【备战2023高考】英语全复习——专题03：定语从句 -精讲精练（上海用）

►专题03 定语从句用法梳理+高考题型组合练

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【考情链接】

定语从句是高考的重点+热点，定语从句的考查常出现在高考试题中的语法填空和句子翻译中，尤其是非限制性定语从句用法。高频考点有:

1.关系代词(that.which.who.whom.whose,as)和关系副词(where. when. why)的正确运用，特别是它们在非限制性定语从句中的运用。

2.限制性与非限制性定语从句的区别:

3.介词+关系代词的用法;

4.不定代词/数词+of which/whom 引导的非限制性定语从句:

5.定语从句与名词从句、状语从句、强调句、并列句、简单句的甄别。

【要点梳理】

         考点一：关系代词引导的定语从句

The little problems that we meet in our daily lives may be inspirations for great inventions.

I live next door to a couple whose children often make a lot of noise.

China Today attracts a worldwide readership，which shows that more and more people all over the world want to learn about China.

         考点二：关系副词引导的定语从句

We will put off the picnic in the park until next week，when the weather may be better.

Students should involve themselves in community activities where they can gain experience for growth.

Do you know the reason why he didn't attend the meeting yesterday?

         考点三：非限制性定语从句

1. 非限制性定语从句和主句的关系不十分密切，只是对先行词作些附加的说明，如果去 掉，主句的意思仍然清楚。这种从句与主句之间往往用逗号分开，一般不用that 引导。

e. g. Yesterday I met Li Ping, who seemed to be very busy. (昨天我遇到了李萍，她看起来很忙。）

2. which引导的非限制性定语从句既可修饰名词或代词，也可修饰整个句子。

e. g. A five-year-old boy can speak two foreign languages，which surprises all the people present.

(一个五岁男孩会讲两门外语，这令所有在场的人感到非常惊讶。）

3. 在非限制性定语从句中，还可把all, some，most, none或both加上of which或of whom来修饰或限定先行词。

e. g. He loved his parents deeply, both of whom are very kind to him.

(他深深地爱着他的父母，他们对他非常好。）

         考点四：“介词＋关系代词”引导的定语从句

1．“介词＋关系代词”引导定语从句时，介词的宾语只能用which或whom，且不能省略。

Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon which school education depends.

一些专家认为阅读是学校教育所依赖的基本技能。

September 30 is the day by which you must pay your bill.9月30日之前你必须缴付账单。

2．“名词/不定代词/数词/形容词比较级或最高级＋of＋which/whom”引导的定语从句，表示部分与整体关系。

Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears，none of which has been proved.

科学家们提出了很多关于人类为什么哭泣时流泪的理论，这些理论尚未得到证实。

Many young people，most of whom were well­educated，headed for remote regions to chase their dreams.

很多年轻人都去了偏远地区追求自己的梦想，他们中大部分都受过良好的教育。

3．在非限制性定语从句中，whose修饰物时可以换为“the＋名词＋of which”；修饰人时，可以换为“the＋名词＋of whom”。

The newly­built café，the walls of which (＝whose walls) are painted light green，is really a peaceful place for us，especially after hard work.

这家新建成的咖啡馆，墙被刷成了浅绿色，对我们来说，真是一个安静的地方，特别是在辛苦工作后。

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单句语法填空（用适当的关系代词或关系副词）

1.“I prefer to work in black and white，_______ allows me to show different specific worlds more clearly.”

2.The number of smokers， ______ is reported，has dropped by 17 percent in just one year.

3.As the smallest child of his family，Alex is always longing for the time ________ he should be able to be independent.

4.The boss of the company is trying to create an easy atmosphere ________ his employees enjoy their work.

5.The children，all of ________ had played the whole day long，were worn out.

6.Nowadays，it is common to see people staring at their mobile phones instead of reading a real book，about _________ many experts are worried.

7.In 1963 the UN set up the World Food Programme，one of ________ purposes is to relieve worldwide starvation.

8.The city was attacked by such terrible weather________ few citizens had ever experienced before.

9.There they met people from other parts of the country，______ had also volunteered to help.

10.It's helpful to put children in a situation _______ they can see themselves differently.

11.The house, ______ door often stays open until late at night，works as a home for the guards，some of ______ are from the countryside.

12.She showed the visitors around the museum，the construction of ______ had taken more than three years.

13.Lily took a few friends to my birthday party，none of_____ I was familiar with.

14.The artist was very proud of his creation and called it the best painting ________ he had ever done.

15.The App WeChat provides a networking platform _________ communication is faster and easier.

16.He wrote many children’s books,nearly half of _________ were published in the 1990s.

17.We will put off the picnic in the park until next week,  _________ the weather may be better.

18.Some experts think reading is the fundamental skill upon _______ school education depends. 

19. Please send us all the information ___________ you have about the candidate for the position.

20.Scientists have advanced many theories about why human beings cry tears,none of ______ has been proved.

 Translation（注意使用定语从句）

1. 我们工厂有两千名工人，其中三分之二是女的。（of whom )

2．他给我们讲了许多我们从来没有听说过的有趣的人和事。(that)

3. 两年前我工作的那个公司的老板在解决类似这种问题方面很有经验。 (whose)

4. 追求稳定并不是什么坏事，很多时候这样的态度在促使我们提升自我、挑战难度、攀登高峰。（when）

5 青少年问题的发展趋势值得我们关注和研究，也值得整个社会群策群力，共商对策。  (which)

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   历年上海高考真题及模拟试题优选

1.U.S. Interior Secretary Deb Haaland, ____23____ signed off on the law last year, said with the loss of tribal homelands in the early 1900s and decrease of bison herds, tribes lost traditional connections with the mammal. 【2022青浦二模】

2.“Most satellites are commercially owned, so if you have money you can buy that imagery, ____28____ means anyone can spy on anyone,” he said.【2022黄埔二模】

3.This amazing discovery was made in 1996, ____6____ a donkey fell into a hole and the animal’s owner saw the face of a shiny, golden-colored mummy inside. 【2022杨浦二模】

4.This part ____28____ impressed most viewers aimed to show that ordinary and diverse individuals can reflect the slogan—together for a bright future.【2022松江二模】

5.People gathered in their gardens ___7___ they shared hugs and offered words of hope and faith that they would see themselves through it all. 【2022静安二模】

6.Some think of the office as the new offsite, the purpose of ____3____ is to get people together so they can do the things that remote working makes harder: establishing deeper relationships or cooperating in real time on specific projects.【2022虹口二模】

7. “Shanghai is the city _____30_____ I have the best experience as a wheelchair user, but it still cannot guarantee that I can go out alone,” she says, adding that only with deep understanding and recognition can the system be implemented better. 【2022金山二模】

8.During the late 19th century, in what is now Slovakia, a newspaper editor and novelist named Anton Bielek worked to preserve the Slovak language and culture at a time ____1____ Hungary was in power and trying to impose its language on the region. 【2022长宁二模】

9.What began as a two-week trip quickly turned into journeys ____23____, both starting and finishing in midwinter, lasted the entire year.【2022浦东二模】

10.It allows machines to learn from data and imitate some of the things ____22____ humans can do. 【2022嘉定二模】

11. The waterscape, rockeries and flourishing willows may have ushered (引导) students to step into a "painting" ____23____ earthly beauty and dynamics of a real world can be felt.【2022徐汇二模】

12.____30____ the COVID-19 pandemic has shown, such exchanges can happen on virtual platforms. Africa’s female scientists are on the rise — and partnering with them could give sky-high returns.【2022奉贤二模】

                                                                         _____

Surprise! A New Penguin

A team of scientists in New Zealand recently came across the remains of a previously unknown species of penguin—by mistake. The discovery of the Waitaha penguin species, which has been extinct for 500 years, is exciting news for the scientific community (21) _______ it gives new insight into how past extinction events can help shape the present environment.

The researchers uncovered the Waitaha penguin remains while studying New Zealand’s rare yellow-eyed penguin. The team wanted to investigate the effects (22) _______ humans have had on the now endangered species. They studied centuries-old bones from (23) _______ they thought were yellow-eyed penguins and compared them with the bones of modern yellow-eyed penguins. Surprisingly, some of the bones were older than (24) _______ (expect). Even more shockingly, the DNA in the bones indicated that they did not belong to yellow-eyed penguins. The scientists concluded that these very old bones (25) ________ have belonged to a previously unknown species, which they named the Waitaha penguin.

By studying the bones, scientists further concluded that the Waitaha penguin was once native (26) ________ New Zealand. But after the settlement of humans on the island country, its population (27) ________ (wipe) out.

Based on the ages of the bones of both penguin species, the team discovered a gap in time between the disappearance of the Waitaha and the arrival of the yellow-eyed penguin. The time gap indicates that the extinction of the Waitaha penguin created the opportunity for the yellow-eyed penguin population (28) ________ (migrate) to New Zealand.   

(29) _________ yellow-eyed penguins thrived （兴盛） in New Zealand for many years, that species now also faces extinction. The yellow-eyed penguin today is considered one of the world’s (30) ________ (rare) species of penguin, with an estimated population of 7,000 that is now the focus of an extensive conservation effort in New Zealand. 

Everyone in business has been told that success is all about attracting and retaining (留住) customers. It sounds simple and achievable. But,   50  , words of wisdom are soon forgotten. Once companies have attracted customers they often   51   the second half of the story. In the excitement of beating off the competition, negotiating prices, securing orders, and delivering the product, managers tend to become carried away. They forget what they regard as the boring side of business—  52   that the customer remains a customer.

  53   to concentrate on retaining as well as attracting customers costs business huge amounts of money annually. It has been estimated that the average company loses between 10 and 30 per cent of its customers every years. In constantly changing   54  , this is not surprising. What is surprising is the fact that few companies have any idea how many customers they have lost.

Only now are organizations beginning to wake up to those lost opportunities and calculate the   55  implications. Cutting down the number of customers a company loses can make a big   56   in its performance. Research in the US found that a five per cent decrease in the number of defecting (流失的) customers led to   57   increases of between 25 and 85 per cent.

In the US, Domino’s Pizza estimates that a regular customer is worth more than $5,000 over ten years. A customer who receives a poor quality product or service on their first visit and   58   never returns, is losing the company thousands of dollars in   59   profits (more if you consider how many people they are likely to tell about their bad experience).

The logic behind cultivating customer   60   is impossible to deny. “In practice most companies’ marketing effort is focused on getting customers, with little attention paid to   61   them”, says Adrian Payne of Cornfield University’ School of Management. “Research suggests that there is a close relationship between retaining customers and making profits.   62   customers tend to buy more, are predictable and usually cost less to service than new customers. Furthermore, they tend to be less price   63  , and may provide free word-of-mouth advertising. Retaining customers also makes it   64   for competitors to enter a market or increase their share of a market.

50. A. in particular     B. in reality      C. at least       D. first of all
51. A. emphasize       B. doubt      C. overlook      D. believe
52. A. denying   B. ensuring     C. arguing        D. proving
53. A. Moving      B. Hoping     C. Starting       D. Failing
54. A. markets      B. tastes      C. prices       D. expenses
55. A. culture        B. social      C. financial      D. economical
56. A. promise      B. plan      C. mistake       D. difference
57. A. cost        B. opportunity     C. profit       D. budget
58. A. as a result        B. on the whole    C. in conclusion     D. on the contrary
59. A. huge        B. potential     C. extra       D. reasonable
60. A. beliefs     B. loyalty      C. habits       D. interest
61. A. altering        B. understanding    C. keeping       D. attracting
62. A. Assumed       B. Respected     C. Established      D. Unexpected
63. A. agreeable       B. flexible     C. friendly       D. sensitive
64. A. unfair        B. difficult     C. essential         D. convenient

A篇（选自2011上海高考卷）        Humpback whales

65. According to Quick Facts, a humpback whale ______.

A. cannot survive in waters near the shore       B. doesn’t live in the same waters all the time

C. lives mainly on underwater plants           D. prefers to work alone when hunting food

66. To make a breach, a humpback whale must ______.

A. use its tail flukes to leap out of the water    B. twist its body sideways to jump high.

C. blow two streams of water                D. communicate with a group of humpbacks.

67. From the passage we can learn that a humpback whale ______.

A. has its unique markings on it tail flukes      B. has black and white fingerprints

C. gets its name from the way it hunts          D. is a great performer due to its songs

B篇（选自2021全国新高考I卷）

Popularization has in some cases changed the original meaning of emotional intelligence. Many people now misunderstand emotional intelligence as almost everything desirable in a person's makeup that cannot be measured by an IQ test, such as character, motivation, confidence, mental stability, optimism and “people skills.” Research has shown that emotional skills may contribute to some of these qualities, but most of them move far beyond skill-based emotional intelligence.

We prefer to describe emotional intelligence as a specific set of skills that can be used for either good or bad purposes. The ability to accurately understand how others are feeling may be used by a doctor to find how best to help her patients, while a cheater might use it to control potential victims. Being emotionally intelligent does not necessarily make one a moral person.

Although popular beliefs regarding emotional intelligence run far ahead of what research can reasonably support, the overall effects of the publicity have been more beneficial than harmful. The most positive aspect of this popularization is a new and much needed emphasis on emotion by employers, educators and others interested in promoting social well-being. The popularization of emotional intelligence has helped both the public and researchers re-evaluate the functionality of emotions and how they serve people adaptively in everyday life.

Although the continuing popular appeal of emotional intelligence is desirable, we hope that such attention will excite a greater interest in the scientific and scholarly study of emotion. It is our hope that in coming decades, advances in science will offer new perspectives (视角) from which to study how people manage their lives. Emotional intelligence, with its focus on both head and heart, may serve to point us in the right direction.

32. What is a common misunderstanding of emotional intelligence?

A. It can be measured by an IQ test. B. It helps to exercise a person’s mind.

C. It includes a set of emotional skills. D. It refers to a person’s positive qualities.

33 Why does the author mention “doctor” and “cheater” in paragraph 2?

A. To explain a rule. B. To clarify a concept.

C. To present a fact. D. To make a prediction.

34. What is the author’s attitude to the popularization of emotional intelligence?

A. Favorable. B. Intolerant.

C. Doubtful. D. Unclear.

35. What does the last paragraph mainly talk about concerning emotional intelligence?

A. Its appeal to the public. B. Expectations for future studies.

C. Its practical application. D. Scientists with new perspectives.

Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. 

Joining a Study Group

Different people may find that different learning methods work best for them. While some would turn to tutoring in order to get better grades, others choose to join study groups. In fact, many universities encourage their students to form study groups and make good use of them.

“Two heads are better than one.” That’s the simple idea behind study groups. By participating in a study group, students can benefit some of their best academic resources: other students. They get to pick each other’s brains and improve their own understanding of different problems. Moreover, study groups can create slightly tense atmosphere in which it’s good to study. For example, some students tend to put off their schedule when they are studying by themselves; however, by joining a study group, they get to observe their peers who are working diligently and are likely to thus be motivated for working harder.

Study groups work best when they are small, but not too small — four to five participants is about right. And it’s necessary to make sure everyone has the same goal, to prepare for a particular test, to discuss class readings or to review lecture notes.

In addition, to maximize the efficiency, some study groups like to assign members certain roles, and thus efficiency will be promoted. Besides an organizer, who gets group members to agree to a common purpose and a convenient time and place, there often is a group member playing the role of a source-seeker, whose duty is to remind group members to identify their sources. For instance, when a group member says, “I read somewhere that…,” the source-seeker should ask for specifics. This person reminds the group that it’s important to know who said what and where it was said. And a gatekeeper, who tries to make sure that all group members are participating, may ask a direct question to help a shy person to participate, or find a way to get a dominating member to listen.

Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the word or phrase given in the brackets.

1. 如果你不用动作或眼神交流作为注意的标准，你怎么能判断一个学生是否在认真听呢？（tell）

2.无论采用何种销售策略，这个想要诓骗青少年的项目必然不攻自破。（intend）

3. 几个月前举行的展览如同一扇窗，从这里，世界能看到这个国家古老的文明从哪里来，向何处去。

（which）

4. 让新任馆长欣慰的是，得益于针对性的举措，原本积灰的展品焕然一新，博物馆也恢复了往日的风采。(restore)