【备战2023高考】英语全复习——第15讲《阅读理解七选五》讲义（全国通用）

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第15讲 阅读理解七选五 （讲）【考纲考情】1.考查以说明文为主，逻辑严密、结构严谨、层次分明，突出对篇章结构的整体理解，侧重考查学生的逻辑思维能力。2.词数300左右(正文词数200 左右，选项词数100左右)。3.题型以段中为主，段首和段尾为辅，以考查上下文逻辑关系为主，考查段落主题句为辅。间或考查段尾的结论概括性语句。七个选项意义都与文章内容相关，其中有非完整句的考查情况。4.主题多是社会生活和文化科技方面；选材具有贴近生活、新颖、体现正能量、时代性强等特点。【考点梳理】三步做对“七选五”第一步：先做段首、段尾题，缩小排查范围段首、段尾题要么是主旨句(总结句)，要么就是承上启下句，具有鲜明的语言特征，题目简单，较易判定做题时，先将这类题目的选项定位，既可缩小思考范围，又可使原文信息更加明了第二步：剩余选项细排查，利用句间关系来判定将段首、段尾题判定复位后，原文信息会更加明了，再次通读原文，理清剩余段中题的句间关系，将剩余选项对应复位第三步：代入选项通读原文，验证句间关系将所选答案代入文中，重点检查逻辑关系。看是否有不合行文逻辑的现象。【解题方法】线索特征词是解决阅读七选五题的重要依据，一般体现在三个方面：一是词汇复现，是指作者在文章上下文不同的位置对同一个概念进行重复描述，从而使得同样的意思在文章中不同的地方重复出现。这是作者为了保证文章前后衔接连贯而经常使用的一种写作手段。复现的形式主要包括原词复现、同(近)义词复现、反义词复现等；二是代词，英语中代词出现的频率极高。代词一般用来指代前面提及的名词或句子，可以巧妙地利用这样的指代关系或根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题；三是逻辑关系词，英语的段与段之间，句与句之间经常会运用连接词表示衔接和过渡，使文章逻辑更清楚、结构更连贯，因此文章中和选项中表示各种逻辑关系的信息词在选择答案时都是很重要的线索。一、  段首题设空处在段首通常为主旨句，有时也可能为承上启下(过渡)句。如果设空处位于段首，要前瞻后望找提示，即阅读上一段结尾部分，通常正确答案与之衔接，并结合本段内容，看所选的答案是否能将两段内容连贯起来。1.主旨概括句在某段的段首设空的题通常有以下情况：一是段落主题句。认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题句；二是与后文是并列、转折、因果关系等。着重阅读后文第一句，锁定线索特征词，然后在选项中查找相关线索特征词。通常答案与设空前后的句子在意思上紧密衔接，因此这些句子之间会用到某些衔接手段。比如，选项中出现时间或年代，要注意其与原文中的时间或年代的前后对应关系。(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)●  37   Do not follow the people who make you feel not­good­enough. Why do you follow them? Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs? Know that your life is your own; you are the only you in this world.F．Stop comparing yourself with others.【答案】F　【解析】根据下文“Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs? Know that your life is your own; you are the only you in this world.(你是否希望最终你会因为自己的生活比他们的好而感到有力量？要知道，你的生活是你自己的；你在这个世界上是独一无二的。)”可知，本段主要讲述不要把自己和别人作比较，因为生活是我们自己的。选项F(停止把自己和别人进行比较。)可以作为本段中心句，故选F。2.承上启下(过渡)句在段首设空的题有时也可能起承上启下的作用，此时既要熟悉上一段内容，又要去结合下一段所讲。做题时要联系上下文，把握逻辑关系，分析所选答案是否能将两段内容连贯起来。(2021·新高考Ⅰ卷)Parisians are different from you and me. They never look lazy or untidy. As someone noted in this paper a couple of weeks ago, they eat great food and never gain weight. The food is so delicious that you don't need much of it to make you happy. French strawberries do not taste like cardboard. Instead, they explode in your mouth like little flavor bombs.  39   On our first morning in Paris, I went around the corner to the food market to pick up some groceries. I bought a handful of perfectly ripe small strawberries and a little sweet melon. My husband and I agreed they were the best fruit we had ever eaten. But they cost $18!E．That's not the only reason the French eat less than we do.【答案】E　【解析】上一段讲了巴黎人吃得少是因为食物美味，本段谈到巴黎食物很贵(一把熟透的小草莓和一点甜瓜就18美元)，可以推断，这也是巴黎人吃得少的一个原因。E项(这并不是法国人吃得比我们少的唯一原因。)起到承上启下的作用，符合语境。故选E。二、段中题段中设空的题目即为主题句的展开句。此种题要注意分析前后的逻辑性和内容的连贯性，注意句子之间的衔接手法。做题时，首先要依据信息词将选项进行排除，然后将剩下的可能答案逐一代入，看哪个选项能和设空处的前后内容达到语意连贯及逻辑通顺，从而最终确定最佳选项，得出答案。以下为依据逻辑关系去解题的常用方法：1.并列或递进关系并列或递进关系是指后一句对前一句是一种顺承逻辑关系。常见的表示并列关系的标志性词语有first(ly), second(ly), third(ly), next/then, finally/last, first of all, for one thing, for another thing, some ... others ..., to begin with, to conclude等；常见的表示递进关系的标志性词语有also, further, furthermore, likewise, similarly, moreover, in addition, what's more, not only ... but also ...等。(2021·全国甲卷)●Invite 5－10 people so you have a nice selection. Less people than that, and there may not be enough things to choose from; more than that, and it becomes uncontrollable. ●  18  . They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their “new” clothes home. G．Tell everyone to bring clean clothes in good condition【答案】G　【解析】下文“They should also prepare plenty of reusable bags to carry their ‘new’ clothes home.(他们还应该准备大量的可重复使用的袋子，把他们的‘新’衣服带回家。)”说明去的时候应该为交换所得的“新衣服”准备袋子。G项(告诉每个人带来品相完好的衣服)说明去参加衣物交换的时候应该带完好的衣服，G项中的“bring”和下文中的“carry”相呼应，都是为交换衣物所做的准备。下文中的“also”也是提示词，其中“They”指代G项的“everyone”。故选G。2.转折或让步关系转折或让步关系是指后一句对前一句构成逆转逻辑关系。常见表示转折或让步关系的标志性词语有but, however, nevertheless, still, yet, while/though/although, or/otherwise, instead, on the contrary, in contrast, in comparison, by comparison等。(2019·全国卷Ⅰ)We all grew up hearing people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air”.   36   According to recent studies, the answer is a big YES, if the air quality in your camping area is good.E．But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?【答案】E　【解析】设空上一句的句意为：我们都是听着人们说的“出去呼吸点儿新鲜空气”长大的，设空下一句表示答案是肯定的。设空处应是针对去户外呼吸新鲜空气是否真有好处的一个问句。由此可知，E项(但是新鲜空气真的像你妈妈总说的那样对你有好处吗？)与前一句构成转折关系，逻辑合理。故选E。3.因果关系因果关系是指后一句为前一句的结果(有时也为原因)。常见的标志性词语有so, therefore, thus, consequently, as a result (of), so/such ... that ..., so that, result in/from, lead to, due to, thanks to, owing to等。(2020·浙江高考)My mother also encouraged me to make what I wanted. I tried making toy cars with cardboard boxes and constructing buildings from leftover cardboard and bits of wood my father gave me. When my mother saw my creations, she told me how creative my designs were.   34   I learned a lot about how to extend the life of objects and transform them into something new and useful. It was a trait (特点) others found helpful, and I soon had friends who wanted to make things with me.F．Thus, I began my lifelong interest in making things.【答案】F　【解析】根据前句“当我的母亲看到我的创作时，她说我的设计很有创意”可知，F项(于是，我开始对制造东西产生了长久的兴趣。)和前句构成因果关系，“我”正是在听了母亲那句话后才开始对制造东西产生兴趣。故选F。4.例证关系例证关系是前后句的某句是为了证明或解释另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。常见的标志性词语有for example, for instance, in fact/as a matter of fact, actually, in other words, that is (to say)等。(2021·浙江高考)“Many people in China have limited exposure to English.   35   That said, we know of many postcrossing members, including Chinese, who have actually improved their English skills through their use of postcrossing，” Paulo says.B.That makes it extra hard to learn and practice it.【答案】B　【解析】根据上文“Many people in China have limited exposure to English.(许多中国人很少能接触到英语。)”可知，对某些人来说学习英语的门槛较高。根据下文“That said, we know of many postcrossing members, including Chinese, who actually improved their English skills through their use of postcrossing(也就是说，我们知道很多交换明信片的人，包括中国人，他们通过交换明信片提高了英语水平)”可知，写明信片成为一种练习英语的渠道。B项(这使得学习和练习它变得格外困难。)符合语境。故选B。三、段尾题段尾设空的题多为总结本段内容，偶有起承上启下的作用。1.总结概括句做题时一要注意设空的前一句或前两三句；二要注意在选项中查找thus, therefore, hence, so, as a result, in a word, in short, to conclude, to sum up等表示结果、结论、总结的词语；三要注意与前文的逻辑关系，找到关键的线索词句，如表示转折、并列、排比等关系。如果在文章第一段的段尾设空，要认真阅读看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章的第一段要提出主题，如果在段尾提出主题，常用一些信号词(如转折词)引出来，正确答案中应有这样的信号词。(2020·全国卷Ⅰ)Recognize all of your strengths.Write them down in a journal.Begin to train your brain to look at strength before weakness.List all of your accomplishments and achievements.You have a job, earned your degree, and you got out of bed today.   39  C．Nothing is too small to celebrate.【答案】C　【解析】本段提出我们要认识到自己的优点。根据上文“List all of your accomplishments and achievements.(列出你所有的成就。)”可知，这些小事都是你取得的成就，都值得庆祝。C项(没有什么事是太小而不值得庆祝的。)承接上文。故选C。2.承上启下(过渡)句做题时如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时要考虑与下一段开头是否有衔接，要认真阅读下一段的开头几句，看是否能紧密联系起来。(2021·浙江高考)Paulo Magalhaes, a 34­year­old Portuguese computer engineer, loves to open his mailbox and find a brightly colored picture of Rome's Colosseum. Or Africa's Victoria Falls. Or China's Great Wall.   31   “I often send postcards to family and friends.” he says to China Daily, “but you can imagine that after a while, you never receive as many as you send, and you realize that not everyone is into it. And that's totally fine.” Seeking other like­minded souls, however, Paulo started looking in a somewhat unlikely place: online. Many would say the Internet is a place for people who have given up on the traditional postal service, but Paulo's hunch (直觉) paid off. G．In short, he loves postcards, and the excitement of getting a hand­written note from someone far away.【答案】G　【解析】根据上文“Paulo Magalhaes ... Or China's Great Wall. (34岁的葡萄牙电脑工程师Paulo Magalhaes(保罗·麦哲伦)喜欢打开他的邮箱，然后发现一个色彩鲜艳的罗马斗牛场图像。或者非洲的维多利亚瀑布。或者是中国的长城。)”可知，Paulo有喜欢明信片的个人爱好。G项(简而言之，他喜欢明信片，也喜欢收到远方某人潦草的便条时的那种兴奋。)承接上文。故选G。【题型剖析】A（2022·全国·高考真题）Fitness Magazine recently ran an article titled “Five Reasons to Thank Your Workout Partner.” One reason was: “You’ll actually show up if you know someone is waiting for you at the gym, ” while another read: “___1___”   With a workout partner, you will increase your training effort as there is a subtle (微妙) competition. So, how do you find a workout partner? First of all, decide what you want from that person. ___2___ Or do you just want to be physically fit, able to move with strength and flexibility? Think about the exercises you would like to do with your workout partner.You might think about posting what you are looking for on social media, but it probably won’t result in a useful response. ___3___ If you plan on working out in a gym, that person must belong to the same gym. My partner posted her request on the notice board of a local park. Her notice included what kind of training she wanted to do, how many days a week and how many hours she wanted to spend on each session, and her age. It also listed her favorite sports and activities, and provided her phone number. ___4___ You and your partner will probably have different skills. ___5___ Over time, both of you will benefit — your partner will be able to lift more weights and you will become more physically fit. The core (核心) of your relationship is that you will always be there to help each other.A．Your first meeting may be a little awkward.B．A workout partner usually needs to live close by.C．You’ll work harder if you train with someone else.D．Do you want to be a better athlete in your favorite sport?E．How can you write a good “seeking training partner” notice?F．Just accept your differences and learn to work with each other.G．Any notice for a training partner should include such information.B（2022·全国·高考真题）Writing an essay is a difficult process for most people. However, the process can be made easier if you learn to practice three simple techniques.  ___6___ When you are first trying to think of ideas for an essay, put your pen to your paper and write nonstop for ten or fifteen minutes without letting your pen leave the paper. Stay loose and free. ___7___ Don’t worry about grammar or spelling. Even though this technique won’t work for everyone, it helps many people get a good store of ideas to draw on. The next technique is to write your draft rapidly without worrying about being perfect. ___8___ Yet, by learning to live with imperfection, you will save yourself headaches and a wastepaper basket full of crumpled (弄皱) paper. Think of your first draft as a path cut out of the jungle—as part of an exploration, not as a complete highway. The third technique is to try printing out a triple—spaced (三倍行距) copy to allow space for revision. ___9___ As a result, these writers never get in the habit of crossing out chunks (大块) of their draft and writing revisions in the blank space. After you have revised your draft until it is too messy to work from anymore, you can enter your changes into your word processor. ___10___ The resulting blank space invites you to revise.A．Make sure your handwriting is neat.B．Let your pen follow the waves of thought.C．The second draft of the essay should be better.D．First of all, learn the technique of nonstop writing.E．Too many writers try to get their drafts right the first time.F．Many beginning writers don’t leave enough space to revise.G．Then you can print out a fresh draft, again setting your text on triple-space.