tomatoes.
17．What do we know about Sicilian Rouge High GABA?
A．It is beneficial to our health. B．It can promote tomatoes’ output.
C．It contains high level of nutrition. D．It can make people energetic.
18．Who permitted the new tomatoes into the market?
A．President of the Sanatech Seed Company, B．The University of Tsukuba, Tokyo.
C．A Japanese health ministry committee. D．Chair of Tatsuo Takeshita Company.
19．How is the genome-edited plant regarded?
A．Harmful. B．Easy. C．Traditional. D．Secure.
20．What is the writer’s attitude to Sicilian Rouge High GABA?
A．Curious. B．Subjective. C．Dissatisfied. D．Objective.
There are many different types of houses in the UK. You may see detached, semi-detached, terraced houses or even end-of-terrace houses on a typical street. You might see apartments in wealthier parts of town, or people living in bungalows, preferring to live a life without stairs. Strange cottages may dot the countryside, while heading to the cities you could see any number of types of flats, including houses turned into flats, studios and duplexes. But one thing you will notice is that many houses come from different eras, and asking a British person about their ideal home, many of them will have a specific period property in mind.
For some, it could be Victorian houses, which are often seen with bay windows, high ceilings, stained glass doors and colored brickwork. During the Victorian era, a huge number of houses, particularly terraced, were built in towns and cities to accommodate vast numbers of workers who were moving from more rural areas.
Georgian architecture refers to houses built during the period of 1714 and 1830 during the rules of four British monarchs. Usually houses with this architectural style have a more symmetrical theme, both internally and externally, with a small square garden in front. For those not into older properties, new builds from the 1990s onwards offer better insulation against the cold and newer electrics. And those who prefer less repairs could always go with the open-plan or minimalist look of the modem era.
So, whether it’s high ceilings, better insulation, brickwork, bungalows or square gardens, people in Britain have a wide variety of preferences when it comes to where they live. And their ideal home may just simply be a case of what style feels like home.
21．What do the Victorian houses have?
A．A small square garden in front. B．High ceilings and colored brickwork.
C．A more symmetrical theme than any other era. D．Broken windows and stainless doors.
22．Why does the author mention Victorian and Georgian houses?
A．To display the wisdom of the architects. B．To introduce the origin of them.
C．To attract people fond of British houses. D．To show the diversity of British houses.
23．What can we learn from the text?
A．The preference of British for the houses. B．The history of the Georgian houses.
C．The house structures of Britain. D．The fine scenery in Britain.
24．What will the author probably talk about next?
A．Ideal British home. B．Terraced houses.
C．Georgian houses. D．Square and gardens.
“The research is clear that usable knowledge — that is, learning that can be transferred to new situations — only occurs when individuals are actively making sense of the world” (Science and Engineering for Grades 6-12: Investigation and Design at the Center, p.57)
One of the recent innovations (创新) in science and engineering education is the central focus on having students figure out puzzling phenomena and solving real-world problems. This idea builds on decades of research on how people learn and shifts the focus from “learning about” a science topic or the engineering design process to “figuring out” how to explain a phenomenon they see or solving a problem. With this focus, students learn ideas and skills because they realize they are missing some knowledge or skill that would allow them to answer their own questions — to satisfy their curiosity.
Students’ engagement in their own learning is a strong predictor of their achievement, and teachers often report that it is a challenge to engage students in learning when they are not face-to-face in a classroom. However, by centering students’ experience on figuring something out that they are genuinely curious about, science and engineering learning can become the most engaging part of a student’s day, even in remote learning environments. A phenomenon-and problem-centered focus provides opportunities to connect learning more closely to students’ own lives and therefore to make it more relevant to them when they are at home.
If students explore a phenomenon or problem that they see in their own home, neighborhood, or community, they can more easily apply the learning in other aspects of their lives.
25．Why is the quotation put at the beginning of the text?
A．To popularize the idea of a book. B．To lead in the author’s concept.
C．To arouse the readers’ interest. D．To introduce the background.
26．How will students benefit from the innovation in science and engineering education?
A．They will become more curious. B．They will become the center of the course.
C．They will be motivated to learn. D．They will have better learning environment.
The 2021 (22nd) Hainan Island Carnival kicked off in Haikou, capital city of Hainan province, on Dec 10th, 2021.
Zhang Xu, Chinese vice-minister of Culture and Tourism, said in his speech that the Ministry of Culture and Tourism will continue to support Hainan in comprehensively deepening reform and opening up, support Hainan's aim to become an international tourism consumption center, and provide assistance for the construction of Hainan Free Trade Port.
The festival jointly organized by the Ministry of Culture and Tourism and the People's Government of Hainan province has become a vital platform in the past 20 years for Hainan to strengthen cooperation and exchanges in the fields of tourism, culture and sports with the world. This session of Hainan Island Carnival digs deep into all the possible “joyful elements” and fully displays the rich and unique tourism and cultural resources of Hainan so as to engage both tourists and residents to actively participate and interact in building Hainan Island, which has entered its peak tourism season, into a joyful destination for visitors around the world.
Apart from the opening ceremony, a series of exciting activities are scheduled to be held during the festival, including 2021 Hainan World Leisure Tourism Expo, 2021 Hainan International Tourism and Food Expo, the second Hainan International Tourism Equipment Expo, the second Hainan World Culture Week, and the fourth China-ASEAN University Student Culture Week.
Haikou is the event's main venue (主会场), while five other cities, namely, Sanya, Danzhou, Qionghai, Wanning and Wenchang, will serve as supporting venues, in which conferences and exhibitions, culture and art, sports and competitions, and promotional activities will be staged to enrich people s visiting experience.
In terms of tourism, resources of attractive scenic spots, rural tourism, shopping tourism are fully included, seven thematic (主题的) tourism routes including shopping, rural tourism, health tourism, red tourism, conference and exhibition, research and study, oceanic tourism will be launched to attract more visitors to travel to Hainan, which will stimulate (刺激) tourism consumption and help the construction of an international tourism consumption center.
27．What does the underlined phrase “kicked off” probably mean?
A．struck B．ended C．declared D．started
28．What can we know about the Carnival?
A．We can enjoy a variety of activities. B．It is organized by Sanya government.
C．It is held only in the Capital city, Haikou. D．We can visit more than 20 platforms.
29．What is the purpose of the last paragraph?
A．To suggest what people should do after it. B．To show the potential effects of the carnival.
C．To prove to us why they hold the carnival. D．To introduce how they develop shopping tourism.
30．What will Hainan be in the future?
A．A main venue of the carnival. B．An important platform.
C．A free trade port in China. D．A university student center.
When you were at school, were you ever told to stop daydreaming and concentrate? It was easy for your mind to wander if you weren’t interested in what you were learning or if you had better things to think about. Staying focused can still be a challenge in adult life, but understanding how to do it, and knowing what is distracting you, can help.
Scientists have looked at what makes us delay and found a number of ways to help us stay in the zone. One of the most obvious things is removing noise. Research by Science Focus magazine found silence is best for concentration, or a gentle background hum and coffee shop noise is great! It also found turning off notifications on your phone, or switching it off altogether, removes a major distraction and helps us focus on the task at hand.
Another possible cure for a short attention span is brain training. Psychologists and neuroscientists are increasingly interested in our ability to get down to it and have looked at what we can change inside our head to make us concentrate. An article for BBC Future by Caroline Williams says that “Attention Researcher NilliLavie of University College London has found that making a task more visually demanding takes up more processing power and leaves the brain nothing left to process distractions.” So, keeping your mind busy might be the answer.
There are more practical tips to keeping your mind focused. These include making a list or timetable of the tasks you have to do, finding a workspace where you’re not tempted to do other things, or chewing some gum! It’s possible that the movement in your mouth occupies parts of the brain that might otherwise get distracted.
But according to Science Focus magazine, distraction isn’t all bad. “If we were always so focused that we never got distracted, we’d miss potential changes, such as threats, in our environment. Distraction is vital for survival.”
31．Which of the following distracts people easily according to the scientists?
A．Task. B．Science. C．Zone. D．Noise.
32．What do we know according to Caroline Williams?
A．Attention is paid to his articles. B．Distraction is not easy to settle.
C．Challenging tasks make people concentrate. D．A noisy background helps cure distraction.
33．What is the writer’s attitude toward distraction?
A．Dissatisfied. B．Objective. C．Subjective. D．Curious.
34．What does the text mainly talk about?
A．Dealing with distraction. B．Ways distracting people.
C．Things interesting people. D．Learning skills.
Many people think that you need to travel great distances and go on expensive trips to create beautiful photos. If you consider macro photography, which is capturing (捕捉) tiny details, an entirely new world may open for you right in your own backyard. This is what I decided to do to challenge myself recently! I chose a relatively small area in my neighborhood to revisit over a couple of days, but the only rules I gave myself were not to photograph anything above the knees.
Using a 50 mm macro lens (微距镜头) on a traditional DSLR camera, I walked around looking for different opportunities. I also often use two extension (伸缩) tubes, which help me get ever closer to my subject matter and increase the magnification (放大率). In the evening light, the high contrast helps you see small things like jumping grasshoppers or other insects flying around, but during the day it can be more challenging. To find good subject matter, I like to crawl (爬) around and look at the world from a lizard or snake’s point of view. It adds significantly more drama, improves the image. It also has the power to transform a beautiful subject into a beautiful piece of art.
I really also pay attention to the background elements, not just the subject matter, especially with wildflowers. How in focus the background is, or how out of focus it is, can change an image. I like to shoot with a fully blurred (模糊的) background, called bokeh, though sometimes increasing depth of field and not having total blurriness can be beneficial to the composition, too.
You also don’t need a special camera set up to do this. Using a smartphone, you can easily use tools like portrait mode, to help blur the background. Some apps also allow for a greater level of control with depth of field and close-up photography. It’s less about the camera you use, and more all about how you use it!
35．What makes a splendid composition?
A．Taking an expensive trip. B．Capturing the details of life.
C．Shooting anything above the knees. D．Looking at a beautiful subject.
36．What is the second paragraph mainly about?
A．A traditional DSLR camera. B．The ways of macro shooting.
C．Shooting down at subjects. D．Insects flying around.
37．What does “this” refer to in the last paragraph?
A．background B．portrait C．bokeh D．camera
38．What would be the best title for this passage?
A．My Neighborhood B．The Backyard
C．Crouching down Yourself D．Macro Photography
Biological age might help determine your quality of life as you get older, since your cells and organs have ages varying from your regular age. Many aging-research scientists believe that knowing your biological age could help you postpone or avoid age-related illnesses, and better predict an individual’s lifespan (寿命). Other scientists argue that there’s no standard way to measure biological age. At the center of the debate are hopes that people can extend their lives by changing their behaviors.
Since everybody’s genes (基因) are different, tracking your biological age could help determine your most helpful habits and customize them. People also can attempt to lower their biological age through ways of effectively managing stress.
Dr. Sinclair at Harvard is developing a biological-age test based on chemical changes on DNA．He plans to launch it with a new company called Tally Health. Though criticized by other scientists for hyping the results of some of his findings for his business, he says that he doesn’t overstate his research findings.
Inside Tracker, a personalized-nutrition company founded by scientists, calculates biological age by having users take blood tests and analyzing the samples for marks of diseases. Those who test as older than their years get recommendations to adjust diet, exercise and medicine.
Many other health startups are offering testing that claims to calculate biological age, sometimes with little scientific backing, and designing medicine aimed at boosting youthfulness.
Stephen Robert tested himself earlier this year with an at-home blood test as an effort to improve his health at age 51. “I drink and smoke,” he says, so he expected his biological age to be a lot older than his calendar age. He says he was shocked when test results reported his biological age was 24.
Gordan Lauc, professor of biochemistry and chief scientific officer of GlycanAge, says the results make sense given Mr. Robert’s genetics — longevity runs in his family and lifestyle, which is likely less stressful.
39．What can people do after knowing their biological ages?
A．Improve their calendar ages to prevent diseases.
B．Determine ways to effectively manage stress.
C．Get personalized-nutrition plan to improve health.
D．Lengthen their lives by changing their conduct.
40．Why did some scientists criticize Dr. Sinclair?
A．He overstated his findings to make a profit.
B．His scientific research was far from mature.
C．His company let out people’s biological age.
D．Biological-age test did harm to people’s health.
41．What accounts for Stephen’s young biological age according to Gordan?
A．He manages stress in life successfully. B．He had good nutrition at his childhood.
C．His family has a long-life tradition. D．He has improved his biological life.
42．Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text?
A．Understand Your Calendar Life and Stay Healthy
B．Meet Your Biological Age and Extend Your Life
C．Improve Your Biological Age with Good Habits
D．Employ Biological Technology to Start Business
Several days ago Spanish fashion brand Zara sparked a fierce debate after releasing its latest campaign featuring a Chinese model with freckles (雀斑). Actually, there are some different beauty standards between the East and the West.
In East Asia, freckles might be considered a “destructive weakness” for celebrities, especially actors or singers. Although normal people don’t care that much, subconsciously they might prefer a “clean” face. Generally speaking, freckles are more likely to appear if people are out in the sun frequently, and most East Asian women avoid the sun as best they can.
Having freckles, instead, is a trademark for unconventional beauty in the Western world, and some call freckles “angel kisses”. For most westerners, having freckles is no longer just something you have to live with; instead, it is something to be desired. After all, not everyone is lucky enough to have freckles.
When it comes to eye shapes, it seems Western and Chinese beauty standards don’t see eye-to-eye. Many Chinese think girls with big eyes are the most beautiful. If their eyes have a double-fold eyelid, that is considered perfect. However, most foreigners seem to prefer Chinese girls with slanted (斜的) and narrow eyes and eyebrows. Chinese known model Lyv Yan is often considered the country’s most beautiful by foreigners, while quite a few Chinese people think her appearance doesn’t fit with traditional beauty standards.
Young, girly feature or hot and mature feature? Zhao Liying from China, Aragaki Yui from Japan and Lim Yoon-A from South Korea enjoy high popularity in Asia, as they boast bright faces with warm smiles, which win them lots of male fans. The three young celebrities represent Asia’s beauty standards: women with cute, girly features. Most women in Asia try their best to stay young accordingly. Unlike Chinese girls, Western girls think a more mature look shows independence and uniqueness. The superhero Wonder Woman is an ideal type for most.
As ties continue to grow between China and the West, it is unavoidable that these beauty standards develop. But one thing’s for sure-no matter how you look, you are who you are, and that should be satisfaction enough.
43．What do most western people think of having freckles?
A．It is something unbearable. B．It is a destructive weakness.
C．It is something to wish for. D．It is a symbol of traditional beauty.
44．What do the underlined words “see eye-to-eye” mean in Paragraph 4?
A．Have the same opinion. B．Recognize their strengths.
C．Misunderstand each other. D．Argue against one another.
45．Why do western girls prefer to appear mature?
A．They think this beauty standard is better. B．They want to look independent and unique.
C．They hope to have high popularity in Asia. D．They admire Wonder Woman very much.
46．What does the text mainly talk about?
A．What Zara’s beauty standard is. B．Why Chinese people don’t like freckles.
C．What causes the different beauty standards. D．How easterners and westerners think of beauty.
There are many sources of debate on a long road trip, including route selection, the choice of snacks ,and, probably most importantly, what to play on the radio. Finding a way for all parties to listen to their own audio without the need for headphones has been a goal of car makers for decades and scientists may have finally managed it.
A team from the University of Le Mans in France carefully positioned microphones, speakers and filters (过滤器) to create personalised sound zones (PSZs) inside a car, and the small regions are where sound from a set of speakers can be heard clearly. Outside these, it can not be heard.
One barrier which scientists have previously been unable to overcome was the impact of moving one’s seat. They were able to form a PSZ, but unable to move it to follow a person if they moved the seat forwards or backwards.
The French team created a new algorithm (算法) specifically to tackle this issue, which handles the sound waves to create “bright” and “dark” zones in the car. “Loudspeakers are placed in the headrests. and specific filters for each transducer (换能器) are calculated to reproduce a sound signal that maintains. good quality in the zone under consideration and is strongly weakened in other zones.” said Dr Lucas Vindrola, the author of the study. “The key to the technique working properly is having sufficient microphones placed around the car to detect how many people are in the car and where they are sitting. The price to pay is to have control microphones in the passenger section, so that the algorithm can work.”
However, the technique is not yet ready to be commercially rolled out as a luxurious optional extra just yet, as it currently works only for a limited range of frequencies.
47．What was once a challenge for scientists?
A．PSZs could hardly be formed. B．The sound of moving a seat is loud.
C．They couldn’t create movable PSZs. D．The seats couldn’t be moved back and forth.
48．What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?
A．How the impact of moving one’s seat was addressed.
B．Why enough microphones are placed around the car.
C．When the algorithm can work well for all passengers.
D．Where “bright” and “dark” zones are created in the car.
49．What can we infer about the new technique?
A．It currently works without limitation.
B．It has been put into use commercially.
C．It can function well with enough microphones.
D．It is costly to detect the position of microphones.
50．What is the main purpose of the passage?
A．To launch a new debate. B．To tackle an old problem.
C．To advertise an algorithm. D．To introduce a new technology.



参考答案
1．C
2．A
3．D
4．B
【解析】
【导语】
本篇为说明文。本文是对于校园“隐形”欺凌现象剖析及采取的应对措施。
1．
推理判断题。从第一段“If you thought teenage bullying was about someone’s bag being thrown on the science block roof or malicious (恶意的) exchanges on Snapchat，then you need to meet...an increasing number of girls are asking for help with hidden forms of bullying，often within friendship groups.”(如果你认为青少年欺凌是指某人的包被扔在科学楼屋顶上，或者Snapchat上的恶意交流，那么你需要认识一下……越来越多的女孩正在寻求帮助，解决隐藏形式的欺凌，通常是在朋友圈内。)可知，如果你的思维还停留在青少年欺凌表现为肢体暴力或言语暴力，你需要了解朋友圈里的“隐形”欺凌。可推理出青少年欺凌呈现不同形式。故选C。
2．
词义猜测题。从第四段前两句“Typically，being in a toxic friendship can wear on a girl’s self-esteem. She will follow the other’s advice on diet and dressing and appears to be forgoing her own ambitions to please her friend.”(通常情况下，处于一段有毒的友谊会损害一个女孩的自尊。她会听从对方在饮食和穿衣方面的建议，为了取悦她的朋友，她似乎forgoing了自己的抱负)可知这种“毒”友谊会损害受害者自信，她会听从朋友饮食和着装意见，似乎为了取悦朋友而放弃自己的抱负。故划线词的意思是“放弃”。故选A。
3．
推理判断题。从第五段“when a girl shares something difficult that’s happening to her, and the friend responds with，’Oh, everyone goes through that’,essentially trying to belittle them.”当一个女孩分享遇到的困难时，朋友轻描淡写地说“每个人都经历这些”，本质上是在贬低她们。可知D选项“哦,是吗?嗯，更糟糕的事情发生在我身上”是“topping”这个例子之一。故选D。
4．
细节理解题。从倒数第二段最后一句“Advise them to talk to their friends in a neutral space，preferably a day after an incident.”(建议他们在一个中立的空间和朋友交谈，最好是在事件发生后的第二天)以及最后一段“When confronting their friends，they should confine(限制)it to their experience —’I feel like this’— rather than making accusations —’You did this’.”(当面对朋友时，他们应该把话题局限在自己的经历上—我觉得这样’—而不是指责—是你干的)可知，对于一段艰难的友谊，建议女孩和她的朋友谈谈。故选B。
5．A
6．D
7．C
8．B
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。主要介绍了斯坦福大学的研究人员开发了一种名为“自然灵感空中抓取器”的设备。配备该设备后，无人机能够四处飞行，捕捉和携带物体，并在各种表面栖息。
5．
细节理解题。根据第二段的最后一句话“The researchers shot videos of small parrots flying back and forth between special perches that contained sensors to measure the physical forces of landing, perching and takeoff.( 研究人员拍摄了小鹦鹉在特殊群体之间来回飞行的视频，这些群体包含传感器，用于测量着陆、栖息和起飞的物理力。)”可知据研究人员是受到了鹦鹉的启发。故选A项。
6．
细节理解题。根据第五段的第一、二句话“Mechanisms in the robot’s legs are designed to absorb impact energy and passively change it into grasping force, the way that a bird’s muscles would. As a result, a drone equipped with the device can grasp something strongly in just 20 milliseconds.(机器人腿上的机械装置被设计成吸收冲击能量，并被动地将其转化为抓取力，就像鸟类的肌肉那样。因此，配备该设备的无人机可以在20毫秒内强有力地抓住东西)”可知配备该设备的无人机能快速强有力的抓住物体，是因为机器人腿上的机械装置被设计得像鸟类的肌肉那样。故选D项。
7．
推理判断题。通读最后一段的最后两句“As this 2019 Smithsonian article explains, being able to land in various places helps drones to conserve energy that would expend by having to remain in the air. That’s important, because the flight time of robotic aircrafts is limited by their battery power. (正如2019年史密森尼学会的一篇文章所解释的那样，能够在不同的地方降落有助于节省由于必须留在空中而消耗的能量。这一点很重要，因为机器人飞机的飞行时间受到电池电量的限制。)”可知，而这项发明帮助机器人飞机节省由于必须留在空中而消耗的能量，从而解决此前机器人飞机的飞行时间受到电池电量的限制的问题。故选C项。
8．
主旨大意题。通读全文尤其是第一段中“Stanford University researchers have developed a device called a nature-inspired aerial grasper, or SNAG, which can be attached to a quadcopter drone (四轴无人机) to give it feet and legs like those of an eagle.(斯坦福大学的研究人员开发了一种名为“自然灵感空中抓取器”的设备，它可以被连接到四轴飞行器无人机上，使其拥有像鹰一样的脚和腿)”第四段中“SNAG has a 3D-printed structure that imitates an eagle’s lightweight bones”(自然灵感空中抓取器有一个三维打印结构，模仿老鹰轻量级的骨头)和第五段“Mechanisms in the robot’s legs are designed to absorb impact energy and passively change it into grasping force, the way that a bird’s muscles would.”(机器人腿上的机械装置被设计成吸收冲击能量，并被动地将其转化为抓取力，就像鸟类的肌肉那样。)可知机器人飞机灵感来自于鸟，拥有像鹰一样的脚和腿,并且模仿了鸟类的肌肉，故机器人飞机真的很像鸟。故选B项。
9．B
10．D
11．A
12．C
【解析】
【导语】
本文是说明文。一项新的研究表明，农作物保险可能会让农民在农田里不积极采取气候变化缓解措施。
【详解】
9. 细节理解题。根据第一段“A new study suggests that crop insurance serves as a disincentive （抑制因素） for farmers to adopt climate change relief measures on their croplands.”（一项新的研究表明，农作物保险阻碍了农民在他们的农田上采取气候变化救济措施。）和第四段“If insurance will cover crop losses due to various effects like drought or severe weather, a farmer may not want to pay the extra expense for climate change adaptation efforts such as using cover crops to improve soil health, for example.”（如果保险将涵盖因干旱或恶劣天气等各种影响而造成的作物损失，农民可能不想为适应气候变化的努力支付额外的费用，例如使用覆盖作物改善土壤健康。）可知，农作物保险带来了一个预料之外的后果：因为有了保险覆盖他们的损失，所以农民不愿意额外花钱采取气候变化缓解措施以应对极端天气。故选B。

10. 词义猜测题。根据“This could be an unintended consequence of the government’s providing subsidies for crop insurance, which costs a large sum of money,” （“这可能是政府为农作物保险提供subsidies的意外后果，这需要花费一大笔钱。”）后面的money可知，此处应该是指政府在经济方面的补助。故选D。
11. 细节理解题。根据第四段 “The concept of moral crisis could be present here. If insurance will cover crop losses due to various effects like drought or severe weather, a farmer may not want to pay the extra expense for climate change adaptation efforts such as using cover crops to improve soil health, for example.”（道德危机的概念可能会解释这个问题的出现。如果保险将涵盖由于干旱或恶劣天气等各种影响造成的作物损失，农民可能会不想支付额外的费用，例如使用覆盖作物改善土壤健康状况。）可知，道德危机也许能解释农作物保险的意外后果。故选A。
12. 推理判断题。根据第五段“The study models indicate that an increase of daily minimum and maximum temperatures of 1 degree Celsius would increase county-level corn yield variability by 8. 6 bushels （1 bushel equals to 35. 24 L） per acre if 80% of farmers in a county have crop insurance. The same temperature rise in a county with 10％ crop insurance participation would increase corn yield variability by just 6.2 bushels per acre.”（研究模型表明，如果一个县80%的农民有作物保险，每日最低和最高温度升高1摄氏度将使该县的玉米产量变异性每英亩增加8.6蒲式耳（1蒲式耳等于35.24升）。在一个有10%作物保险参与的县，同样的温度升高只会使玉米产量变异性每英亩增加6.2蒲式耳。）可知，作者列出数据来说明农作物保险对玉米产量变异性的影响。故选C。
13．D
14．A
15．B
16．C
【解析】
【导语】
本文是说明文。文章是一篇书评，介绍并评价了普利策奖得主、科学记者Ed Yong的书籍An Immense World。
13．
细节理解题。根据第一段的“Produced by the muscular movements of insects called treehopper (角蝉), this imagined soundscape comes from vibrations(共鸣、振动)that flow across the surface of plants.(这种想象中的音景是由一种名为角蝉的昆虫的肌肉运动产生的，它来自于流经植物表面的振动。)”可知，这种音景产生于流经植物表面的振动。故选D。
14．
细节理解题。根据第二段的“humans would not be able to hear the treehoppers’ music without special equipment. In the company of scientists with a laser vibrometer(振动计), a device that changes the treehopper vibrations into sounds audible to human ears, Yong gets to hear them in the wild and in the laboratory.(如果没有特殊的设备，人类将无法听到角蝉的音乐。在拥有激光测振仪的科学家的陪伴下，Yong在野外和实验室里都能听到它们的声音，激光测振仪是一种能将角蝉的振动转变为人耳可闻的声音的设备。)”可知，Yong能够听到角蝉的音乐是因为使用了一种激光振动仪。故选A。
15．
细节理解题。根据最后一段的“Now, with An Immense World, Yong brings into beautiful focus a host of other animal sensory worlds that co-exist with ours, and how we may protect them.( 现在，在《无边无际的世界》一书中，Yong将许多其他与我们共存的动物感官世界，以及我们如何保护它们，带入了一个美丽的焦点。)”可知，《无边无际的世界》这本书的旨在保护动物。故选B。
16．
推理判断题。根据第二段的“In An Immense World: How Animal Senses Reveal the Hidden Realms Around Us, Pulitzer prize-winning science journalist Ed Yong explains that, on a real walk instead of this one we’ve imagined, humans would not be able to hear the treehoppers’ music without special equipment.(在《无边无际的世界：动物的感官如何揭示我们周围隐藏的领域》一书中，普利策奖得主、科学记者Ed Yong解释说，如果不是我们想象的这次散步，而是真正的散步，如果没有特殊的设备，人类将无法听到角蝉的音乐。)”以及全文对这本书的内容的介绍和评价可知，本文是一篇书评。故选C。
17．A
18．C
19．D
20．D
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章说明了总部位于东京的创业公司Sanatech Seed Company与筑波大学的科学家合作，利用CRISPR/Cas9基因编辑技术开发了一种新的番茄品种。文章介绍了这种特殊类型的番茄的好处以及市场推广的情况。
17．
细节理解题。根据第一段“Sicilian Rouge High GABA is a special type of tomato designed to contain high levels of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) (氨基丁酸), an amino acid believed to aid relaxation and help lower blood pressure.( Sicilian Rouge High GABA是一种特殊类型的番茄，含有高水平的伽马氨基丁酸（GABA），一种被认为有助于放松和降低血压的氨基酸)”可知，Sicilian Rouge High GABA对我们的健康有益。故选A。
18．
细节理解题。根据倒数第三段“A Japanese health ministry committee gave Sanatech Seed permission to commercialize the new tomato variety. They provided notification and the startup plans to ship each package of tomatoes with a sticker that says “improved using genome-editing technology”.(日本厚生劳动省的一个健康委员会批准Sanatech种子公司将这种新的番茄品种商业化。他们提供了通知，这家初创公司计划在发运每包西红柿时贴上“使用基因组编辑技术改进”的标签)”可知，日本厚生省健康委员会允许新西红柿进入市场。故选C。
19．
推理判断题。根据倒数第二段“Unlike genetically modified foods, genome-edited plant varieties are considered just as safe as varieties improved using traditional methods because no outside gene is introduced during the process.(与转基因食品不同，基因编辑的植物品种被认为与使用传统方法改良的品种一样安全，因为在这个过程中不会引入外部基因)”可推知，基因编辑过的植物是安全的。故选D。
20．
推理判断题。根据文章主要以列举第三方的客观事实和言论为主，没有涉及自己对Sicilian Rouge High GABA的态度，可推知，作者对Sicilian Rouge High GABA的态度是客观的。故选D。
21．B
22．D
23．A
24．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了英国房屋的不同类型以及两个时代的房屋特点。
21．
细节理解题。根据第二段中“For some, it could be Victorian houses, which are often seen with bay windows, high ceilings, stained glass doors and colored brickwork.(对一些人来说，这可能是维多利亚时代的房子，那里经常看到飘窗、高高的天花板、彩色玻璃门和彩色砖墙)”可知，维多利亚时代的房子有高高的天花板和彩色砖墙。故选B。
22．
推理判断题。根据第一段中“There are many different types of houses in the UK. You may see detached, semi-detached, terraced houses or even end-of-terrace houses on a typical street.(在英国有许多不同类型的房屋。在一条典型的街道上，你可能会看到独立式、半独立式、联排式房屋，甚至是街尾式房屋)”可推知，作者提到维多利亚和乔治时代的房子是为了展示英国房屋的多样性。故选D。
23．
细节理解题。根据最后一段中“So, whether it’s high ceilings, better insulation, brickwork, bungalows or square gardens, people in Britain have a wide variety of preferences when it comes to where they live.(所以，无论是高高的天花板、更好的隔热、砖砌、平房还是广场花园，英国人对他们居住的地方有着各种各样的偏好)”可知，可以从文章中了解到英国人对房子的偏爱。故选A。
24．
推理判断题。根据最后一段中“And their ideal home may just simply be a case of what style feels like home.(他们理想中的家可能只是一个简单的案例，什么风格感觉像家)”可推知，接下来作者可能会谈论理想的英国家庭。故选A。
25．B
26．C
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。科学和工程教育最近的创新之一，是把重点放在让学生找出令人困惑的现象和解决现实世界的问题上，文章对此进行了介绍。
25．
推理判断题。根据第二段第一句“One of the recent innovations (创新) in science and engineering education is the central focus on having students figure out puzzling phenomena and solving real-world problems.”(科学和工程教育最近的创新之一，是把重点放在让学生找出令人困惑的现象和解决现实世界的问题上。)和最后一句“With this focus, students learn ideas and skills because they realize they are missing some knowledge or skill that would allow them to answer their own questions — to satisfy their curiosity.”(有了这个重点，学生们就能学到一些想法和技能，因为他们意识到自己缺少一些知识或技能，这些知识或技能可以让他们回答自己的问题，以满足他们的好奇心。)以及第一段中的““The research is clear that usable knowledge — that is, learning that can be transferred to new situations — only occurs when individuals are actively making sense of the world” (Science and Engineering for Grades 6-12: Investigation and Design at the Center, p.57)”(研究表明，可用的知识即可以转移到新环境中的学习，只有在个人积极理解世界时才会发生”（6-12年级的科学与工程：中心的调查与设计，第57页）)可知，作者要介绍的科学和工程教育创新的重点和引言内容相近。所以引言放在文章开头是为了引入作者的概念。故选B。
26．
推理判断题。根据第二段最后一句“With this focus, students learn ideas and skills because they realize they are missing some knowledge or skill that would allow them to answer their own questions — to satisfy their curiosity.”(有了这个重点，学生们就能学到一些想法和技能，因为他们意识到自己缺少一些知识或技能，这些知识或技能可以让他们回答自己的问题，以满足他们的好奇心。)可知，通过科学和工程教育的创新，学生将会有学习的动力。故选C。
27．D
28．A
29．B
30．C
【解析】
【导语】
本文为一篇说明文。主要介绍了2021年第22届海南岛狂欢节。
27．
词义猜测题。根据文章第一段“The 2021 (22nd) Hainan Island Carnival kicked off in Haikou, capital city of Hainan province, on Dec 10th, 2021.（2021年海南岛狂欢节于2021年12月10日在海南省会城市海口 kicked off。）”并结合文章第五段“Haikou is the event's main venue (主会场)（海口是这次活动的主会场。）”提示可知，划线词此处指本次海南岛狂欢节与12月10日在海口开始举行，此处的kick off意思与start相近，意为“开始”，故选D。
28．
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Apart from the opening ceremony, a series of exciting activities are scheduled to be held during the festival（除了开幕式，狂欢节期间也安排了一系列有趣的活动）”可知，在这次狂欢节，游客可以参加各种各样的活动，故选A。
29．
推理判断题。根据文章最后一段“In terms of tourism, resources of attractive scenic spots, rural tourism, shopping tourism are fully included, seven thematic (主题的) tourism routes including shopping, rural tourism, health tourism, red tourism, conference and exhibition, research and study, oceanic tourism will be launched to attract more visitors to travel to Hainan, which will stimulate (刺激) tourism consumption and help the construction of an international tourism consumption center.（就旅游业而言，此活动包含了吸引人的旅游景点，郊区旅游，购物游，且特意推出了7条主题旅游险，吸引更多的游客到海南旅游，刺激旅游消费，并且帮助建设国际旅游消费中心。）”可知，最后一段主要讲述了此次欢乐节设置的活动对海南旅游业带来的潜在好处，故最后一段主要讲述此次狂欢节的潜在影响，故选B。
30．
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“Zhang Xu, Chinese vice-minister of Culture and Tourism, said in his speech that the Ministry of Culture and Tourism will continue to support Hainan in comprehensively deepening reform and opening up, support Hainan's aim to become an international tourism consumption center, and provide assistance for the construction of Hainan Free Trade Port.（中国文化旅游副部长张旭在讲话中表示，文化旅游部将继续支持海南全面深化改革开放，支持海南成为国际旅游消费中心的目标，并为海南自由贸易港的建设提供支持。）”可知，文化旅游部将为海南成为自由贸易港提供支持和帮助，故海南将来会成为一个自由贸易港，故选C。
31．D
32．C
33．B
34．A
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了成年人容易分心，对此科学家研究了导致分心的原因并给出了一些有助于保持专注的方法。
31．
细节理解题。根据第二段中“One of the most obvious things is removing noise. Research by Science Focus magazine found silence is best for concentration, or a gentle background hum and coffee shop noise is great!(最明显的方法之一就是去除噪音。《科学焦点》杂志的研究发现，安静最有助于集中注意力，或者柔和的背景嗡嗡声和咖啡店的噪音也很好！)”可知，噪音容易让人分心。故选D。
32．
细节理解题。根据第三段中“An article for BBC Future by Caroline Williams says that “Attention Researcher NilliLavie of University College London has found that making a task more visually demanding takes up more processing power and leaves the brain nothing left to process distractions.”(卡罗琳·威廉姆斯在《BBC未来》上发表的一篇文章中说，“伦敦大学学院的注意力研究员NilliLavie发现，让一项任务对视觉要求更高，需要更多的处理能力，使大脑无法处理干扰。”)”可知，具有挑战性的任务使人集中精力。故选C。
33．
推理判断题。根据第一段“Staying focused can still be a challenge in adult life, but understanding how to do it, and knowing what is distracting you, can help.(在成年人的生活中，保持专注仍然是一个挑战，但了解如何做到这一点，知道是什么让你分心，会有所帮助)”以及最后一段“But according to Science Focus magazine, distraction isn’t all bad. “If we were always so focused that we never got distracted, we’d miss potential changes, such as threats, in our environment. Distraction is vital for survival.”(但根据《科学焦点》杂志的说法，分心也不全是坏事。“如果我们总是如此专注，从不分心，我们就会错过环境中的潜在变化，比如威胁。分散注意力对生存至关重要。”)”可知，作者先是说明了处理分心有助于保持专注，最后一段则说分心也有好处，故可推知，作者对分心的态度是客观态度。故选B。
34．
主旨大意题。根据第一段“Staying focused can still be a challenge in adult life, but understanding how to do it, and knowing what is distracting you, can help.(在成年人的生活中，保持专注仍然是一个挑战，但了解如何做到这一点，知道是什么让你分心，会有所帮助)”结合文章主要说明了成年人容易分心，对此科学家研究了导致分心的原因并给出了一些有助于保持专注的方法。可知，这篇文章主要讲了处理分心的办法。故选A。
35．B
36．B
37．C
38．D
【解析】
【导语】
这是一篇说明文。本文主要介绍了什么是微距摄影，及这种摄影方式的操作方法。
35．
细节理解题。根据第一段关键句“Many people think that you need to travel great distances and go on expensive trips to create beautiful photos. If you consider macro photography, which is capturing (捕捉) tiny details, an entirely new world may open for you right in your own backyard.”（许多人认为，为了拍出漂亮的照片，你需要长途跋涉，进行昂贵的旅行。如果你考虑微距摄影，即捕捉微小细节，一个全新的世界可能会在你自己的后院为你打开。）可知，如果我们善于捕捉生活的细节，那我们会发现一个全新的摄影世界，拍出优秀的作品，由此可知，捕捉生活的细节可以创造出优秀的作品。故选B项。
36．
主旨大意题。通读第二段内容，结合关键句“Using a 50 mm macro lens (微距镜头) on a traditional DSLR camera, I walked around looking for different opportunities. I also often use two extension (伸缩) tubes, which help me get ever closer to my subject matter and increase the magnification (放大率).”（在传统的单反相机上使用50毫米的微距镜头，我四处寻找不同的机会。我还经常使用两个伸缩管，这有助于我更接近我的主题，并提高放大率。）可知，本段内容主要介绍了如何进行微距拍摄，通过在传统的单反相机上使用50毫米的微距镜头，也可以通过使用伸缩管，提高放大率，由此可知，第二段主要讲了微距拍摄的方式。故选B项。
37．
词义猜测题。根据画线单词上文“I like to shoot with a fully blurred (模糊的) background, called bokeh, though sometimes increasing depth of field and not having total blurriness can be beneficial to the composition, too.”（我喜欢在完全模糊的背景下拍摄，称为bokeh（焦外成像），尽管有时增加景深和不完全模糊也有利于构图。）可知，上文介绍了一种名为bokeh（焦外成像）的拍摄方式，是在完全模糊的背景下进行拍摄，根据画线单词后句“Using a smartphone, you can easily use tools like portrait mode, to help blur the background.”（使用智能手机，你可以轻松使用肖像模式等工具来帮助模糊背景。）可知，下文介绍了使用智能手机的肖像模式等工具也可以帮助模糊背景，由此可知，画线单词所在句指的是你不需要一个特殊的摄像机来进行bokeh拍摄，使用智能手机也可以做到，“this”代指的是上文提到的“bokeh（焦外成像）”。故选C项。
38．
主旨大意题。通读全文，结合第一段关键句“If you consider macro photography, which is capturing (捕捉) tiny details, an entirely new world may open for you right in your own backyard.”（如果你考虑微距摄影，即捕捉微小细节，一个全新的世界可能会在你自己的后院为你打开。）和第二段关键句“Using a 50 mm macro lens (微距镜头) on a traditional DSLR camera, I walked around looking for different opportunities.”（在传统的单反相机上使用50毫米的微距镜头，我四处寻找不同的机会。）可知，本文主要介绍了什么是微距摄影，及这种摄影方式的操作方法，“Macro Photography”意为“微距摄影”，能够概括文章主要内容。故选D项。
39．D
40．A
41．C
42．B
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了解生物年龄能帮助人们通过改变行为习惯来延长寿命。
39．
推理判断题。根据第一段中“Many aging-research scientists believe that knowing your biological age could help you postpone or avoid age-related illnesses, and better predict an individual’s lifespan(寿命). (许多研究衰老的科学家认为，知道自己的生理年龄可以帮助你推迟或避免与年龄有关的疾病，并更好地预测一个人的寿命。)”和第二段的“At the center of the debate are hopes that people can extend their lives by changing their behaviors. (争论的中心是希望人们可以通过改变行为来延长寿命)”可知，了解生物年龄能够帮助人们推迟或者避免与年龄相关的疾病，人们也可以通过改变行为习惯来延长寿命。故选D。
40．
细节理解题。根据第三段中“Dr. Sinclair at Harvard is developing a biological-age test based on chemical changes on DNA. He plans to launch it with a new company called Tally Health. (哈佛大学的辛克莱博士正在开发一种基于DNA化学变化的生物年龄测试。他计划与一家名为“塔利健康”的新公司一起推出这款产品。)”以及“Though criticized by other scientists for hyping the results of some of his findings for his business, he says that he doesn't overstate his research findings.( 虽然其他科学家批评他为了自己的生意而夸大自己的一些研究结果，但他说自己并没有夸大自己的研究结果。)”可知，哈佛大学的辛克莱博士计划与Tally Health合作，研发能够检测生物年龄的测试，然而遭到别的科学家的批评。由此可知，一些科学家批评他，是因为认为他夸大字节的研究结果，并以此牟利。故选A。
41．
细节理解题。根据最后一段中“the results make sense given Mr. Robert's genetics—longevity runs in his family and lifestyle, which is likely less stressful.(考虑到罗伯特的基因长寿与他的家庭和生活方式有关，他的生活压力可能更小，这一结果是合理的。)”可知，戈登教授解释说，这是因为罗伯特先生的遗传基因，他的家族都长寿。故选C。
42．
主旨大意题。本文介绍了解生物年龄的好处是能够让人们通过改变自身行为习惯来延长寿命。故B项“了解你的生物年龄，延长寿命”可以作为本文最佳标题。故选B。
43．C
44．A
45．B
46．D
【解析】
【导语】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了东西方在雀斑、眼型、清纯，成熟等方面的审美观的不同。
43．
细节理解题。根据文章第三段第二句“For most westerners, having freckles is no longer just something you have to live with; instead, it is something to be desired.（对于大多数西方人来说，长雀斑不再是一件必须忍受的事情；相反，它是人们渴望的东西。）”可知，大多数西方人认为有雀斑并不是一件要忍受的事，而是一件非常盼望的事。故选C项。
44．
词句猜测题。根据第四段二、三、四句“Many Chinese think girls with big eyes are the most beautiful. If their eyes have a double-fold eyelid, that is considered perfect. However, most foreigners seem to prefer Chinese girls with slanted (斜的) and narrow eyes and eyebrows.（许多中国人认为大眼睛的女孩最漂亮。如果他们的眼睛有双眼皮，那就被认为是完美的。然而，大多数外国人似乎更喜欢中国女孩倾斜的和狭窄的眼睛和眉毛。）”可知，有关眼睛的形状问题，很多中国人和西方人看法不同，从而可推知该词组意思是“看法相同”。故选A项。
45．
细节理解题。根据文章倒数第二段倒数第二句“Unlike Chinese girls, Western girls think a more mature look shows independence and uniqueness.（与中国女孩不同的是，西方女孩认为更成熟的外表显示出独立和独特。）”可知，西方女孩更喜欢看起来成熟是因为她们想要以更成熟的外表来显得独立与独特。故选B项。
46．
主旨大意题。根据文章第一段最后一句“Actually, there are some different beauty standards between the East and the West.（事实上，东西方之间有一些不同的审美标准。）”并结合下文介绍的东西方审美的不同可知，本文主要介绍了东西方在雀斑、眼型、清纯，成熟等方面的审美观的不同。故选D项。
47．C
48．A
49．C
50．D
【解析】
【分析】
本文是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了一项新科技，这项科技可以让在车上的每个人都可以在不带耳机的情况下，听到自己喜欢听的音乐。
47．
细节理解题。根据文章第三段第一句“One barrier which scientists have previously been unable to overcome was the impact of moving one’s seat.They were able to form a PSZ, but unable to move it to follow a person if they moved the seat forwards or backwards.（科学家们此前一直无法克服的一个障碍是移动座位的影响。他们能够形成一个PSZ，但如果他们向前或向后移动座位，就不能跟随人来移动它。）”可知，PSZs没有办法随着座位移动而移动。故选C项。
48．
主旨大意题。根据文章第四段的“The French team created a new algorithm (算法) specifically to tackle this issue, which handles the sound waves to create “bright” and “dark” zones in the car.（ 这个法国团队专门开发了一种新算法来解决这个问题，通过处理声波来在车内创造“明亮”和“黑暗”区域。）”以及“The key to the technique working properly is having sufficient microphones placed around the car to detect how many people are in the car and where they are sitting. The price to pay is to have control microphones in the passenger section, so that the algorithm can work.(这项技术正常工作的关键是在汽车周围放置足够多的麦克风，以检测车内有多少人以及他们坐的地方。付出的代价是要在乘客区安装麦克风，这样算法才能起作用。)”可知，本段讲述如何要解决PSZs座位移动就听不到的问题，采用新的算法，乘客区放置足够多的麦克风，来解决这个问题。故选A项。
49．
推理判断题。根据文章第四段倒数第二句“The key to the technique working properly is having sufficient microphones placed around the car to detect how many people are in the car and where they are sitting.The price to pay is to have control microphones in the passenger section, so that the algorithm can work.(这项技术正常工作的关键是在汽车周围放置足够多的麦克风，以检测车内有多少人以及他们坐的地方。付出的代价是要在乘客区安装麦克风，这样算法才能起作用。）”可知，新科技成功与否的关键取决于是否有足够多的麦克风安装在车中。故选C项。
50．
推理判断题。根据文章第一段最后一句“Finding a way for all parties to listen to their own audio without the need for headphones has been a goal of car makers for decades and scientists may have finally managed it.（几十年来，汽车制造商一直想找到一种不需要耳机就能让所有人听到自己声音的方法，而科学家们可能终于实现了这一目标。）”可知，本文主要介绍科学家们运用新的技术让每个人都听到自己喜欢听的音乐，接下来第二段到第四段分别对怎么用新技术，碰到了哪些挑战以及怎么战胜挑战进行了描述，最后指出这项技术的局限性。因此推断本文的目的是介绍一项新科技。故选D项。