(新高考)高考英语二轮复习语法知识梳理学案 第2章 被动语态（二）
展开第二章 被动语态（二） 三、主动语态变被动语态 中国人的思维的着眼点在动作的施动者，英美人思维的着眼点在动作的承受者。中国人常这样说：I expect you to be there on time. 我希望你准时到那里。英美人常这样说：You are expected to be there on time. 希望你准时到那里。这就是英语中被动语态的使用比汉语中多的原因。由于英语句子的主动语态结构不同，因而变成被动语态的方式也各不相同。 主语 + 谓语 + 宾语“主语 + 谓语 + 宾语”结构中只有一个宾语，变为被动语态时，将宾语变为主语：They will discuss the plan at the meeting. 他们将在会议上讨论这个问题。-- The plan will be discussed at the meeting. 这个问题将在会议上讨论。In the past the king possessed great wealth. 过去国王拥有巨大的财富。 In the past great wealth was possessed by the king. 过去，巨大的财富为国王所拥有。 主语+谓语+间接宾语+直接宾语在这个句型中，谓语动词跟有两个宾语。变成被动语态时，一般将通常指人的间接宾语转化成主语，但有时也可将指物的间接宾语转化成主语：We gave the student some books. 我们给了这个学生几本书。-- The student was given some books. 这个学生被给了几本书。-- Some books were given to the student. 几本书被给了这个学生。His father bought him a computer last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。-- He was bought a computer by his father last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。-- A computer was bought for him by his father last week. 上周他父亲给他买了一台电脑。注意：用直接宾语作被动语态的主语时，通常要在间接宾语前加上适当的介词(如 to, for, of等)，以加强间接宾语的语气。They awarded him the Nobel Prize. 他们授予他诺贝尔奖。-- The Nobel Prize was awarded（to）him. 诺贝尔奖被授予给他。The host had caught us some fish. 主人给我们捉了一些鱼。Some fish had been caught for us by the host. 主人给我们捉了一些鱼。（for 不可省） 主语+谓语+宾语+宾语补足语在这个句型中，谓语动词后有一个宾语和一个宾语补足语，变成被动语态时，宾语转化成 主语，宾语补足语也随之变为主语补足语： All the villagers painted the houses white. 所有村民都把房子涂成了白色。-- The houses were painted white by all the villagers. 房子都被所有的村民都涂成了白色。They kept us waiting for a long time. 他们让我们等了很长时间。-- We were kept waiting for a long time. 我们等了很长时间。We regarded him as the best doctor in town. 我们认为他是城里最好的医生。-- He was regarded as the best doctor in town. 他被认为是城里最好的医生。注意：有些使役动词和感官动词,如make, see, hear, watch, notice, observe, listen to 等，在主动结构中跟不带 to 的动词不定式作宾语补足语，在变为被动结构时，不定式应加上 to。We heard him say good-bye to his friends. 我们听见他向朋友们道别。 He was heard to say good-bye to his friends. 他被听到向朋友们道别。 含有情态动词的主动句变被动句含有情态动词的谓语变成被动语态时，用“情态动词+ be done”构成。情态动词cancould maymight must havehad to willwould shallshould ought to主动形式 cancould do maymight do must do havehad to do willwould do shallshould do ought to do被动形式 cancould be done maymight be done must be done havehad to be done willwould be done shallshould be done ought to be doneThe machine must be operated with care. 这机器必须小心操作。Such a sentence ought not to be used here. 这个句子不应该用在这里。What's done cannot be undone. 覆水难收。People had to be reminded of the danger that night. 那天晚上必须提醒人们当心危险。含有“be going to do”和“be to do”等结构的主动句变被动句含有“be going to do 和 be to do 等结构的谓语动词，变成被动语态时，分别用“be going to + be done”和“be to + be done”。在这两种结构中，be 只有一般现在时和一般过去时两种形式。The problem is going to be discussed at the meeting. 这个问题将在会上讨论。This new film is to be shown on TV next week. 这部新片下周将在电视上放映。 含有宾语从句的主动句变被动句带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，通常用 it 来作为被动句的形式主语，宾语从句保留不变。They said that he had gone abroad to study English. 他们说他出国学英语去了。-- It was said that he had gone abroad to study English. 据说他出国学英语去了。We haven't decided when we should go camping. 我们还未决定什么时候去野营。-- It hasn't been decided when we should go camping. 什么时候去野营尚未决定。提示：带有宾语从句的句子变成被动语态时，为了简练，还可把从句的主语变为被动句的主语， 从句的谓语部分还可以变为不定式短语。We believed that he would succeed. 我们相信他会成功。-- He was believed to succeed. 人们相信他会成功。Father expected that I should become an engineer. 父亲希望我成为工程师。-- I was expected (by my father) to become an engineer. （父亲）希望我成为工程师。祈使句的被动语态肯定的祈使句的被动语态结构是：Let + 宾语 + be + 过去分词；否定的祈使句的被动语态结构是：Don't + let + 宾语 + be + 过去分词（或 Let + 宾语 + not + be + 过去分词）。Move the desks into the corridor. -- Let the desks be moved into the corridor. 把课桌搬到走廊去。Don't trust her. -- Don't let her be trusted.-- Let her not be trusted. 不要相信她。动词短语构成的被动语态一般情况下，只有及物动词才能跟宾语，而不及物动词不能跟宾语，所以只有及物动词才有被动语态，不及物动词则没有被动语态。但有些不及物动词后面跟上介词或副词后，变成一个动词短语，相当于一个及物动词，因此就可以有被动语态。The nurses in this hospital look after the patients very well. -- The patients are well looked after by the nurses in this hospital. 病人在这所医院里被护士们照料得很周到。They have put off the meeting till next Saturday.-- The meeting has been put off till next Saturday. 会议已推迟到下周六了。注意：在使用被动语态时，千万不要遗漏句末的介词或副词。 Such a bad habit should be got rid of. 这样的坏习惯应该改掉。All the important matters have now been attended to. 所有重要的事情都得到了处理。双重被动结构双重被动结构指的是句中谓语动词和其后的不定式均为被动结构，句子的主语既是谓语动词的承受者，同时又是不定式动作的承受者。They asked us to discuss the problem at once. -- We were asked to discuss the problem at once. -- The problem was asked to be discussed at once. 这个问题被要求立刻讨论。（双重被动）She offered to buy a recorder for me.-- A recorder was offered to be bought for me. 有人提出要帮我买一台录音机。（双重被动）The teacher ordered that we should take the desk away.-- The desk was ordered to be taken away. 课桌被要求搬走。（双重被动） 下列句子变成被动语态时，要用 with，不用 by Smoke filled the meeting room. 烟充满了会议室。The meeting room was filled with smoke. 会议室里充满了烟。A cloth covered the table. 一块布把桌子罩了起来。The table was covered with a cloth. 桌子上铺着一块布。不能变为被动语态的结构受动词的限制①表示状态的及物动词，只能用于主动语态。 某些表示状态的及物动词，如 have, own, cost, lack, want (缺乏), become (适合), fit, resemble, fail, last, flee, benefit, hold 等作谓语时，不能变为被动句。She resembles her mother. 她像她妈妈。He lacks self-confidence. 他缺乏自信。This hall can hold 2,000 people. 这个大厅能容纳两千人。②当及物动词 have 表示“吃饭”、“患病”、“明白”、“知道”等意思时，没有被动语态形式。Would you have a cup of tea 你要喝杯茶吗？She had a bad cold yesterday, and now she is feeling much better. 昨天她得了重感冒， 现在好多了。③当动词 get，take 表示“懂得”、“知道”，owe 表示“欠”，cost 表示“使失去(生命、健康等)”的意思时，动词没有相应的被动语态。Do you get me 你明白我的意思吗？How do you take this passage 这段话你怎么理解？I owe 50 pounds to you. 我欠你五十英镑。His careless driving cost his life. 他粗心的驾驶使他丧了命。受宾语的限制①当宾语是相互代词、反身代词或具有类似相互代词的关系时，动词不能用于被动语态形式。They simply cannot contain themselves for joy. 他们简直无法抑制内心的喜悦。He absented himself from a meeting yesterday. 他昨天缺席会议了。For years the two sisters looked after one another. 多年来两姐妹互相照顾。②当宾语前带有主语的形容词性物主代词时，谓语动词通常不能转换为被动语态。 I could not believe my eyes when I saw him still alive. 看到他还活着，我简直不相信自己的眼睛。The doctor shook his head and then went out without any words. 医生摇了摇头，一句话也没说就出去了。注意： 动词的宾语是身体的一部分，一般不可变为被动语态，但也有例外。He fixed his eyes on the oil painting. 他注视着这幅油画。-- His eyes were fixed on the oil painting. 他的两眼注视着这幅油画。③当宾语起状语作用，表示数量、重量、大小或程度时，不能用被动语态。 This kind of dictionary costs ten dollars. 这种字典价值十美元。The case weighs twenty kilos. 这箱子重二十公斤。④当宾语是同源宾语时，通常不能转换成被动语态。He laughed a hearty laugh. 他由衷地笑了笑。 She dreamt a sweet dream. 她做了一个美梦。⑤如果宾语是动词不定式或动词的-ing 形式时，谓语动词一般不能变换成被动语态。He admitted having done wrong. 他承认做错了。He has decided to go and study abroad. 他已决定出国留学。⑥如果 enter, leave, reach 的宾语是地点、国家机关等，不能改为被动语态He left the army in 1998. 他1998年退伍。She entered the hall at once. 她立刻就进入了大厅。⑦另外，不可拆开的短语动词，如 take place, lose heart, belong to, consist of, change colour 等，也不能改为被动语态。The book belongs to me. 这本书是我的。She caught a very bad cold. 她患了重感冒。必背：一些常见的不能变为被动语态的动宾词组catch a cold 感冒eat one's words 食言lose heart 丧失信心lose patience 失去耐心make a face 做鬼脸make up one's mind 决心make bed 铺床make room for 为……腾出地方keep watch 守望keep silence 保持安静speak one's mind 表明见解take place 发生take one's time 从容不迫，别着急take office 就职take one's leave 请假take notes 作 笔 记 take up arms 拿起武器take one's place 就位⑧含有 would rather 或情态动词 dare 的句子，不能改为被动语态。 I would rather do it now. 我宁可现在就干这件事。He dare not do it. 他不敢干那件事。 四、被动语态与系表结构 所谓系表结构，在此指“连系动词+用作表语的动词-ed 形式”结构。它与被动语态的形式完全一样，所以在应用时应注意它们的区别。 被动语态中的过去分词是动词，多强调动作；系表结构中的过去分词相当于形容词， 多强调状态。前者通常可用 by+人或 by+抽象名词表动作的执行者，而后者则一般不用。The gate to the garden was locked by the girl. 花园门被那个女孩锁上了。（被动结构）The gate to the garden was locked. 花园门锁了。（系表结构）The tree was blown down by the high winds. 那棵树被大风吹倒了。（被动结构）The tree was blown down when we saw it. 我们看到那棵树时，它已经被吹倒了。（系表结构）注意： 少数“连系动词 be + 用作表语的动词-ed 形式”也带 by 短语。The old man was surrounded by small children. 老人被孩子们团团围住。（被动语态）Guilin is surrounded by hills and mountains. 桂林周围都是山。（系表结构）We were held up by fog. 我们因雾受阻。（被动语态）The tree is known by its fruit. 看到果子就知道是什么树。（系表结构） 系表结构一般只用于一般现在时、一般过去时等少数几种时态；而被动语态可用多种时态。The composition is well written. 这篇作文写得很好。（系表结构）The composition is being written. 这篇作文正在写。（被动语态） 系表结构中的过去分词可被 very, too, so 修饰，被动语态中的过去分词须用 much 修饰。The boy was too frightened to move. 这孩子吓得动也不敢动。（系表结构）He was very excited.他很激动。（系表结构）He was much excited by the news. 他听到消息后很激动。（被动结构）be + 不及物动词的过去分词通常是系表结构。Her money is all gone. 她的钱都花光了。The honoured guests are arrived. 贵宾们到了。The moon is risen. 月亮升起来了。She is grown up. 她长大了。The leaves are fallen. 树叶落了。We are prepared for the worst. 我们已准备好应付最坏的情况。表示“充满”意思的“be + 过去分词 + with”结构多为系表结构。The mountain is covered with snow all the year round. 这座山终年被积雪覆盖。The classroom was crowded with pupils. 教室里挤满了学生。The lake is dotted with fishing boats. 湖里渔帆点点。The floor was piled with old books. 地板上堆满了旧书。remain, feel, lie, stand 以及 become, grow 等词 + 过去分词结构多为系表结构。The matter remained unsettled. 这件事悬而未决。She felt disappointed. 她感到失望。The road became crowded. 道路拥挤了。句中有时间状语和地点状语时，一般为被动语态，反之为系表结构。The bank is closed. 银行现在关门了。（系表结构）The bank is usually closed at six. 银行通常六点关门。（被动语态）He is married. 他结婚了。（系表结构） 五、主动形式表示被动意义英语中有些结构形式上是主动的，而表达的意义却是被动的。 某些不及物动词的被动意义英语中一般只有及物动词才用于被动语态，不及物动词不用于这种结构。但有些时候，某些不及物动词，其主动形式含有被动的意义。 When did the accident occur 事故是什么时候发生的？Ice-cream always goes well in hot weather. 冰淇淋在暑天销路好。Does life exist on the moon 月球上存在着生命吗？ 一些表示“开始”、“结束”意思的动词Class begins at eight. 八点钟开始上课。The meeting ended up with warm applause. 会议在热烈的掌声中结束了。一些表示“运转”意义的动词The machine runs well. 机器运转良好。His voice records well. 他的音录下来很好。当 read, write, translate 等动词与表示行为方式的状语连用时动 词 read, write, translate, act, add, wash, wear, cook, lock, sell, tear, cut, keep, feel, burn, strike, last 等常和表示行为方式的状语连用，表示被动意义。这些动词既是及物动词又是不及物动词。当主语是人时，是及物动词；当主语是物时，是不及物动词，即用主动形式表示被动意义。The book sells well. 这书的销路很好。My pen writes smoothly. 我的笔很好写。The play reads more easily than acts. 这剧本易读不易演。提示：这些动词常和情态动词（多半是否定式）连用，表示被动。 His car can't move. 他的车不能开了。表示状态特征的连系动词的被动意义有些表示状态特征的连系动词，如 look, smell, taste, sound, prove, appear, turn out 等主动形式表示被动意义。Good medicine tastes bitter. 良药苦口。What he said proved to be correct. 他的话证明是正确的。The flowers smell sweet. 这些花闻起来很香。Your sentence doesn't sound right. 你这话听起来不大对头。 一些动词的进行时态可以表示一个被动的动作The meat is cooking. 肉正在烧。The book is printing. 这本书正在印刷之中。 有些作表语的不定式，在结构上是主动的，但在意义上却是被动的She is to blame. 她应该受到责备。The house is to let. 此房出租。 六、被动形式表示主动意义 英语的被动形式表示主动的意义，主要见于状态被动语态句中。一般说来有以下几种情况。 反身动词的被动形式表示主动意义反身动词（及物动词+反身代词）作谓语时，其宾语反身代词，表示动作返回到执行者本身，主语既是动作的执行者，又是动作的承受者。由于反身动词具有这一特点，在被动结构中动作的承受者，也就是动作的执行者，在句中表现出主动的意义。He seats himself at the back of the classroom. 他坐在教室的后面。-- He is seated at the back of the classroom. 他坐在教室的后面。He lost himself in the forest. -- He was lost in the forest. 他在森林中迷了路。He dressed himself in a dark blue suit. -- He was dressed in a dark blue suit. 他穿着一套深蓝色的衣服。注意：有些介词短语作定语或表语时，也有被动的含义。The tall building under repair is an office building. 正在修建的那座高楼是一座办公楼。The result is nnow under consideration. 结果现在正在考虑中。 个别介词短语用冠词时表示被动的意义，不用冠词表示主动意义。 The children are in the charge of this nurse. 孩子们由这位护士照管。 This nurse is in charge og the children.这位护士负责照看孩子们。 “引起……感情”等动词的被动形式表主动意义The teacher is satisfied with what he said. 老师对他所说的感到满意。We are opposed to unjust wars. 我们反对非正义的战争。We are prepared to accept his proposal. 我们准备采纳他的建议。He was tired with playing all day. 玩了一整天他感到很疲倦了。C．某些表示定位、移位的动词The earth is tilted a little. 地球有点儿倾斜。Hundreds of soldiers were stationed around the prison. 数百个士兵驻扎在监狱周围。The village is located at the foot of a hill. 这个村庄坐落在山脚下。不及物动词的-ed 形式与 be 连用表示主动意义Spring is come. 春天来了。The moon was set and it was very dark. 月亮落了，天很黑。He is advanced in years. 他年纪很大了。表示终止动词的-ed 形式He is done with it. 他做完了这件事。My fever is gone, but I still have a cough. 我的烧已经退了，但还有点儿咳嗽。一些习惯用法He was graduated from Beijing University. 他毕业于北大。You are mistaken. 你弄错了。He is retired. 他退休了。被动的祈使句Do be seated. 请坐！Be prepared, please. 请准备好。Get washed. 洗吧。Be concerned more about the well-being of the masses. 多关心群众的生活。He was married in Beijing. 他是在北京结婚的。（被动语态）
