(新高考)高考英语三轮冲刺小题必练1 名词(2份打包，解析版+原卷版)

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    高考英语三轮冲刺小题必练  名词是中学英语的主要词汇之一，也是新高考的重要考点。名词部分主要考查名词的词义辨析和习惯搭配、名词的数（可数与不可数、单数与复数），尤其具体语境中名词的数、名词的所有格、抽象名词的具体化、物质名词的量化、名词的构词法，名词和冠词的搭配以及主谓一致等。在高考试题中，名词常结合其它项目一起考查，考查题型以完形填空、语法填空为主。预计2021年的新高考名词在语法填空中考查以词类变化为主；在完形填空中考查名词的辨析为主。在学习过程中，要掌握常用名词的基本用法，注意一词多义和旧词新义。另外要多归纳总结，做题时要结合语境。考点1 可数名词的复数【典例】（2020·浙江卷）Later，they learned to work with the      (season)，planting at the right time and，in dry areas, making use of annual floods to irrigate(灌溉)their fields.【答案】seasons【解析】考查名词复数。句意：后来，他们学会了因地制宜，在适当的时间播种，在干旱地区，利用每年的洪水来灌溉农田。分析句子，提示词的词性为可数名词，应用复数形式。故填seasons。【技法点拨】（1）规则变化情况方法例词一般情况加－sstudents，teachers，doc tors，tables以s，x，ch，sh结尾加－es（如果词尾-ch发音为/k/，要+s, 如stomachs）glasses，dishes，boxes，watches 以辅音字母＋y结尾变y为i再加－esfamilies，babies，armies，bodies以元音字母＋y结尾加－sboys，toys，pianos，photos以f或fe结尾大都变f或fe为v，再加－esthieves，wives，knives，shelves，lives少数加－sbeliefs，proofs，roofs，chiefs以o结尾通常加－sradios，videos，zoos，tobaccos有的加－esheroes，potatoes，tomatoes注意：  以－o结尾的名词加－es的情况Negroes，heroes，echoes，potatoes，tomatoes口诀：黑人英雄在回声中吃土豆、西红柿既可以加－es，也可以加－s的情况zeros(es)mosquitos(es) volcanos(es)    以－f或－fe结尾的名词把f或fe去掉，加－ves树叶 leaf-leaves 半数half-halves,自己self-selves妻子wife-wives刀knife-knives长条面包loaf-loves架 shelf-shelves狼wolf-wolves小偷thief-thieves生命life-lives口诀：树叶半数自己黄，妻子拿刀去割粮；架后窜出一只狼，就像小偷逃命忙直接在词尾加-s相信belief -beliefs；悬崖cliff – cliffs证据proof – proofs上顶房（即房顶、屋顶 ）roof - roofs口诀：相信证据在悬崖的顶房以上两种情况均可码头（wharf）侏儒（dwarf）围围巾（scarf），手绢（handkerchief）码头侏儒围围巾，手绢复数变二心名词前有man或woman修饰，变复数时，作定语的man 或woman和后面的名词都要变成复数。如：woman doctor→women doctors (2)不规则变化①常见单复数同形的名词Chinese 中国人；sheep 绵羊；deer鹿；series 系列；means 方式；works 工厂；fish 鱼；fruit 水果等。其中fish，fruit表示种类时，可加复数词尾，即fishes，fruits。②自身有特殊变化的名词child孩子→children　man男人→men　tooth牙→teeth　foot脚，英尺→feet　mouse老鼠→mice　phenomenon现象→phenomena　medium传播媒介→media 考点2 名词的语法功能（2020·山东卷）Historical         (accurate) is important but so is entertainment.【答案】accuracy【解析】句意:历史的准确性很重要，但娱乐也很重要。此处作主语，位于形容词historical之后，应使用名词，意为“历史的准确性”。故填accuracy。【技法点拨】1.作主语The young woman played an important part in the matter. 那年轻女人在这件事上举足轻重。His grandpa joined the Red Army at the age of fifteen. 他爷爷十五岁时参加红军。2.作宾语（1）作及物动词的直接宾语I met your elder brother in the street。我在街上碰见你哥哥了。Have you finished the letter to Jane? 你写完给珍的信了吗？（2）作及物动词的间接宾语。I told my students a funny story. 我给学生们讲一个有趣的故事。She asked the doctor another question. 她问了医生另一个问题。（3）作介词的宾语。After 20 years’ traveling, he settled down in Liangxiang. 二十年的流浪后,他在良乡定居。Do you still ask your parents for money? 你还向爸妈要钱吗？3.作表语It’s a good idea to plant trees here. 在这里栽些树是个好主意。She is now a professor while her husband remains a worker. 她现在是教授而丈夫仍是个工人。4.作宾语的补足语They elected Tom head of the workshop. 他们推选汤姆当车间的头。（职务名词作宾补前面不加冠词）The old man called my uncle Xiao Li. 老人喊我叔叔小李。5.作定语（1）直接作定语, 通常用单数形式。college students大学生 girl friend女友 vegetable garden菜园 basketball match篮球赛Let’s stop by the book store on the way home.回家的路上，我们的书店停一下吧！He bought the shoes in that shoe shop. 这双鞋他是在那个鞋店买的。（2）名词所有格作定语。students’ books学生用书    China’s capital中国的首都 the world’s population世界人口（3）man，woman，gentleman作定语man，woman，gentleman作定语时可以用单数和复数两种形式，但必须随所修饰名词的数而定。He said that two women doctors would come to our village the next day. 他说明天有两个女医生到我们村子来。There are many men teachers in our school. 我们学校有很多男教师。（4）某些常用复数的名词用作定语某些常用复数的名词，当它们用作定语时，也须用复数形式。arms production 武器生产 clothes shop服装商店 sales department营业部 a goods train货车 savings bank 储蓄所 foreign languages department外语系（5）单位名称、报纸、广播、电视等的标题中经常出现复数名词作定语。Learning Skills center学习技巧交流中心 The Boys Club 男孩俱乐部（6）表示类别时名词直接作定语还是用所有格作定语一定要严格遵守习惯。a peasant family/boy(peasant习惯直接作定语) a worker’s family(worker习惯用所有格作定语)（7）两种定语有时并存但意义不一样。women drivers女司机 the woman’s driver这位妇女的司机girl friend女朋友 the girl’s friend 这女孩的朋友mother tongue母语 mother’s tongue母亲的舌头（8）名词作定语强调被修饰成分的内容或职能，与其同根的形容词作定语则强调特点或属性gold watch 金表 (指手表是含金的) golden watch 金色的表 (指表是金色的，但不一定含金)6.作状语时间名词、数量名词、距离名词等有时可以作状语。The soldiers walked 50 kilometers at a night. 战士们一夜行军五十公里Your suitcase weighs 10 kilograms. 你的手提箱重10千克。 考点3 名词辨析（2020·山东卷·完形填空）Molai grew up in a tiny village in India. The village lay near some wetlands which became his second_____1_____. He learned the value and beauty of ____2____ there from a very young age.When he was 16,Molai began to notice something disturbing happening around his home. A flood had hit the area earlier that year and the ____3____ it caused had driven away a number of birds. Besides, the number of snakes had declined as well. He realized that it was because there weren’t enough trees to protect them from the ____4____. The solution,of course,was to plant trees so the animals could seek ____5____ during the daytime. He turned to the ____6____ department for help but was told that nothing would grow there. However,Molai went looking on his own and discovered a nearby island where he began to plant trees. 1. A. dream B. job C. home D. choice2. A. nature B. youth C. culture D. knowledge3. A. waste B. tension C. pain D. damage4. A. noise B. heat C. disease D. dust5. A. directions B. partners C. help D. shelter6. A. labor B. police C. forest D. finance【答案】1.C  2.A  3.D   4.B   5.D  6.C【解析】1.考查名词词义辨析。句意:这个村庄位于一些湿地附近，那里成了他的第二个家。A. dream梦想；B. job工作；C. home家；D. choice选择。根据空前的second可知，他出生的村庄是他的家，村庄附近的一些“湿地”成为了他的第二个“家”。故选C。2.考查名词词义辨析。句意:他从小就在那里了解到了大自然的价值和美丽。A. nature自然；B. youth青春，年轻；C. culture文化；D. knowledge知识。湿地展现了“大自然”的价值和美。故选A。3.考查名词词义辨析。句意:那年早些时候，一场洪水袭击了这个地区，洪水造成的损害赶走了很多鸟类。A. waste废物；B. tension紧张；C. pain疼痛，痛苦；D. damage损害，伤害。洪水侵袭这个地区，它会“损害”庄稼、树木，这些都会导致鸟儿们离开。故选D。4.考查名词词义辨析。句意:他意识到这是因为没有足够的树来保护它们免受炎热的影响。A. noise噪音；B. heat热；C. disease疾病；D. dust尘土。根据常识可知，树木可以提供阴凉，从而保护鸟类和蛇类免受炎热的影响。故选B。5.考查名词词义辨析。句意:当然，解决的办法是种树，这样动物们就可以在白天寻找栖身之处。A. directions方向；B. partners伙伴，合作伙伴；C. help帮助；D. shelter遮蔽，庇护，遮蔽物。树木可以给动物们提供“遮蔽”。故选D。6.考查名词词义辨析。句意:他向森林部门求助，但被告知那里什么也不长。A. labor劳动；B. police警察；C. forest森林；D. finance财政，金融。根据前一句中的“The solution， of course， was to plant trees”可知，Molai想要种树，所以他应该向“森林”部门求助。故选C。  1. Filled with      (curious), the artist packed his bags and left.2. The far side of the moon is of particular         (interesting) to scientists because it has a lot of deep craters (环形山), more so than the familiar near side.3. Chinese New Year is a         (celebrate) marking the end of the winter season and the beginning of spring.4. When they were free from work，they invited us to local events and let us know of an interesting _______________(compete)to watch，together with the story behind it.5. A mere 5 to 10 minutes a day of running reduced the risk of heart disease and early deaths from all           (cause).6. Making Chinese              (dish) is seen as especially troublesome. 7. I’m a              (science) who studies animals such as apes and monkeys.8. We would much appreciate ________ (guide) from an expert in this field.9. They often give ______ (perform) in pubs at weekends.10. Tom was doing his homework and the boys who were playing outside his house added_______ (anxious) to him.11. We all have an _______ (expect) that he can pass the driving test next week.12. We had no ______ (hesitate) in helping the sufferers when the terrible earthquake hit the country.13. The ________ (arrive) of the plane has been delayed due to the fog.14. In many ways my___________ (disable) has helped me grow stronger psychologically and become more independent.15. Compared to the advantages of the Internet, those of the television alone will not be enough to ensure its ____________ (survive), and many people think the latter will be replaced.16. You'd better take into account your own ________ (strong) and weaknesses before choosing a major.17. The little boy was curious about everything around him, and his parents always satisfied his ________ (curious).18. I like discovering the_______ (different) between different cultures.19. The headmaster didn’t seem to be aware that there should have been so much _____ (disagree) about the decision.20. Sorry, I can't read the ______ (express) on her face.21. Reaching this agreement so quickly was a great ________ (achieve).22. The villagers here all respect him for his ____________ (devote)to the health care.23. They were not in the least worried about the ______ (possible) that sweets could rot the teeth.24. The girl kept working hard and gained ________ (admit) to the world-famous university.25. Anyhow they didn’t trust me, so they didn’t deserve a(an) ______________ (explain).26. I explained that each person has different ideas of what ___________(free) is.27.The village where he was born has changed beyond(介词/超出) __________(recognize).28. There has been no __________ (respond) to his remarks from the government.29. Different persons have different _________( believe).30. My parents are in a huge ________ (argue), and I am really upset about it.31. We have our furniture moved to the new house when the ________ (decorate) of the house is finished.32. Not only food and clothing but also medical ____________(treat) has been provided for the people who need it in the flooded areas.33. I regard ________ (creative) both as a gift and as a skill.34. He lost the ________ (elect) by one vote.35. Nowadays, concerts held in sports stadium are common, and it seems that every few ________ (year) there is a new boy band trying to bring back the magic of the Beatles.36. Visitors were struck by the natural scenery here, which was beautiful beyond______. (describe)37. His vivid descriptions of country life quickly became popular, which established his _____________as one of America's greatest writers.A. trust B. contact C. reputation D. theory38. Nowadays the ___________ for travelling is shifted from shopping to food and scenery.A. priority B. potential C. proportion D. pension39. We can observe that artificial intelligence has already made a(n) ___________on our lives in many ways.A. statement B. impactC. impression D. judgment40. The__________ that there is life on other planets in the universe has always inspired scientists to explore the outer space.A. advice          B. orderC. possibility         D. invitation     1.【答案】curiosity【解析】介词 with 的宾语应该由名词充当，故用名词形式curiosity。 2.【答案】interest【解析】此处考查(be) of interest，该短语相当于(be) interesting, of particular interest 相当于particularly interesting, 形容词particular应修饰名词 interest。 3.【答案】celebration【解析】根据空白处之前的 a 和后面的非谓语动词marking，可知此处应填名词 celebration。4.【答案】competition【解析】句意：当他们下班后，他们邀请我们参加当地的活动，他们告诉我们一个有趣的比赛可以观看，以及背后的故事。由空格前的interesting形容词，修饰名词。故填competition。5.【答案】causes【解析】句意：每天跑步只需5到10分钟，就能降低患心脏病的风险和因各种原因导致的早期死亡。cause是一个可数名词，表示“原因”，由空格前的all可知，此处应该用复数形式，故填causes。6.【答案】dishes 【解析】根据修饰词Chinese可知用可数名词的复数dishes，表示"中国菜"。7.【答案】scientist【解析】句意:我是研究猿和猴子等动物的科学家。设空处作表语,说明主语的身份;根据提示词science可知填scientist。8.【答案】guidance【解析】句意：我们非常感谢该领域专家的指导。根据句意可知，空处需用名词作appreciate的宾语；guide的名词形式是guidance。故填guidance。9.【答案】​performances【解析】performance，名词，表演。give是及物动词，后面加名词或者代词。根据They often可知，用复数，故填performances。10.【答案】anxiety【解析】anxiety焦虑，令人焦虑的事；anxiety作“令人着急、焦虑的事”解，是可数名词，引申可表示为某事焦虑，常译成“渴望，热望，焦虑”，是不可数名词。故填anxiety。11.【答案】expectation【解析】本空要使用名词做宾语，名词expectation“期盼”是可数名词，根据an可知，使用单数形式，故填expectation。12.【答案】hesitation【解析】have no hesitation in doing sth.毫不犹豫地做某事，固定搭配。故填hesitation。13.【答案】arrival【解析】此处用名词作主语，arrival名词，到达。故填arrival。14.【答案】disability【解析】形容词性物主代词后跟名词形式，disable的名词形式是disability，根据has可知，此处使用其单数形式，故填disability。15.【答案】survival【解析】its是形容词性物主代词，修饰名词，survive是动词，其名词是survival，意为：幸存，生存。故填survival。16.【答案】strengths【解析】your是形容词性物主代词，后面要接名词；strength力量，优势，可数名词，根据后面的and weaknesses可知，此处应用相应的名词复数形式。故填strengths。17.【答案】​curiosity【解析】his为形容词性物主代词，后面需接名词，curiosity好奇心，不可数名词。故填curiosity。18.【答案】difference【解析】根据the可知，此处用名词做宾语，difference差异，故填difference。19.【答案】disagreement【解析】much修饰不可数名词，disagree不同意，反对，动词原形。disagreement不同意，反对，不可数名词。故填disagreement。20.【答案】​ expression【解析】结合句意”对不起，我无法理解她脸上的表情。分析句子结构可知，空处需用名词作宾语；express的名词是expression“表情”，此处表示特指她脸上的表情需用单数。故填expression。21.【答案】achievement【解析】great了不起的，形容词，后需接名词；achieve的名词是achievement，成就，可数名词，由空前不定冠词a可知，空处名词用单数形式。故填achievement。22.【答案】devotion【解析】句意：这里的村民都尊敬他对医疗保健的献身精神。devotion译为奉献，忠诚，是不可数名词；his后应接名词形式，故填devotion。23.【答案】possibility【解析】句意：他们一点也不担心糖果有可能会腐蚀牙齿。由空前的the可知，设空处应用提示词的名词形式，作were worried about的宾语。possibility“可能性，可能发生的事物”，故填possibility.24.【答案】admission【解析】由后文the world-famous university可知，此处应是“上大学”，admission to允许进入，固定短语。结合句意，故填admission。25.【答案】explanation【解析】句意：不管怎样他们都不信任我，所以他们不值得解释。 a(an)后加名词单数形式，故填explanation。26.【答案】​freedom【解析】句意：我解释说，每个人对自由有不同的理解。free形容词，自由的，其名词形式是freedom（自由）。结合句意可知，本空应该是名词形式。故填freedom。27.【答案】recognition【解析】考查不可数名词。beyond是介词，后接名词作宾语，recognize认出，是动词，其名词形式是recognition，beyond recognition无法辨认，故填recognition。28.【答案】response【解析】句意：政府没有对他的言论作出回应。have no response to...对……没有回应，固定短语，故填response。29.【答案】beliefs【解析】different后跟名词，believe的名词是belief，意为“信仰，信念”，由different可知，belief应该用复数，即beliefs。故填beliefs。30.【答案】argument【解析】考查名词单数。形容词修饰名词，根据前面的不定冠词a可知，此处用名词单数，argument争论。故填argument。31.【答案】decoration【解析】句意：房子装修完毕后，我们把家具搬到新房子里去了。定冠词the后要使用其名词形式，decoration装饰，装修，不可数名词。结合句意，故填decoration。32.【答案】treatment【解析】句意：不仅为受灾地区的人们提供了食物和衣服，而且还为他们提供了医疗服务。结合句意和空格前的形容词medical可知，此处应是treat的名词形式treatment，故填treatment。33.【答案】creativity【解析】句意：我认为创造力既是一种天赋，也是一种技能。regard sth. as...把某事物看作……，regard后接名词，creativity创造性，为不可数名词，故填creativity。34.【答案】election【解析】句意：他因一票之差落选了。分析句子可知，空格处做lost的宾语，且前面有定冠词，所以，要用名词。elect的名词election“选举”。故填election。35.【答案】years【解析】句意：如今，在体育场举行音乐会是很常见的，似乎每隔几年就会有一个新的男孩乐队试图重现披头士的魔力。year年，名词；every few修饰可数名词复数，故填years。36.【答案】description【解析】句意：游客们被这里的自然风光所吸引，那是无法形容的美丽。beyond description是固定短语，意为”无法形容“，故填description。37.【答案】C【解析】句意：他对乡村生活的生动描述迅速流行起来，这树立了他作为美国伟大作家之一的声誉。A. trust信任；B. contact联系；C. reputation声誉；D. theory理论。根据句意，尤其是greatest writers可知此处用reputation“声誉”符合语境，故选C项。38.【答案】A 【解析】句意：当今，旅行的重点从购物转变成了品尝美食和欣赏风景。A. priority优先； 优先权；B. potential潜在的，可能的；C. proportion比例，占比；D. pension退休金，抚恤金。故选A。39.【答案】B 【解析】考查名词词义辨析。句意：我们能够看到人工智能在许多方面已经对我们的生活产生了强烈的影响。 statement“陈述说明”； impact“强烈的影响，冲击力”； impression“印象，感想”； judgement“判断力判断”。故选B。40.【答案】C【解析】句意：宇宙中其它星球上存在生命这种可能性总是激励科学家们去探索外部空间。A. advice建议；B. order命令；C. possibility可能性；D. invitation邀请。故选C。