外研版 (2019) 英语 必修 第一册 第三讲 句子成分学习

第三讲 句子成分学习

【学习目标】

1．掌握句子成分的种类。

2．学会并掌握不同词性的单词可以在句中所作的成分，通过分析句子成分会做简单的句子翻译和语法填空。

英语的句子成分主要有六种：即主语、谓语、宾语、定语、状语和补语。（可以熟记为：主谓宾，定状补）除了这六种主要成分之外，还有“表语”和“同位语”的说法。但表语和系动词一起作谓语，因此划分成分时，划分在谓语上。同位语分为主语同位语和宾语同位语，属于主语或宾语的一部分。

考点1. 主语

主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，一般位于句首，通常由名词性的词来充当。

可以作主语的词性或语法结构：

1. 名词  2. 代词  3. 数词

4. 不定式  5. 动名词  6. 主语从句等表示。

7. 名词化的形容词（如the rich） 

在英语中，形容词、副词和介词短语是不能作主语的。如果它们在句首时，句子可能是倒装句，真正的主语在后面。

On the desk are some books. (主语是books，所以用are)

Down jumps the boy. (主语是the boy，所以用jumps )

Gone are the days. (主语是the days，所以用are)

练习1. 在下面句子的主语下面画横线，并说出由什么充当。

① The teacher with two of his students is walking into the classroom.

② There is an old man coming here.

③ The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

④ To do today's homework without the teacher's help is very difficult.

考点2. 谓语

谓语由动词充当，说明主语所做的动作或具有的特征和状态。

在了解谓语动词之前，先要明白动词的形容有哪些：

谓语的构成如下：

A. 简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成。如：

He practices running every morning.

He reads newspapers every day.

I love you.

B. 复合谓语：

① 由情态动词或其他助动词加动词构成。如：

You may keep the book for two weeks.

He has caught a bad cold.

My sister is crying over there.

I have been waiting for you all the time.

I would stay at home all day.

Has he come back?

He didn’t attend the meeting yesterday.

② 由系动词加表语构成。系动词不能单独作谓语，要和表语一起作谓语,主动表示被动形式。如：

We are students.

Your idea sounds great.

The food tates delicious.

His answer turned out right at last.

考点3. 表语

表语多是形容词，用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态，它一般位于系动词（如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等）之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、分词、数词、不定式、动名词、介词短语、副词及表语从句表示。

练习2. 画出下列句中的表语，并说明由什么充当。

1. Our teacher of English is an American.

2. Is it yours?

3. The weather has turned cold.

4. The speech is exciting.

5. Three times seven is twenty-one.

6. His job is to teach English.

7. His hobby（爱好）is playing football.

8. The machine must be under repairs.

9. The truth is that he has never been abroad.

考点4. 宾语

宾语由名词性的词充当，表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词和介词后面。

宾语分为动词宾语和介词宾语。

练习3. 画出下列句中的宾语, 并说明由什么充当。

1. They planted many trees yesterday.

2.  (How many dictionaries do you have?) I have five.

3. They helped the old with their housework yesterday.

4. I wanted to buy a car.

5. I enjoy listening to popular music.

6. I think（that）he is fit for his office.

考点5. 宾语补足语

宾语补足语和宾语构成逻辑上的主谓关系。换句话说，在意思上，宾语相当于宾补的主语。

带有宾语补足语的一般句型为：某些及物动词（如make等）+宾语+宾补。宾补可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词、介词短语和从句充当。具体分析如下：

(1).容词用作主语补语是常置于主语之前，后有逗号。

Tired and sleepy, I went to bed. 我又累又困，就去睡了。

有时可以置于主语之后，前后都有逗号，与非限定性定语相似。如： The man, cruel beyond belief, didn’t listen to their pleadings. 那人不可置疑地残酷，不听取他们的恳求。

(2).可以用做宾语补语的有名词、形容词、不定式、动名词、分词、介词短语等

1.They named the child Jimmy. 他们将孩子命名为吉米。(名词用作并与补语)

2.My mother looks so young that you would think her my sister. 我的母亲面很嫩，你会以为她是我的姐姐(名词短语作宾语补语)

3. He boiled the egg hard. 她将鸡蛋煮老了。(形容词用作宾语补语)

4.I found the book very interesting.我发现那本书很有趣。(形容词短语用作宾补)

5.The comrades wanted Dr. Bethune to take cover. 同志们要白求恩大夫隐蔽一下。(不定式用作宾语补语)

6.I call this robbing Peter to pay Paul.我把这个叫做拆东墙补西墙。(动名作宾补

7..Don’t take his kindness for granted.不要把他的友善看作是当然的事。

练习4.用下划线画出下列句中的宾语补足语，并指出是什么词充当，同时体会宾补和宾语之间的逻辑关系。

1. His father named him Dongming.

2. They painted their boat white.

3. Let the fresh air in.

4. You mustn’t force him to lend his money to you.

5. We saw her entering the room.

6. We found everything in the lab in good order.

7. We will soon make our city what your city is now.

8. I want your homework done on time.

考点6. 主补

对主语的补充。含有宾语补足语的句子在变成被动语态，宾语作主语时，原来的宾补就成了主语补足语。

He was elected monitor.

She was found singing in the next room.

He was advised to teach the lazy boy a lesson.

考点7. 定语

定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的词、短语或句子，汉语中常用“……的”表示。定语通常位于被修饰的成分前。

在英语中，许多情况下，定语是放在所修饰词后面的，这点与汉语习惯不同，也是许多同学不能读懂长句的主要原因。定语后置常见的有以下几种情况：

A. 副词用作定语一般要后置。

People there are very friendly. (那儿的人们)

He didn’t like the man downstairs. （楼下的那个人）

B. 形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。

单个形容词作定语一般放在所修饰词之前，而形容词短语作定语一般放在所修饰词之后。

The next man is a scientist.

The man next to me is a scientist.（我旁边的那个人）

C. 介词短语作定语时要后置。

The boy under the tree is Tom.（树下的那个男孩）

The tallest boy in our class is John.（我们班最高的那个男孩）

D. 现在分词短语、过去分词短语、动词不定式作定语常后置。

I have something to say. (直译：我有要说的话)

The boy crying over there is my classmate.

（在那边哭的那个男孩）

The house built last year is impressive.

（去年建的那座房子）

练习5.  口头翻译下列句子，用下划线标出定语部分，留意定语的位置，并说明定语是由什么词性或结构充当。

1. The letter on the desk is for Mr. Wu.

2. The woman with a baby in her arms is his mother.

3. We need a place twice larger than this one.

4. She carried a basket full of eggs.

5. It's a book worth no more than one dollar.

6. It's a city far from the coast.

7. He has money enough to buy a car.

8. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.

9. There are lots of places of interest needing repairing in our city.

10. Tigers belonging to meat-eating animals feed on meat.

11. A boy calling himself John wanted to see you.

12. He picked up a wallet lying on the ground on the way back home.

13. There are many clothes to be washed.

14. Most of the singers invited to the party were from America.

15. Then the great day came when he was to march past the palace in the team.

考点8. 状语

修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子, 说明动作或状态特征的句子成分，叫作状语。

He writes carefully. He walks slowly.

(认真地写，慢慢地走，修饰动词用副词，作状语)

This material is environmentally friendly.

（修饰形容词用副词，作状语）

He runs very slowly.

（修饰副词slowly, 因此very是副词，作状语）

Unfortunately, he lost all of his money.

（修饰整个句子用副词，作状语）

A. 几个并列状语的先后顺序：方式→地点→时间

一个句中有几个并列状语时，其顺序较灵活，但一般是：方式→地点→时间。如：

I found a lost pen outside our school  yesterday morning.

He was walking slowly  outside the park  at that moment.

B. 英语中时间状语、地点状语的排列一般是从小到大

先写时间，再写上/下午，再写星期几，再写几月几号。最后写几几年。

I invited him to watch a movie at 5 p.m. on Thursday, August 28th, 2015.

I was born at 6 a.m., March 16, 2000.

He lives at 1120 Green Street, London.

C. 频度副词often, always, usually, sometimes, never等在句中要放在情态动词、系动词、助动词之后, 实义动词之前。

You can never tell what he will do.

He is often late.

He is always helping others.

He often came late.

D. 状语按意义分类

在句子成分中，主语、谓语、宾语、定语、表语、补语都比较好辨认，如果这几个成分都不是，那很可能就是状语了。因此，状语的种类很多，可以表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、程度、条件、方式和让步等，具体分析如下：

（1）时间状语，多位于句末和句首，有时亦可置于句中 。

Shall we do the shopping today or tomorrow? In China now leads the world.

（2）地点状语，多置于句末，有时也位于句首和句中。

There are plenty of fish in the sea.

She kissed her mother on the platform(月台).

（3）原因状语，包括表理由的状语，多置于句末，有时亦可置于句首。

Because he was ill ,Tom lost his job. I eat potatoes because I like them.

（4）结果状语，多由不定式、分词和从句表示，常位于句末。

She woke(醒) suddenly to find someone standing in the doorway. She spoke so softly that I couldn’t hear what she said.

（5）目的状语，多由不定式、介词短语和从句等表示，常位于句末，强调时可以置于句首。

He ran for shelter(隐蔽处).他跑去避雨。

　　In order to get into a good school, I must study even harder.

（6）条件状语。多由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。

We’ll be lucky to get there before dark.

　　If he were to come, what should we say to him?

（7）让步状语，由短语和从句表示，常置于句末和句首。

For all his money, he didn’t seem happy. 他尽管有钱，但似乎并不幸福。

He helped me although he didn’t know me.

(8)  程度状语。常由副词、介词短语及从句等表示。

 The lecture is very interesting.

To what extent would you trust them? 你对他们信任程度如何?        

(9)  伴随状语，常由短语和独立主格等表示。对位于句末和句首。

My train starts at six, arriving at Chicago at ten.

He stood there ,pipe(烟斗) in mouth.

练习6. 指出下列画线部分属于什么状语。

1. How about meeting again at six?

2. Mr. Smith lives on the third floor.

3. Last night she didn’t go to the dance party because of the rain.

4. She put the eggs into the basket with great care.

5. She came in with a dictionary in her hand.

6. In order to catch up with the others, I must work harder.

7. To make his dream come true, Tom becomes very

 interested in business.

8. The boy needs a pen very much.

9. The boy really needs a pen.

10. He was so tired that he fell asleep immediately.

11. She works very hard though she is old.

12. I am taller than he is.

13. I shall go there if it doesn't rain.

14. On Sundays, there is no student in the classroom. 

15. Having to finish his homework, the boy needs a

pen.  

考点9. 同位语

同位语是在名词或代词之后的并列名词或代词，对前者加以说明，近乎于后置定语。

1.名词用作同谓语是大量的。

(1) We have two children, a boy and a girl.我们有两个孩子，一男一女。

(2)We, the Chinese people, are determined to build China into a powerful and prosperous country. 我们中国人民决心将中国建成一个强大的繁荣的国家。

2.代词用作同谓语。

(1)They all wanted to see him. 他们都想见他。

(2)Let’s you and me go to work, Oliver. 咱们俩去工作吧。

3.数词用作同谓语。

(1)Are you two ready?你们俩准备好了吗?

(2)They two went, we three stayed behind.他们俩去了，我们三个留了下来。

4.不定式与动名词用作同谓语。

(1)Their latest proposal, to concentrate on primary education, has met with some opposition.他们最近提出了集中全力于初等教育的提议遭到了某些人的反对。

(2)The first plan, attacking at night, was turned down. 第一个计划是夜袭，被拒绝了。

5.Of 短语用作同谓语

The city of Rome 罗马城 the art of writing 写作艺术 The vice of smoking 吸烟嗜好

6.从句用同谓语，即同谓语重句

(1)The news that we are having a holiday tomorrow is not true. 明天放假的消息不确。

(2)We are not investigating the question whether he is trustworthy. 我们不是在调查他是否可信赖的问题

练习7. 画出下列句中的同位语。

1.The young man, my brother, works in the office.

2.Our English teacher, Mrs. Wang, often helps us with study.

3.They, some railway workers, are busy repairing the train.

4.He cried after heard the news that he failed in the exam.

6. I myself agree with your opinion.

7.The monitor himself gets on well with all of us.