【备战2023高考】英语全复习——第21讲《书面表达》讲义（全国通用）

第21讲 书面表达 （讲）

【考纲考情】

书面表达命题形式灵活多样，以提纲类作文为主要命题形式，提示内容较为简洁，体裁和题材相对稳定，以应用文为主。渗透中国元素，弘扬中华优秀传统文化，体现立德树人的时代特征，促进德智体美劳全面发展，倡导健康生活理念。

【考点梳理】

第一部分 高分亮点

一、使用吸引眼球的亮点词汇

要想写出一篇水平比较高的书面表达，高级词汇的使用必不可少，它会大大提升文章的档次，从而帮助获得高分。要做到准确使用高级词汇，应该注意以下几个方面：

　（一）使用亮点词汇的四种方法　

1．标新立异　“语”众不同

在写作时，恰当地使用一些别人可能意想不到的词汇或表达，会体现出自己的高水平。

①Our team, besides regular training, will join in a variety of activities.

→Our team, apart/aside from regular training, will join in a variety of activities.

②Several days later, when the video was played at the graduation ceremony, it was very popular.

→Several days later, when the video was played at the graduation ceremony, it was well­received.

2．多样表达　避免重复

在写作时应尽量避免重复使用相同的单词或短语，要尽量用贴切、多样的词语来展示自己的水平。用词不同、表达方式迥异，也是高级用法。

③We may have different opinions in organizing class activities. We may have different ways to deal with such a situation.

→We may have different opinions in organizing class activities. We may have various ways to deal with such a situation.

④We've built a new experiment building and we've also built a library where the old playground used to be.

→We've built a new experiment building and we've also set up a library where the old playground used to be.

3．单词短语　短语优先

在单词和短语表示同一个意思时，优先使用短语。恰当使用短语，一方面能使文章更加生动，另一方面也能展示出扎实的语言功底。

⑤There is no doubt that you should know about the history of the Tang Dynasty in advance.

→There is no doubt that you are supposed to know about the history of the Tang Dynasty in advance.

⑥Firstly, the final exam of this term is coming so I am busy preparing for it.

→To begin with, the final exam of this term is around the corner so I am busy preparing for it.

⑦I hear that he is ill, and I decide to visit him this Sunday.

→I hear that he is ill, and I decide to pay a visit to him this Sunday.

4．用高级词汇取代简单词汇

为了表现语言功底，显示写作水平，应尽量避免反复使用低年级学过的简单词汇，尽量用高中阶段学到的词汇来代替。

⑧I should say sorry for being unable to go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon.

→I should make an apology for being unable to go to the bookstore with you on Friday afternoon.

⑨So long as we hold fast to our ideals and never give up, we are sure to achieve success.

→So long as we hold fast to our ideals and never give up, we are bound to achieve success.

（二）必备升级词汇

1．动词：have→possess; develop→promote; replace→substitute; bear→put up with/tolerate; consider→take into account/consideration; understand→make sense of/figure out

①I sincerely hope that you will take my suggestions into account.

我真诚地希望你能考虑我的建议。

2．名词：chance→opportunity; choice→alternative; course→curriculum; people→individuals; result→consequence; shortcoming→drawback

②Different individuals have different opinions about the safety of food.

不同的人对食品安全问题有着不同的看法。

3．形容词：enough→adequate/plentiful; useful→advantageous; difficult→challenging; proper→appropriate/suitable; important→vital/significant; interesting→absorbing/striking/appealing/attractive

③In the coming three years, our school life will be challenging.

在随后的三年里，我们的学校生活将会是具有挑战性的。

4．副词：finally→eventually; hardly→barely/scarcely/hardly ever; immediately→in a flash/in no time; nowadays→currently

④Eventually your child will leave home to lead her own life as a fully independent adult.

最终，你的孩子会离开家，作为一个完全独立的成年人过她自己的生活。

5．连词：so→therefore; and→as well as/together with

⑤Therefore, its box office receipts/takings will probably enjoy a slight increase.

因此票房收入极可能略有增长。

（三）必备加分词汇

1．表达关注的名词：attention, focus, concern

①In science, we should pay attention to things, and should not pay attention to people.

在科学上，我们应该注意事物本身，而不应注意人。

2．表达争论的名词：discussion, debate, argument

②Faced with such an argument, different individuals may have different opinions.

面对这样的争论，不同的人可能有不同的观点。

3．表达现象的名词：phenomenon

③The sentence suggests a common phenomenon: many teenagers care more about their phones than their friends nowadays.

这个句子表明了一种常见现象：当今许多青少年关注他们的手机胜过关注他们的朋友。

4．表达优缺点的名词：advantage, disadvantage, strength, weakness

④Besides, every student may have different weak and strong subjects, so they should learn from each other so that they can have more advantages than disadvantages.

此外，每个学生可能有不同的弱科和强科，因此他们应该互相学习以便比起劣势来他们拥有更多的优势。

5．表达增长或下降的动词：increase, accumulate,  decrease, decline

⑤Long hours of surfing the Internet would lead to declining health.

长时间上网将导致健康状况下降。

6．表达导致后果的动词短语：result in, lead to, bring about, contribute to, give rise to

⑥Computers have brought about many changes in our daily life.

电脑给我们的日常生活带来了很多变化。

7．表达支持、反对的动词短语：approve of, be in favor of, object to

⑦The majority of the senior citizens don't approve of the proposal of celebrating Western festivals in China.

大多数老年人不赞同在中国庆祝西方节日的提议。

8．表达可能性的形容词：likely

⑧If you come to our school, you are likely to meet some difficult problems in your life.

如果你来我们学校，很可能会在生活中遇到一些难题。

9．表达有好处的形容词：beneficial

⑨From my point of view, our library should buy some popular science books and literary books because they are beneficial to us.

在我看来，我们的图书馆应该买一些科普书和文学类图书，因为这些书对我们有益处。

10．表达强调的副词：particularly, especially

⑩The more people earn, the more they seem to want, particularly when others earn more than they do.

人们赚得越多，似乎想要的也越多，尤其是当其他人赚得比他们多的时候。

（四）必备衔接和过渡性词汇

1．顺序类

①Firstly, I have always been interested in reading books. Secondly, I'd like to share my books with others as well.

首先，我一直对读书感兴趣；其次，我也喜欢与别人分享我的书籍。

②First of all, we'll try to find a place to live.

首先，我们得设法找个住的地方。

2．并列转折关系类

③Otherwise we'll have to answer for our selfishness sooner or later.

否则的话，我们迟早会为我们的自私付出代价。

3．因果关系类

④Therefore, I am writing to ask for your help as well as professional advice.

因此，我写信向你寻求帮助和专业建议。

4．递进关系类

⑤The weather was cold and wet. Still, we had a great time.

天气又冷又潮，不过我们仍旧玩得很开心。

⑥Moreover, the scenery along the river is amazing, with many well­known sightseeing spots.

而且，沿河的风景很美，有很多著名景点。

5．观点类

⑦As far as I'm concerned, all our classmates have learned a lot from our communication and the various activities.

在我看来，我们所有同学都从彼此的交流和各种活动中学到了很多东西。

⑧As for my favorite figure in Chinese history it must be Wei Yuan, a great thinker in the late Qing Dynasty.

至于中国历史上我最喜欢的人物，一定是清末伟大的思想家魏源。

6．总结类

⑨In conclusion, I like being praised, but I know sometimes it's not always good.

总之，我喜欢被表扬，但是我知道有时候表扬并不总是好的。

⑩All in all, traveling is the best choice to recharge ourselves and get ready for the new challenges.

总的来说，旅游是充实自己、准备迎接新挑战的最佳选择。

二、  表达多样的亮点句式

（一）变化句式，亮点立现

同一句子有不同的表达方式，但会呈现出不同的效果，有时为了英语的地道表达，可以采用以下方法变换句式。

1．主动变被动

We can borrow at most five books at a time, and we can keep them for ten days.(普通)

→At most five books can be borrowed at a time and they can be kept for ten days.(高级)

2．肯定句变双重否定句

She always arrives at the company on time every day.(普通)

→She never fails to arrive at the company on time every day.(高级)

（二）活用非谓，妙不可言

恰当地运用非谓语动词对简单句和复合句进行转换，不仅显得句式多样，句子活泼，而且读起来结构紧凑，言简意明。

1．运用非谓语动词转换简单句

第一步：写出两个简单句。

①In the newspaper of our school there is a column called “Foreign Cultures”．

②It aims to introduce American customs and the life of high school students.

第二步：让句①作主句，用非谓语动词改写句②。

第三步：让句②作定语，由于其动词aim与主语it之间为主谓关系，故用现在分词短语作定语。

In the newspaper of our school there is a column called “Foreign Cultures”， aiming to introduce American customs and the life of high school students.

2．运用非谓语动词转换复合句

第一步：写出复合句。

Since you have realized that your time is limited, you'll have to study for your goals without anger or hesitation.

第二步：把since引导的原因状语从句转换为非谓语动词，realize与you之间为主谓关系，且表示完成，故用现在分词的完成式作状语。

Having realized that your time is limited, you'll have to study for your goals without anger or hesitation.

（三）三大从句，灵活运用

三大从句指名词性从句、定语从句和状语从句，通过分析句子之间的关系，灵活选用合适的引导词可以把简单句升级为三大从句，从而增加文章的亮点，具体操作如下：

1．名词性从句

第一步：写出两个简单句。

①He said a lot at the meeting.

②His words were very attractive.

第二步：让句①作主语从句，可转换为“他在会上所说的话”，即what he said at the meeting。

第三步：把句①转换的主语从句和句②连在一起。

What he said at the meeting was very attractive.

2．定语从句

第一步：写出两个简单句。

①The foreigner is from Canada.

②He visited our class yesterday.

第二步：在句①中找出一个要修饰的词汇：the foreigner。

第三步：用句②充当定语从句，the foreigner为先行词指人，句②中的代词he指代the foreigner，且在句子中作主语，故用who或that作关系词。

The foreigner who/that visited our class yesterday is from Canada. 

3．状语从句

第一步：写出两个简单句。

①The final exam is around the corner.

②I decide to stay at home to go over my lessons.

第二步：让句①作原因状语从句，可转换为“因为期末考试就要到了”，即As the final exam is around the corner.

第三步：把句①转换的原因状语从句和句②连在一起。

As the final exam is around the corner, I decide to stay at home to go over my lessons.

（四）特殊句式，交替使用

特殊句式主要包括强调句、倒装句和省略句等。这类句式的使用可以使语言更加丰富，可读性更强，增强文章的亮点和吸引力。

1．使用强调句

第一步：写出一个句子。

Our parents have devoted their unconditional love to us，which indeed deserves our appreciation and reward.

第二步：找出要强调的句子成分。

强调主语Our parents。

第三步：根据句子时态确定用is还是was。

主从句使用一般现在时，所以应用is。

第四步：套用“It is/was＋被强调部分＋that＋其他”句式。

It's our parents who have devoted their unconditional love to us, which indeed deserves our appreciation and reward.　

2．使用倒装句

第一步：写出一个句子。

People from all over the world can only in this way communicate easily and effectively.

第二步：找出句中提示用倒装句的词或短语。

only ...

第三步：利用提示词确定倒装类型，进行倒装。

Only in this way can people from all over the world communicate easily and effectively.

3．使用省略句

第一步：写出一个句子。

Although they were faced with many problems, they didn't lose heart.

第二步：去掉从句中的主语和助动词(be)。

Although faced with many problems, they didn't lose heart.

三、内涵丰富的亮点谚语

谚语是普通群众共同创作并在口头上广为流传的固定语句，即用简单通俗的话来反映深刻的道理。在高中英语书面表达中恰当地运用谚语，可使语言活泼风趣，增强表现力，凸显文采。写作中常引用的谚语：

1．No pains, no gains.

不劳则无获。

2．Practice makes perfect.

熟能生巧。

3．Knowledge is power.

知识就是力量。

4．Time and tide wait for no man.

时不待人。

5．One is never too old to learn.

活到老，学到老。

6．Where there is a will, there is a way.

有志者，事竟成。

7．Everything comes to him who waits.

功夫不负有心人。

8．Failure is the mother of success.

失败是成功之母。

9．Don't put off till tomorrow what should be done today.

今日事今日毕。

10．Nothing is too difficult if you put your heart into it.

世上无难事，只怕有心人。

第二部分 常见错误和防范措施

一、 常见的四类错误

考场作文常见的错误主要分为四类：词汇类错误、语法类错误、汉语式英语和标点符号类错误。

（一）词汇类错误

考试时，很容易出现单词拼写错误和词形变化错误；而词性不清和词汇用法方面的错误主要还是受汉语思维的影响。其应对措施是在备考时要多注意容易拼错或容易出现词形变化错误的单词，真正用心去体会英语词汇的词性和运用，对一些固定习语更不能想当然地改动。

1．单词拼写错误

误：By the way, he's a senior High School student named Lihua from Tian Jin, china.

正：By the way, he's a senior high school student named Li Hua from Tianjin, China.

2.词形变化错误

误：People throwed cans, paper, bags and so on into the river water.

正：People threw cans, paper, bags and so on into the river water.

3．词性不清错误

误：Everyone in my family is like the dog.

正：Everyone in my family likes the dog.

4．词汇用法错误

误：He opened the light after he entered the room.

正：He turned on the light after he entered the room.

5．擅自改动习语

误：Nowadays most parents attach much importance with education.

正：Nowadays most parents attach much importance to education.

（二）语法类错误

一个正确的句子除了用词得当外，语法也应该准确无误。如果语法不正确，再好的构思也难以正确地表达，语法类错误会直接影响作文的档次。英语书面表达中语法类错误主要表现在：

1．时态错误

误：When he came back, he found that his wife has gone to bed.

正：When he came back, he found that his wife had gone to bed.

2．语态错误

误：Children who raise in poor families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years.

正：Children who are raised in poor families can generally deal with problems more effectively in their adult years.

3．主谓一致错误

误：Some students like books that is written by Lu Xun.

正：Some students like books that are written by Lu Xun.

4.比较级使用错误

误：With the development of transportation, the world seems to be getting more and more smaller.

正：With the development of transportation, the world seems to be getting smaller and smaller.

5．非谓语动词使用错误

误：The teacher came into the lab, following by some students.

（三）汉语式英语

一般来说，英汉两种语言既有许多相似之处，又有许多不同之处。在写作时如果想当然地去写，会出现许多汉语式英语，其中主要包括：

1．纯汉语式思维和汉语式语序

误：At this school studying, I really very happy.

正：Studying at this school, I am really very happy.

2．句子成分残缺

①误：There are many students don't support the project.

正：There are many students who don't support the project.

②误：He told me that all my classmates sitting in the classroom.

正：He told me that all my classmates were sitting in the classroom.

3．句子粘连

误：The old man has two sons, both of them work in the same company.

正：The old man has two sons, and both of them work in the same company.

正：The old man has two sons, both of whom work in the same company.

4．主谓搭配不当

误：He happened an accident yesterday.

正：An accident happened to him yesterday.

5．动宾搭配不当

误：They are trying their best to improve their production.

正：They are trying their best to increase their production.

6．形容词和名词搭配不当

误：We walked a far way before planting trees.

正：We walked a long way before planting trees.

7．动词和副词搭配不当

误：My grandfather very likes black tea and has it every day.

正：My grandfather likes black tea very much and has it every day.

8.介词和宾语搭配不当

误：They will build a monument on memory of the national  hero.

正：They will build a monument in memory of the national hero.

正：The teacher came into the lab, followed by some students.

（四）标点符号类错误

书写英文句子时，容易误用标点符号。标点符号是一种变相文字，是书面语不可缺少的重要手段，平时要比较英汉标点的差异，不可等闲视之。

两个或数个独立的句子用逗号断开的错误

误：Li Ping isn't old enough, he can not join the army.

正：Li Ping isn't old enough. He can not join the army.

正：Li Ping isn't old enough; he can not join the army.

二、  防范出现错误的两个措施

句子正确是作文得高分的关键和保证，考场上要避免上述低级错误，可采取以下两个措施。

（一）确定主语

英语句子无论多长都有自己的主语(祈使句省略了主语you)。写句子前首先要确定主语，其次要特别注意汉语与英语的区别。例如：

1．北京八月多雨。

误：Beijing rains much in August.

正：It rains much in Beijing in August.

2．写得很匆忙，我们发现书中满是错误。

误：Written in a hurry, we found the book full of mistakes.

正：Written in a hurry, the book was found full of mistakes (by us)．

（二）确定谓语动词

英语中没有动词就构不成句子，但动词千变万化，稍不注意就会写错句子。在写句子时应特别注意以下几个方面。

1．注意及物与不及物动词的正确运用

误：The living standard of the people has raised in the past twenty years.

正：The living standard of the people has risen/has been raised in the past twenty years.

2．注意延续性与非延续性动词的正确运用

误：His grandmother has died for fifteen years.

正：His grandmother has been dead for fifteen years.

3．注意一些不可用于被动语态的动词或动词短语

误：That dictionary is belonged to the library.

正：That dictionary belongs to the library.

【题型剖析】

1. （2022·全国·高考真题）你校将以六月八日世界海洋日为主题，举办英语征文比赛，请你写一篇短文投稿。

内容包括：

1. 海洋的重要性；

2. 保护海洋的倡议。

注意：1. 词数100左右；

2. 短文的题目和首句已为你写好。

____________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

2. （2021. 北京卷）假设你是红星中学高三学生李华。你和英国好友Jim原定本周末一起外出，你因故不能赴约。请你用英文给他写一封电子邮件，内容包括：

1.表达歉意并说明原因；

2.提出建议并给出理由。

注意：

1.词数100左右；

2.开头和结尾已给出，不计入总词数。

Dear Jim,

______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________

Yours,

Li Hua