【备战2023高考】英语全复习——第13讲《阅读理解主旨大意题》讲义（全国通用）

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第13讲 阅读理解主旨大意题（讲）【考纲考情】主旨大意题考查考生对文章内容的深层次理解，它要求考生在充分理解全文的前提下，对整篇文章的主旨大意有一个较为清晰的印象, 既考查细节理解能力, 又考查深层次的推理、概括能力,难度较大。题型和考查角度：1.主题类：文章大意题和段落大意题(概括文章或段落的主旨大意)2.标题类：标题判断题（选择最佳标题）。【考点梳理】主旨大意类要求在理解全文的基础上，从文中提取有效信息进行概括归纳，从而得出文章主旨要义。此类试题没有明显的解题依据，是对文章深层次的理解，因此成为最易失分的题目。命题方式 ：What is the text mainly about?What is the best title for the text?What can be a suitable title for the text?What's the first/second/third....paragraph mainly about?What's the main idea discussed in the first/secondthird/.. paragraph?解题步骤：1.首先找出文章的主题句，然后根据文章主题句确定文章大意。2.如果没有主题句就寻找全文重复性强的关键词或者概括全文正确选项特点：1.涵盖性强，覆盖全文或者整个段落内容。2.精确性强，能恰当表达原文主题和中心思想3.短小醒目，这是标题类选项的特点，是文章的点睛之笔。干扰项特点：1.覆盖面太大，超出了短文论述的范围2.以偏概全，涉及的只是短文的某一部分或者某一个细节，或是某一个段落的要点或者部分。3.与短文有交集，但偏离文章或者段落主旨。【解题方法】1.寻找主题句确定文章大意。主题句在文章中的位置主要有四种情况:(1)主题句在段首一个主题句常常是一个段落的开头,其后是论证性细节。在说明文、论述文或新闻报道中多采用这种形式,作者在首段常常亮出观点、表明立场。大多数文章的主题句就是文章的首句,所以要认真阅读文章首句。(2)主题句在段末有的主题句放在文章的末尾,先摆出事实依据,层层推理论证,将主题引向高潮,起到总结作用,从而形成强有力的结论,这就要求考生耐心地读完全文。(3)主题句在文中或隐含还有的主题句在段中间或隐含在文中,成为段落语义的核心,让读者很难发现,这种情况难度较大,考生要通观全文,分清主旨细节,进行归纳推理。最后概括出来的中心意思一定要涵盖全文或整个段落,切忌以偏概全或离题太远、太笼统。解答此类题时考生需要把握作者的观点、态度、语气等,分析文章的篇章结构,抓住文章开头的主题句或文章最后的结论,捕捉与题目有关的信息,从而找出能概括文章主旨的题目和中心思想。【例】(2020·全国卷Ⅲ·C篇)With the young unable to afford to leave home and the old at risk of isolation (孤独), more families are choosing to live together.The doorway to peace and quiet, for Nick Bright at least, leads straight to his mother­in­law, she lives on the ground floor, while he lives upstairs with his wife and their two daughters.Four years ago they all moved into a three­storey Victorian house in Bristol—one of a growing number of multigenerational families in the UK living together under the same roof. They share a front door and a washing machine, but Rita Whitehead has her own kitchen, bathroom, bedroom and living room on the ground floor.“We floated the idea to my mum of sharing a house，” says Kathryn Whitehead. Rita cuts in: “We spoke more with Nick because I think it's a big thing for Nick to live with his mother­in­law.”And what does Nick think? “From my standpoint, it all seems to work very well. Would I recommend it? Yes, I think I would.”It's hard to tell exactly how many people agree with him, but research indicates that the numbers have been rising for some time. Official reports suggest that the number of households with three generations living together had risen from 325，000 in 2001 to 419，000 in 2013.Other varieties of multigenerational family are more common. Some people live with their elderly parents; many more adult children are returning to the family home, if they ever left. It is said that about 20% of 25­34­year­olds live with their parents, compared with 16% in 1991.The total number of all multigenerational households in Britain is thought to be about 1.8 million.Stories like that are more common in parts of the world where multigenerational living is more firmly rooted. In India, particularly outside cities, young women are expected to move in with their husband's family when they get married.31．What is the text mainly about?A．Lifestyles in different countries. B．Conflicts between generations.C．A housing problem in Britain. D．A rising trend of living in the UK.【答案】D　【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，尤其根据第一段可知，由于年轻人负担不起离家的费用，而老年人又面临着孤独的风险，越来越多的家庭选择住在一起。由此可知，文章主要讲述了聚居在英国是一种呈上升趋势的生活方式。故选D。通过结构或暗示概括段落大意(1)根据逻辑结构概括段落大意：要准确概括段落大意，务必知道该段落的逻辑结构。如该段为总分顺序组织，则主题句在段首；如该段为分总顺序组织，则主题句在段尾；如该段为分总分顺序组织，则主题句在段中；如该段对比各事物，则其异同点即为该段大意。(2)通过暗示揣摩段落大意：有时，作者不直接写出主题句，而是通过情感态度等方法暗示性地体现主题，此时要根据文中所叙述的事实和线索综合判断去揣摩并概括出段落大意。【例】(2020·全国卷Ⅲ·B篇)The creative team behind “Apes” used motion­capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor's performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realistic­looking ape.25．What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?A．The cost of making “Apes.”B．The creation of digitalized apes.C．The publicity about “Apes.”D．The performance of real apes.【答案】B　【解析】段落大意题。 根据本段第一句可知，“人猿”背后的创作团队利用动作捕捉技术来创造数字化动物，在记录演员表演和后期加工处理上花费了上千万美元，最后创造出了猿的图像。由此可知，本段主要是关于数字化人猿的创造。故选B。三大方法定标题（1）最佳标题应具备以下三大特征：①概括--准确而又简短;②针对性--标题外延正好与文章内容相符;③题目--能引发读者的阅读欲望。(2)  三大方法：①正面肯定法：在理解文章主旨的基础上，揣摩哪个选项能准确概括主旨；②反面否定法：撇开原文，设想各选项写出来应是什么样的文章，然后和原文比对，逐一排除不符项；③研读备选项：认真研读备选项里的中心词、结构、概括性、修饰词的变化，查看与中心思想是否相符。【例】(2021·全国乙卷·C篇)You've heard that plastic is polluting the oceans—between 4.8 and 12.7 million tonnes enter ocean ecosystems every year. But does one plastic straw or cup really make a difference? Artist Benjamin Von Wong wants you to know that it does. He builds massive sculptures out of plastic garbage, forcing viewers to re­examine their relationship to single­use plastic products.At the beginning of the year, the artist built a piece called “Strawpocalypse，” a pair of 10­foot­tall plastic waves, frozen mid­crash. Made of 168，000 plastic straws collected from several volunteer beach cleanups, the sculpture made its first appearance at the Estella Place shopping center in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam.Just 9% of global plastic waste is recycled. Plastic straws are by no means the biggest source (来源) of plastic pollution, but they've recently come under fire because most people don't need them to drink with and, because of their small size and weight, they cannot be recycled. Every straw that's part of Von Wong's artwork likely came from a drink that someone used for only a few minutes. Once the drink is gone, the straw will take centuries to disappear.In a piece from 2018, Von Wong wanted to illustrate (说明) a specific statistic: Every 60 seconds, a truckload's worth of plastic enters the ocean. For this work, titled “Truckload of Plastic，” Von Wong and a group of volunteers collected more than 10，000 pieces of plastic, which were then tied together to look like they'd been dumped (倾倒) from a truck all at once.Von Wong hopes that his work will also help pressure big companies to reduce their plastic footprint.31．Which of the following can be the best title for the text?A．Artists' Opinions on Plastic SafetyB．Media Interest in Contemporary ArtC．Responsibility Demanded of Big CompaniesD．Ocean Plastics Transformed into Sculptures【答案】D　【解析】标题判断题。通读全文可知，作者讲述了艺术家Benjamin Von Wong(本杰明·冯·王)用塑料垃圾制作巨型雕塑以期望唤起人们对环保问题的关注的事迹，因此D项(海洋塑料变雕塑)适合作文章标题。故选D。不同文体主旨题解题指导：(1)议论文或说明文议论文或说明文的主题句一般在文首,但有的在文尾,也有的首尾呼应。(2)新闻报道新闻报道的主题句就是导语,即文章的首句或首段。正文采取倒金字塔形式--最重要事实,次要事实,最次要事实(3)科研报告或调查报告反映科学实验或调研结果的报道或科普类说明文，其内容主要包括“科研实验结果或调查结果+实验研究过程或调查的具体情况”两大部分,文章主旨就是科研或调查结果，因此主题句通常在首段,且常伴有 according to a study, a study showed/proved, this is suggested by the results of new research on, scientists recently reported, a study claimed 等。(4)记叙文纯记叙文通常没有主题句,需要读者自己领悟,从中归纳提炼;但有的在文尾作者会发表感慨、感悟或就此发表议论,主旨也就在此;还有的先发表某种议论或感慨再讲一个故事或经历,主旨就在文首。【题型剖析】AYoung children who have experienced compassionate (有同情心的) love and empathy (认同感) from their mothers may be more willing to turn thoughts into action by being generous to others, a University of California, Davis’ study suggests.In lab studies, children tested at ages 4 and 6 showed more willingness to give up the tokens (代金券) they had earned to fictional children in need when two conditions were present—if they showed bodily changes when given the opportunity to share and had experienced positive parenting that modeled such kindness. The study initially included 74 preschool-age children and their mothers. They were invited back two years later, resulting in 54 mother-child pairs whose behaviors and reactions were analyzed when the children were 6.“At both ages, children with better physiological regulation and with mothers who expressed stronger compassionate love were likely to donate more of their earnings,” said Paul Hastings, UC Davis professor of psychology. “Compassionate mothers likely develop emotionally close relationships with their children while also providing an early example of satisfying the needs of others,” researchers said in the study, published in November in Frontiers in Psychology” Emotion Science.In each lab exercise, after attaching a monitor to record children’s heart-rate activity, the examiner told the children they would be earning tokens for a variety of activities, and that the tokens could be turned in for a prize. The tokens were put into a box, and each child eventually earned 20 prize tokens. Then before the session ended, children were told they could donate all or part of their tokens to other children.Taken together, the findings showed that children’s generosity is supported by the combination of their socialization experiences—their mothers’ compassionate love—and their physiological regulation, and that these work like “internal and external supports for the ability to act prosocially that build on each other”.In addition to observing the children’s propensity (习性) to donate their game earnings, Hastings suggested that “being in a calmer state after sharing could reinforce (加强) the generous behavior that produced that good feeling.”1．How do young children loved by their mother tend to become in later years?A．Considerate. B．Emotional.C．Generous. D．Optimistic.2．What is the second paragraph mainly about?A．The process of the research. B．The result of the experiment.C．The reactions of the children. D．The importance of Mom’s love.3．According to Hastings, what factor could strengthen children’s good behaviors?A．Their moms love them deeply. B．They donate the tokens easily.C．They behave physiologically. D．They are calmer after sharing.4．What is probably the best title of this passage?A．What Contributes to Generosity?B．The More You Give, the Calmer You Will BeC．Do You Prefer to Receive or Give?D．More Giving, Less Receiving【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。介绍在小时候从母亲那里学到的恻隐之心和认同之情的孩子比同龄人更慷慨。1．C【解析】细节理解题。由第一段“Young children who have experienced compassionate (有同情心的) love and empathy (认同感) from their mothers may be more willing to turn thoughts into action by being generous to others, a University of California, Davis’ study suggests.”（加州大学戴维斯分校的一项研究表明，那些经历过母亲慈悲之爱和同情心的孩子，可能更愿意通过慷慨对待他人，将想法转化为行动。）可知，早期受到母亲关爱的孩子后期往往变得更加慷慨。选项C与文意相符，故选C。2．A【解析】主旨大意题。通读第二段内容可知，该段介绍了对74名学龄前儿童进行的试验。首先在实验室针对两种情况对他们进行模仿测试，两年后又对这些母子的行为和反应进行分析。说明本段介绍的是研究的过程。选项A与文意相符，故选A。3．D【解析】细节理解题。由最后一段中的“Hastings suggested that “being in a calmer state after sharing could reinforce the generous behavior that produced that good feeling.”（Hastings认为，“分享后处于更平静的状态可以加强产生那种良好感觉的慷慨行为”）可知，分享后更平静的状态可以加强慷慨行为，选项D与文意相符，故选D。4．A【解析】主旨大意题。通读全文，特别是根据第一段“Young children who have experienced...generous to others, a University of California, Davis’ study suggests.”（加州大学戴维斯分校的一项研究表明，那些经历过母亲慈悲之爱和同情心的孩子，可能更愿意通过慷慨对待他人，将想法转化为行动。）可知，文章介绍的是小时候从母亲那里学到的恻隐之心和认同之情的孩子比同龄人更慷慨。选项A与文意相符，故选A。BRegardless of how famous they are, and despite the star treatment they receive, many celebrities make it a point to give back to charities. Some have even set up their own private foundations. Their widely publicised visits to troubled areas of the world help to raise awareness of issues such as famine and poverty. According to Jane Cooper of Unicef UK, celebrities have a unique ability to reach huge numbers of people, many of whom might not otherwise be engaged in charitable causes. She pointed out that famous faces had played a significant role in raising funds in recent years, and their energies had produced tangible results, such as enabling millions of children in poorer countries to attend school.But in spite of these successes there is evidence to suggest that celebrity endorsement (代言) may be overrated. In a survey of members of the public to find out if celebrity involvement would encourage people to donate, researchers found that the impact was not as great as previously thought. When shown a list of well-known organisations and famous people who represent them, over half of respondents were unable to match the celebrity with the cause. What’s more, three quarters claimed that they didn’t respond to celebrity endorsement in any way. The survey also showed that a few names did stand out as being associated with particular charities. But the presence of a celebrity in a campaign, was not a significant factor when it came to a decision to donate time or money. Instead, the majority of people contribute because of personal connections in their lives and families which make a charity important to them.In another study aimed at young people, most participants cited a compelling (无法抗拒的) mission as their main motivation to give. The second most important incentive was if a friend or peer recommended supporting a particular cause. Only two percent of respondents said they were motivated by celebrity endorsement. This seems to contradict the general assumption that teenagers are particularly influenced by famous people. One possible explanation is that there is a general fatigue (疲倦) with celebrity culture. There is also a suspicion that the stars are the one who benefit most when they offer to do charity work. Some critics have accused that celebrities might actually take attention away from issues by attracting more attention than the causes they represent.So taking all these issues into account, is it time for charities to rethink their campaign strategies and look for alternative ways to reach new audiences? Whichever point of view you favour, there seems to be opportunities for more research into how charity campaigns might develop relationships with celebrities to maximise their potential. This in turn will open up more engagement, and better targeted campaigns-which can only benefit those who really matter — the people and animals that are in need of assistance.5．What does the underlined word “tangible” in paragraph I probably mean?A．Definite. B．Complicated. C．Limited. D．Temporary.6．According to the passage, most people contribute to charities because ________.A．they gain benefit from the charitiesB．they are forced to finish a necessary taskC．they believe in the famous people they likeD．they are inspired by the people around them7．The third paragraph is mainly about ________.A．what celebrities achieve in doing charitiesB．How young people react to celebrity cultureC．why young people are hardly influenced by celebritiesD．who is to blame for taking attention away from charities8．What is the author's attitude towards celebrity doing charities?A．Objective. B．Positive.C．Negative. D．Unclear.【语篇解读】这是一篇议论文。文章主要分析了名人做慈善的利与弊。5．A【解析】词句猜测题。第一段划线词所在句“She pointed out that famous faces had played a significant role in raising funds in recent years, and their energies had produced tangible results, such as enabling millions of children in poorer countries to attend school.(她指出，名人近年来在筹集资金方面发挥了重要作用，他们的精力产生了切实的成果，比如让贫困国家的数百万儿童上学)”中的“such as enabling millions of children in poorer countries to attend school”部分表明，名人们在慈善方面的努力取得了实在的成果，所以可以推测tangible意为“切实的，实在的”。A. Definite.确切的；B. Complicated.复杂的；C. Limited.有限的；D. Temporary.暂时的。所以A选项和划线词词义最接近，B、C、D都不符合。故选A项。6．D【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“Instead, the majority of people contribute because of personal connections in their lives and families which make a charity important to them.(相反，大多数人捐款是因为他们生活和家庭中的私人关系，这使得慈善对他们很重要)”可知，大多数人向慈善机构捐款是因为他们受到周围人的鼓舞。故选D项。7．C【解析】主旨大意题。根据第三段“Only two per cent of respondents said they were motivated by celebrity endorsement. This seems to contradict the general assumption that teenagers are particularly influenced by famous people.(只有2%的受访者说他们受到名人代言的激励。这似乎与一般的假设相矛盾，即青少年特别容易受到名人的影响)”可知，与一般的假设相反的是，青年人几乎不会受到名人的影响，余下内容“One possible explanation is that…There is also a suspicion that…Some critics have accused that…”则主要讲述了原因，所以第三段主要讲述青少年几乎不受名人影响的原因。故选C项。8．A【解析】推理判断题。文章前面主要讲述了名人做慈善带来的切实的成果以及被夸大的现象，最后一段“So taking all these issues into account, is it time for charities to rethink their campaign strategies and look for alternative ways to reach new audiences?... This in turn will open up more engagement, and better targeted campaigns-which can only benefit those who really matter — the people and animals that are in need of assistance.(因此，考虑到所有这些问题，慈善机构是否应该重新考虑他们的竞选策略，寻找其他途径来接触新的受众？……这反过来又会促进更多的参与和更有针对性的运动——这只会让真正重要的人受益——那些需要援助的人和动物)”提出慈善机构应该多方考虑，最终目的是使得真正需要的人或动物受益。所以作者是以客观的态度来分析名人做慈善这件事。A. Objective.客观的；B. Positive.积极的；C. Negative.消极的；D. Unclear.不清楚的。故选A项。CThe conductor on the podium (指挥台) has no baton (指挥棒), no tailcoat and no musical score, but Android Alter 3 is kicking up a storm as it guides a symphony orchestra's players through their paces. The robot has a humanoid face, hands and lower arms, which gesture with what could pass for passion as it bounces up and down and rotates during the live performance of Keiichiro Shibuya's opera Scary Beauty in the Emirate of Sharjah. Video from the recent performance in the Emirate of Sharjah showed the machine turning to face orchestra members and waving its arms. Alter 3 even sang at times. Shibuya said the involvement of robots in the everyday lives of humans is continually increasing. But, he said he thinks people will need to decide in the future how artificial intelligence can best improve the human experience. Shibuya added that he believes humans and robots can learn to work together to create beautiful art. "This work is a metaphor of that relations between humans and technology," he said. Shibuya noted that sometimes the music-leading robot can "get crazy", making it difficult for the musicians to keep up. But other times, the humans and machines cooperate very well. Shibuya said the robots and AI that exist today are "far from complete". He is interested in studying how such incomplete technology can be combined with art. "I think this is a very exciting idea…We came to see what it looks like and how much is possible," said Anna Kovacevic. Another audience member, who gave his name only as Billum, said after the show, "You know, a human conductor is so much better." Although he said he is interested in AI and looks forward to big developments, he concluded on the project: "The human touch is lost."9．What does Shibuya think of Alter 3?A．It is not perfect at present. B．It teams up with humans well.C．It often makes humans crazy. D．It is better than human conductors.10．What can we infer from the last paragraph?A．The performance drew mixed reactions.B．Billum took no interest in the performance.C．The audience were fascinated by the performance.D．The audience thought Alter 3 would have a bright future.11．What is the author's attitude towards the combination of robots and art?A．Positive B．Negative. C．Objective. D．Critical.12．What can be the best title for the text?A．Robot Cooperates with HumansB．Robot Conducts Human OrchestraC．The Significance of Robots in ArtD．The Relations Between AI and Humans【语篇解读】本文是说明文。文章介绍了机器人Alter 3在Emirate of Sharjah指挥人类管弦乐队演出的情况，人们对此的观点和不同反应。9．A【解析】细节理解题。根据第五段“Shibuya noted that sometimes the music-leading robot can "get crazy", making it difficult for the musicians to keep up.(Shibuya指出，有时候，指挥音乐的机器人会“发疯”，让音乐家很难跟上节奏)”和倒数第二段“Shibuya said the robots and AI that exist today are "far from complete". He is interested in studying how such incomplete technology can be combined with art. (Shibuya说目前存在的机器人和人工智能“还远远不够完善”。他对研究这种不完善的技术如何与艺术结合很感兴趣)”可知，Shibuya认为Alter 3目前还不完美，还需要改进。故选A。10．C【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段中“"I think this is a very exciting idea…," said Anna Kovacevic. Another audience member, …said after the show, "You know, a human conductor is so much better." …he concluded on the project: "The human touch is lost."”列举的不同观众对机器人指挥人类管弦乐队发表的观点，可知这一表演引起了观众们不同的反应。故选A。11．C【解析】推理判断题。根据文章后四段中“Shibuya said”，“he said”，“Shibuya added”，“said Anna Kovacevic.”，“Another audience member, who gave his name only as Billum, said”等内容可知，作者在文中只是客观引用了人们对机器人与艺术的结合的看法，并没有发表自己的观点。所以作者的态度是客观的，故选C。12．B【解析】主旨大意题。文章前三段介绍了机器人Alter 3指挥人类管弦乐队演出的情况，下文介绍了人们对此的观点和不同反应。B项Robot Conducts Human Orchestra概括了全文内容，适合作为文章标题。故选B。