2.02 说明类语篇的特征及攻略(含PPT)-备战2023年中考英语一轮复习语法知识+语篇能力双清(通用版)

这是一份2.02 说明类语篇的特征及攻略(含PPT)-备战2023年中考英语一轮复习语法知识+语篇能力双清(通用版)，文件包含02英语说明文要略-备战2023年中考英语一轮复习语法知识+语篇能力双清通用版pptx、01说明类语篇的特征及攻略-备战2023年中考英语一轮复习语法知识+语篇能力双清通用版docx等2份课件配套教学资源，其中PPT共34页， 欢迎下载使用。
英语说明文
01
Basics
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　　说明文是以说明为主要表达方式用来说明事物，阐明事理的一种文体。它通过揭示概念来说明事物的特征、本质及其规律性，给人准确的科学知识或正确思想。一般可分为实体事物说明和抽象事物说明两大类，词典、教材、论文、实验报告、产品说明书、广告、解说词及科学小品等都属于说明文。
　按写作方法,英语说明文主要分为下面六种类型:　　
　　1.例证法 2.定义法　　 3.分类法 4.因果关系法　　 5.比较对照法 　 　　6.过程分析法
　　Our life today depends very much on energy. For example, machines have made our life easier than it used to be. The machines use energy, and energy is needed for heating, lighting, communications, carrying goods-everything. Factories use a great deal of energy to make the things that we use and buy and sell.
1.例证法
　　这是用具体例子来说明人或事物的特征、本质及其规律的方法,所用例子必须有代表性、典型性,能体现人或事物的本质特征。这是用特殊来说明一般的方法。通常在主题句后,用 For example 或 For instance 等短语引导出具体的例子。
　这段主要是讲能源问题。第一句为主题句,概括地说出"我们目前的生活很大程度上依赖能源"。接着用举例的方法从三方面说明能源的作用。
2.定义法
　　An ideal teacher must have the following characteristics. He should know his subject, but he can make mistakes if he is willing to learn. His personality is as important as his scholarship. An ideal teacher must be enthusiastic. He should be a bit of an actor and he shouldn't be afraid to show his feelings and express his likes and dislikes. An ideal teacher is one who grows, learns, and improves himself along with his students.
下定义就是给说明对象一个明确概念。这是科学而严密的说明方法。它既能揭示事物的本质特征,勾勒其大概,描绘其轮廓,同时也能确定事物的范围和界限。下定义是多方面的,可以给人、事物、思想等下定义。
　本段的展开是通过对"一个模范教师"下定义的方法,关键词"ideal teacher"在文中多次重复,能加深读者的印象。
3.分类法
　As far as political views are concerned, people fall into three categories. First are the conservative people. Conservatives are opposed to sudden or great changes. Second are the liberal people. These people are in favour of progress and reform. But their opinions often seem too idealistic. Third are the moderate people. The moderates keep everything within reasonable limits. They are more practical in this hard world. In my opinion, most people seem to belong to this group.
　　分类法是对同属不同类或同类而不同种的人或事物,根据不同性质进行分门别类地说明的方法。分类是人类认识客观世界的重要手段之一。分类必须遵守分类规则,使分类对象具有统一属性,依据同一分类标准,并使分类的子项相互排斥,不互相包蕴。
　本段把人按政治观点分为三类:保守派(conservative people)、自由派(liberal people)和温和派(moderate people),并对他们各自的特征进行了简要的分析。
4.因果关系法
　Of the four seasons, I like spring best. I prefer spring because it is a season of much joy and gaiety. New life bursts out everywhere. Plants wear a green coat again and colourful flowers blossom in gardens and mountains. The old come outdoors for fresh air and the young plan for outdoor activities. Life becomes so energetic and happy.
　事物变化的原因和结果是紧密相关的。如果某个现象的存在必然引起另一个现象的发生,那么,这两个现象之间就具有因果关系。因果关系包括"由果推因"(由结果去推测原因)和"由因推果"(由原因去推测结果)两种情况。因果关系符合人们的日常思维逻辑,因而在写作中得到广泛应用,常用 because, as, since, so, now that, if...then, the reason is that...等表示因果关系。
　第一句为本段主题句,末句是总结句。在主题句后, 作者用了四个句子阐述自己喜欢春天的理由。
5.比较对照法
　It is easy to be a winner. A winner can show his joy publicly. He can laugh and sing and dance and celebrate his victory. People love to be with winners. Winners are never lonely. Unlike winners, losers are the lonely ones of the world. It is difficult to face defeat with dignity. Losers can not show their disappointments publicly. They can not cry or grieve about their defeat. They may suffer privately, but they must be composed in public. They have nothing to celebrate and no one to share their sadness.
　有意识地把两种相反、相对的事物或同一事物相反、相对的两个方面放在一起,用比较的方法加以描述或说明,指出其相同点,这种写法叫作"比较";指出其不同点,叫作"对照"。比较和对照各有不同的侧重,但两种方法经常结合使用。
　这段采用先A后B的对照方式,阐述胜利者和失败者的不同特征。这种写法较易操作,但行文往往比较平淡单调。
5.比较对照法
　I like having a twin sister. When she's happy, I'm happy. When she feels unhappy, I feel the same. Often, I know what she's going to say. Sometimes, I know what she's thinking. I like what she likes. I hate what she hates. We like the same music, the same food and the same books.
　这段采用AB交错的比较方式,阐述孪生姐妹的相同特征。这种写法较流畅自然,给读者的印象也更鲜明突出。
6.过程分析法
　There are several steps to plant a tree. First, dig a hole large enough for the tree, but the hole should not be too deep. Second, put the tree in the hole so that it is straight. Third, put the earth back into the hole again. Push it down hard with your foot several times. Finally, water the tree well, as often as possible.
　过程分析法就是把事物发展过程分为若干步骤,然后逐一加以分析说明。这种写法在说明文中使用得相当广泛。过程分析与叙事和因果关系等写法有密切关系,但彼此又有明显区别:叙事研究的对象是"What happens";因果关系研究的对象是"Why it happens",而过程分析研究的对象是"How it happens"。
　这段分析了植树过程中的几个步骤。全段层次分明,连接词语(first, second, third, finally)的使用加强了语句的连贯性。
02
Examples
市区
半小时路程
实验室
　第一教学楼
　第二教学楼
花园
操场
校办工厂
图书馆
语音室
办公楼
　一批美国朋友来你校参观，请你根据下面的平面图，将你校的布局向客人做个简单的介绍．　
校门
例１
Ladies and gentlemen, Welcome to our school. Now let me tell you something about our school. Our school is half an hour’s ride from the city. The school gate is open to the south. When you stand at the gate, you will see a beautiful flower garden in front of you. There is an office building behind the garden. In the west, there are two teaching buildings and a science lab. In the east, there is a sound lab, a library and a school factory. The playground is in the northeast of the school.
　本篇介绍包括了平面图中的所有内容，能有顺序地介绍学校的布局，先说离市区距离然后从学校开始，以花园为立足点，从左到右再到后依次进行介绍．
例２
根据中国地图以及提示语句，写一篇介绍中国的短文．　内容提示： 中华人民共和国成立与１９４９年１０月１日，是发展中国家．人口世界第一，长江是世界上最长的河流之一，黄河是中国的第二大河流．台湾是中国的一部分．香港已于１９９７年７月１日回归祖国．．．．．提示词语：lie in eastern part of Asiaan area of 9.6 million sq.km.Its capital is…the Changjiang River, the Huanghe River, a part of our country, southeast, return, motherland,
This is a map of People’s Republie of China. It lies in the eastern part of Asia with an area of 9,6 million sq.km. It has the largest numberof people in the world. Its capital is Beijing. She was founded on October 1st, 1949. Now China is still a developing country. The Changjiang River is one of the longest rivers in the world and the Huanghe River is the second longest river in China. Taiwan is a part of our country. It is in the southeast of China and it is to the southeast of the mainland. Hong kong has been returned to our motherland on July the first, 1977.
本篇习作符合提示的要求，　内容全面，时态正确，　语句通顺，符合中国的国情，中心突出，层次分明，先后介绍了中国的人口,建国日期,发展中国家等常识，以及长江,黄河等自然景观和台湾,香港等地区历史．　
例３
＜英语２１世纪报＞要介绍我国工业的发展情况．请根据下面的图表和提示，用写一篇说明文，介绍一下我国汽车工业的发展情况．词数：80 ----120．　
产量（辆）
1,000,000
370,000
70,000
50,000
0
1949
1958
1965
1975
1993
年份
提示：１９４９年以前我国没有汽车工业．１９５８年第一汽车制造场在长春建成．１９６６年，由于政治原因，产量下降．１９７８年以来，产量逐年增加．１９９３年产量已达一百万辆．　提示词：automobile industry（汽车工业）　 the first automobile building factory （第一汽车制造厂）for some political reasons （由于政治原因） output （产量）
Before 1949, our country had no automobile industry. The first automobile building factory was founded in Changchun in 1958. In that year more that 70,000 trucks were produced. In 1965, 370,000 cars and trucks were produced in our country. For some political reasons, the output of cars and trucks began to go down. In 1975, only 50,000 cars and trucks were produced. Since 1978 the output has been increasing year by year. In 1993, the output reached over 1,000,000. What great achievements!
　本文内容丰富，语言地道，结构严谨，描述了我国汽车工业的发展情况．
请根据以下提示及图示，写一篇活动安排．乘渡轮上岛　　　２．植物园　　　３．寺院遗址４．用午餐　　５．鸟鸣馆　　６．旅游商店　　７．乘缆车返回　
例4
Ladies and gentlemen, May I have your attention, please? Welcome to the Green Island National Park. We’re going to visit the Island on the Lake today. It’s really attractive. We’ll take a ferryboat to the island at 9:00 a.m. The first place we are to visit is the Botanical Gardens. Then we’ll visit the site of an old temple which has a history of over 600 years. Lunch will be at 11:30. At the end of the trip, you’ll see varieties of birds at the Birds House. By the way, you can visit the gift shop for souvenirs before we leave the island. We will get back by cable car at 3:30 p.m. I hope you will enjoy your stay on the island. Thank you.
例5
　请根据Wang Hua 在学骑自行车时的几个步骤，写一篇短文，说明他是任何学会骑自行车的．　参考词汇：　handle-bars　自行车把手　pedal 　踏板　saddle 　车座　
Wang Hua is learning to ride a bicycle. Let’s watch him and see how he can get on his bicycle. He put his hands on the handle-bars. He puts his left foot on the left pedal, then he pushes himself hard forward with his right leg. Now he can move on together with the bicycle and his whole body is now on the bicycle. Then, he raises his right leg over the saddle and lower himself on the saddle. Now, he is on the bicycle and stepping the pedals hard with both legs. And the bicycle is going forward.
例6
请写一篇短文介绍如何乘坐伦敦地铁．　内容提示如下：在售票处（booth)购买辅币（token)需30便士．在入口处将辅币投入狭孔（slot)，你就可以走下地铁．在站台等车时，要站在白线以外．注意你要去的方向．不要站错站台．上下车应迅速，因为车门关闭很快．地铁内规定不准吸烟．注意：短文的意思要连贯． 字数：100个左右．　
If you want to travel by undergroung in London, you should first find the nearest underground entrance and buy a token for 30 pence in the booth. After you drop the token into the slot at the entrance,you can walk down the stairs. Stand back of the white line while waiting for the train on the platform. Make sure that you are on the right side of the platform for your train. When the train arrives, get on or get off quickly because the doors of the train close quickly. Smoking is not allowed in the underground.
例7
假如你在回家的路上捡到一个黑色书包，请你根据下面提示写一个失物招领（Found) . 提示如下：捡书包的时间：昨天下午５点左右（March 2nd)书包特征：黑色，内装一个文具盒和几本书联系电话：５８１０１１要求：字数约５０左右．　
　　　　　　Found A black bag with a pencilbox and some books was found on the way home at about 5 p.m. yesterday (March 2nd) Will the owner please ring 5810811?
家用电脑体积小，价格低，造型优美，简单易用，使用方便，灵活；可用于计算，记事，打电话，打印信件；儿童可用它来学英语，做游戏．　你通过家用电脑能学会怎样使用微机；为将来寻找工作提供便利；电脑工作比人快数百倍；我们已经得到电脑的巨大帮助．　 请根据以上内容写一篇介绍家用电脑的说明文．　字数120左右．
例8
A Family Computer A family computer is small. Its price is not high, and it has a good look. It can be used easily. You can calculate, make notes, call others and type letters,etc. Also, children can learn English or play games with it. Besides, you can use a family computer as a training computer. You can learn how to use an office computer, which can give you convenience to find a good job in a company. Computers can work hundreds of times faster than humans. We have been greatly helped by computers.
请以The Importance of Trees 为题写一篇短文，说明保护森林的必要性．说明树木的主要用途：提供木材；吸水，防止水灾，旱灾；净化空气，美化生活．　滥伐树木的危害；无计划砍伐造成水土流失，土壤沙化，造成水灾．每年都应植树造林，使其为人类更好服务等等．　字数：100左右．
例9
As we all know, trees are very useful. They are of great benefit to man as follows. First, trees provide us with wood and other products. Second, their roots can allow the rain to sink in and keep the soil, so they help to prevent droughts and floods. Trees can help clean air and beautify life. Unfortunately, nowadays in many parts of the world lots of people fail to realize the importance of trees. They have cut trees down in large numbers without a plan, which makes the soil washed away. They don’t know where there are no trees, the rain washes away the surface of the soil and this causes floods. We ought to plant trees each year and carefully look after new trees in order not to make the forest slowly disappear. Only in this way can we make the forest serve man forever.
例10
根据下表格提供的信息，请你推荐两本学中文的词典．
推荐 recommend (v) 英汉／汉英词典 The English-Chinese /Chinese –English Dictionary(ECCED)新华字典 Xinhua Dictionary (XD)
Dear Steve, I’m pleased to learn that you and your classmates are learning Chinese. I’d like to recommend the following two dictionaries. The English- Chinese Chinese-English Dictionary is really a good one for beginners. It has 18,000 English words and 20,000 Chinese words. Besides plenty of examples, it has many notes telling you how to use a word. Xinhua Dictionary is the most popular Chinese dictionary, and it has a vocabulary of 10,000 words. It may also be useful to some advanced learners of Chinese. Of the two, ECCED is the more expensive, costing 52 yuan, and XD costs 11 yuan. Please let me know if you want me to buy these dictionaries. Yours, Li Yua