高考英语书面表达概要写作微技能之全文主旨归纳课件

这是一份高考英语书面表达概要写作微技能之全文主旨归纳课件，共19页。PPT课件主要包含了全文主旨归纳，实例分析，1思一思，全文主旨归纳建议，课后微练等内容，欢迎下载使用。
概要写作微技能之主旨归纳1
主旨归纳是概要写作的第一步，包括对全文主旨的归纳和对段落主旨的归纳。
1. 常见问题直接逐段阅读归纳各段主旨，忽略语篇整体。2. 正确做法全文主旨是语篇的核心，各段主旨正是围绕这一核心展开。概要写作前从整体阅读文本入手，分析文章结构，理清段间关系，从而把握全文主旨，有利于下一步各段主旨的确定与支持信息的筛选。
（1）思一思整体阅读下文，分析文章结构，想一想全文主旨是首段的第一句还是But后的句子？为什么？
The best way t manage anger is by dealing with it directly — yu must learn t express yur anger in a healthy and helpful way. Expressing yurself when yu are very angry can be difficult. But it can be very helpful. When yu can express yur needs, yu are taking cntrl f yur wn emtins. And mre imprtantly, yu feel like yu are slving the prblem. Then yu feel better abut yurself. But there are things yu shuld remember when yu express yur needs when angry. First, stay calm when yu are expressing yurself. It is als imprtant t be clear and direct when yu express yurself. Yu shuld als shw respect fr the ther persn. Be sure nt t blame ther peple. Blaming ther peple can lead t arguing and fighting. Instead, yu shuld express yur anger by saying what yu are feeling. Fr example, yu shuld use “I statements”, which are simple sentences that state hw a persn feels. Yu shuld nt say “Yu never help me clean the hme”! Instead, yu culd say “I am angry that yu did nt ffer t help me clean the hme”. When yu are expressing yur anger, yu shuld remember t think abut the ther peple wh are invlved in the situatin. Try t lk at the situatin frm the ther persn's pint f view. Often, when yu lk at a situatin in this way, yu can admit that yu are nt always being fair and yur anger is nt being helpful. Yu cannt always cntrl what ther peple d r what happens arund them. But yu can cntrl the way yu react! Dn’t let yur anger build up inside f yu! As a wise man nce said, “It's nt gd fr me t hld n t anger. I am the nly ne that is really hurting.”
答题解析：本文为总分总结构，首段第一句The best way t manage anger is by dealing with it directly — yu must learn t express yur anger in a healthy and helpful way.为主旨句。这句话意为：对付愤怒的最佳方法是学会用健康而有助的方式把它表达出来。But it can be very helpful. 说明表达出自己的愤怒很有帮助。文章的第二、三、四段讲几种健康而有助表达愤怒的方式，第五段则强调了第一句的观点：不要积压愤怒，要表达出来。可以看出其它几段支撑的都是是首段第一句观点，即愤怒要用合适的方式表达出来，没有进一步说明表达出愤怒的益处，所以全文主旨在首段第一句，而不是But后的句子 。
全文主旨受到其它段落支撑，同时影响其它段落主旨。
你能用以上学到的方法归纳下文主旨吗？ Retirement is the pint where a persn stps emplyment cmpletely．The "standard" retirement age varies frm cuntry t cuntry, but it is generally between 50 and 70, accrding t the latest statistics, 2011．Hwever, fr a lng time, peple have gt int an argument abut whether the age f retirement shuld be increased r reduced in their wn cuntries． There are several arguments fr allwing lder peple t cntinue wrking as lng as they are able．Many peple think that lder emplyees have a large amunt f knwledge and experience which can be lst t a business r rganizatin if they are made t retire．Besides, lder emplyees are ften extremely faithful emplyees and are mre willing t carry ut cmpany plicies than the yung．A mre imprtant pint is regarding the attitudes in sciety t ld peple．T frce smene t resign r retire at 60 r 65 indicates that the sciety des nt value the input f these peple and that effectively their useful life is ver． Allwing ld peple t wrk indefinitely （无限地）, hwever, is nt always a gd plicy．Sme peple tk the strng view that age alne is n guarantee f ability．Many yung emplyees have mre experience r skills than lder staff, wh may have been stuck in ne area fr mst f their wrking lives．Having cmpulsry retirement allws new ideas in an rganizatin．On the ther hand, lder peple shuld be rewarded by sciety fr their life' s labr by being given generus pensins and the freedm t enjy leisure．They can have time t d whatever they like, that is, they can have their wn plans r rles and achieve their retirement gals． With many yung peple unemplyed r frustrated in lw-level psitins, there are ften calls t cmpulsrily retire lder wrkers．Hwever, this can affect the lder individual' s freedm and right t wrk．In my pinin, giving wrkers mre chices ver their retirement age will benefit sciety and the individual．
（2）试一试
答题解析：本文主旨为 Fr a lng time, peple have gt int an argument abut whether the age f retirement shuld be increased r reduced in their wn cuntries．文章为总分结构。第一段先导出退休年龄这个话题，段尾指出长久以来，人们对于在本国要增加还是降低退休年龄有不同看法。第二、三段主要讲两种不同的看法及其理由，最后一段作者提出了自己的看法。二、三、四段都是支撑第一段的最后一句，所以该句为全文主旨。
请归纳以下文本的主旨，你能说出本文的主旨归纳与以上两个例子有何不同吗？ Bidiversity is the range f living things in an area. During the last 100 years, scientists have seen a great decline in bidiversity. This means a great lss fr humans as the stewards (管家) f the planet Earth. Sme studies shw that ne in eight plant species is threatened with extinctin. It is estimated that 140, 000 species f plants are lst each year. Many f these lst plants culd have been very useful in creating new drugs t fight against diseases. Mst f the extinctins in the last thusand years are due t humans. The main cause is the cutting dwn f trpical rain frests. These habitats are being turned int pasture(牧场) , crpland, and fruit gardens. Mst f this destructin is dne t create pasture fr beef cattle. It is als dne t make wheat fr bread as well as fruit fr human cnsumptin. The intrductin f extic (外来) species is anther threat. When extic species are intrduced t a habitat, they try t establish a ppulatin t be cntinued by themselves. Then they threaten the lcal species. They rb the lcal species f nutrients. Because the lcal species haven’t had a chance t gradually change and develp, they ften lack defenses. They cannt cmpete against the extic species. Actually, the rich diversity acrss the wrld exists nly because f barriers. The main barriers are seas and ceans. These barriers culd never be crssed by natural means. But since humans invented ships and airplanes, it is nw pssible fr species t meet. There is n time fr them t adapt, but humans cntinue t cmbine species frm different regins. The wrld’s ecsystems will sn be dminated(主宰) by very few, aggressive super-species. In rder t settle these prblems, peple need t minimize their cnsumptin. They need t cnsume less beef and ther prducts that require damage t the natural envirnment. Als, gvernments need t make strict rules against destrying natural land and intrducing extic species.
（3）辨一辨
答题解析：本文主旨为During the last 100 years, scientists have seen a great decline in bidiversity due t different reasns，s bth gvernment and peple need t find ways t slve the prblem.这篇文章为总分总结构。首段提出近百年来生物多样性大大减少，第二、三两段说明原因，最后一段提出解决办法。文章不仅呈现了问题、原因，还提出解决方法，所以与前两个例子不同的是，全文主旨没有现成的主旨句，需要通过整合各段主要内容得出。
当全文主旨没有现成的主旨句时，需要通过整合各段主要内容得出。
（1）高考英语概要写作原文倾向于议论和说明文体。这两类文章的全文主旨通常位于文章首段，但也有可能位于中间或尾段，还可能需要通过整合各段主要内容得出。（2）概要写作第一步整体阅读主要着眼于分析文章结构，明确段间关系。全文主旨通常受到其它各段的支撑或与其它各段有着密切的逻辑关系。
整体阅读以下短文，分析文章结构，归纳全文主旨。
(1) Change is an unavidable part f everyday life. It happens as time passes r as a cnsequence f ne’s decisin. Changes may be psitive r negative depending n hw we understand them. Whereas sme peple are happy t live a life f rutine, thers accept change and prefer a challenging wrld where events are unpredictable. Frm ne pint f view, peple wh accept changes think that changes make their life meaningful. Firstly, changes create new pprtunities, which make us leap frward. A new jb, fr instance, might present challenges that push the persn t adapt, acquire new knwledge, r add t their skill set. Secndly, a change can represent a break with the past and an ld rutine which has becme bring and predictable. Finally, as well as making life mre fun and interesting, new experiences can be gd fr ur physical and mental health. We find that changes can make us experienced and valuable. On the ther hand, peple wh dn’t want t step utside their cmfrt zne prefer fllwing their daily habits. They feel satisfied with their circumstance. Maybe they are nt fnd f surprises r cnfident enugh t face new challenges. They believe that staying secure and maintaining the present circumstance is the best way t live life safer. Such peple have set times fr perfrming certain functins and d things in the same way all the time. They fear the uncertainty f the unknwn and may assciate change with negative utcmes. Fr example, transitin in psitin r status gives peple wrries as t whether they can manage new task. Bth sides seem t have their wn advantages. Hwever, I persnally think change is necessary if smene wants t keep up with the fast pace f mdern life. Even if sme peple maintain a frm f stability by fllwing a rutine, the wrld keeps spinning and evlving. Withut change there wuld be n life at all. Our lives are actually fueled by change and seeing change as natural and unavidable will bring us cnsiderable stress relief.
(1)
参考答案：本文为总分结构，全文主旨为第一段的第二句：Changes may be psitive r negative depending n hw we understand them. 提示：第二段阐述认为changes是meaningful的人对它们的理解、第三段阐述不喜欢changes的人对它们的理解，最后一段作者表明自己的看法及理解，这几段都是支撑文章第二句话，所以全文主旨为changes是积极还是消极取决于我们对它的理解。
(2) Wrk is a very imprtant part f life in the United States. When the early immigrants came t this cuntry, they brught the idea that wrk was the way t Gd and heaven. This attitude still influences America tday. Wrk is nt nly imprtant fr the salary, but als fr scial and psychlgical wrking, being prductive. Fr mst Americans, they are what they d. What happens, then, when a persn retires at the age f sixty-five r seventy? It’s easy t imagine that retirement is n easy thing. Retirees ften feel they are unprductive and n lnger needed by thers. Once peple retire, they may als get int financial truble. Many peple rely n Scial Security checks every mnth. During their wrking years, emplyees cntribute a certain percentage f their salaries t the gvernment. When peple retire, they receive this mney as incme. These checks d nt prvide enugh mney t live n, hwever, because prices are increasing very rapidly. After retirement, they have t change their lifestyles. They have t spend carefully t be sure that they can affrd t buy fd, fuel, and ther necessities. Of curse, nt all senir citizens feel sad when they are in face f retirement. Wrking fr s many years, they eventually have time t spend with their families r t enjy their hbbies such as reading, traveling r jining sme senir citizen clubs. Sme cntinue t wrk part time; thers chse t d vlunteer wrk like helping yung peple t get started in new business. American gvernment is taking steps t ease the prblems f retired peple. They are building new husing, ffering discunts in stres and museums and n buses, and prviding ther services, such as free curses, fd service, and help with husewrk. It is wise t d s. Retired citizens are an imprtant part f the ppulatin and their special needs must be cncerned abut. After all, everyne will be a senir citizen smeday.
(2)
参考答案：本文为总分总结构，全文主旨为Retirement is n easy thing fr American peple and the gvernment is taking steps t ease the prblems f retired peple. 提示：第一段先提到工作对美国人的重要性，所以退休对他们而言并非易事。第二段讲退休造成的主要问题，第三段讲也有人认为退休还是给他们带来不少好处的。最后一段讲美国政府针对退休问题采取的措施。文章主要还是围绕退休带来的问题及解决措施展开。
（3） It's a really gd idea t visit clleges befre yu apply because their websites can all start t lk and sund the same. Nthing will give yu the sense f what it will actually be like t live n a cllege campus(校园) like visiting and seeing fr yurself the drms, classrms and athletic equipment and,f curse,the students.It seems a little crazy nce senir year hits t find the time t visit cllege campuses,and it can als be pricey if the schls yu are applying t happen t be mre than a car ride away.But keep in mind that yu are making a decisin abut the next fur years f yur life, and d all the research yu can t make sure yu are making the right ne. There's n excuse nt t visit the schls in yur lcal area. In fact, a lt f cllege applicatins even ask if yu have visited campus, and bviusly, if yu live acrss the cuntry that wn't be as much f a pssibility, but if yu live nearby, g check it ut! If campus visits aren't ging t happen befre yu apply, at the very least yu shuld find sme time between applying and getting yur acceptance letters t visit the schls yu'd like t attend. It can save yu a lt f heartache if yu rule ut nw the things that yu dn't like abut certain campuses, things that yu wuldn't knw unless yu actually visit. Nw, if time and mney are making it impssible, then check ut the nline cllege fairs at CllegeWeekLive. It's a chance t chat nline with admissins fficers, students, and cllege cunselrs(顾问)，and it wn't cst yu a penny! Yu can register fr its nline cllege fair at cllegeweeklive.cm. While visiting an nline cllege fair can't take the place f an actual campus visit, it can be a very useful tl that alng with all yur ther research will help yu make an infrmed decisin abut which clleges r universities yu'd like t attend.
（3）
参考答案：本文为总分结构，全文主旨为：It's a really gd idea t visit clleges yu’d like t attend.提示：本文第一段提出申请大学前有必要去参观一下你想去的学校，以下几段说明不管地点、时间或财力条件是否允许都有必要也可以参观和了解，所以本文的主旨可根据整体概括归纳为：It's a really gd idea t visit clleges yu'd like t attend.