【备战2023高考】英语全复习——专题12：完形填空 -精讲精练（上海用）

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►专题12 高考完形填空题高分突破+高考题型组合练
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考点精讲







【考情链接】
上海高考完形填空体裁议论文为主，夹叙夹议文，说明文次之，文章选材颇具哲理性，耐人寻味，可读性较强。在语言结构方面，长难句较多，逻辑思辨能力强，理解难度较大，在选项词性上以实词为主，其中动词、名词会占半壁江山，虚词几乎不会考查，特别注重对文章上下文语境的理解把握。考点设置上，句内层次题(答案由设空所在句子决定，多凭句子本身可知答案)和句组层次题(答案由设空临近句子决定，需前后寻找信息或暗示)所占比重较大，语篇层次题(答案中整篇文章的内涵决定，需统揽全局)考查难度较大。主要考察动词、名词、形容词、副词。偶尔会有过渡词、介词短语、动词短语、连词等。

【要点梳理】
Ø 解题技巧一：依据首句线索，紧扣主题选择。
首句通常是文章的主题句，便于考生对短文主题、内容或背景有个大概了解。它的目的是向考生提供时间、地点、人物、事件、论点等有用的信息。把握了主题句, 对于理解全文和解题很有帮助。
[示例] The term home schooling means educating children at home or in places other than a normal setting such as a public or private school. There are many reasons why parents choose home schooling for their children. Some parents…….Still other parents choose this type of __48__ for religious reasons.
48. A. activity B. education C. behavior D. belief
[示例] No limits! Imagine that normal limitations don’t __58__. You have as much time/space/money, etc. as you want. Think about your goal and the new __59__. If your goal is to learn to ski, __60__, you can now practice skiing every day of your life (because you have the time and the money). Now __61__ this to reality. Maybe you can practice skiing every day in December, or every Monday in January.
Be someone else! Look at the situation from a __62__ point of view. Good businessmen use this technique in trade, and so do writers. Fiction writers often imagine they are the __63__ in their books. They ask questions: What does this character want? Why can’t she get it? What changes must she make to get what she wants? If your goal involves other people, put yourself in their __64__. The best fishermen think like fish!
58. A. work B. last C. exist D. change
62. A. private B. global C. different D. practical
[示例]Research has shown that two-thirds of human conversation is taken up not with discussion of the cultural or political problems of the day, not heated debates about films we've just watched or books we've just finished reading, but plain and simple __51__.
51. A. claim B. description C. gossip D. language

Ø 解题技巧二：仔细推敲, 注意逻辑关系和过渡词。
做题时,要充分利用上下文,找到适当的逻辑关系。常考逻辑关系有：并列、转折、递进、对比、因果、让步、例证等。分为以下5种关系：
①　 对立关系
包括让步和转折关系，常见的标志词和短语：but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, unfortunately, although, even though, nevertheless, in spite of, regardless of, anyhow, instead of, rather than, not…but等。
②　 因果关系
常用的标志词和短语有：because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so…that, such…that, in order that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, in response to, on account of, because of, considering that, seeing that, in that, now that, as a result, for this reason等。
③　 并列关系
常用的标志词和短语有：and, or, neither…nor, either…or, not only…but also, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, the same…as等。
④　 总分关系
常用的标志词和短语有：such as, for example, for instance, to illustrate, as an illustration, to take an example, more specifically等。
⑤　 递进关系
常用的标志词和短语有：then, besides, additionally, in addition, furthermore, moreover, what is more, what’s worse, even worse等。
题目中一般也会考一题过渡词。以下为必须掌握的常考过渡词和词组：
[示例]　As a French graduate who has taught for more than twenty-five years, I believe I have some idea of why the failure is so total. the faults already found out in the education system as a whole — such as child-centered learning, the “discovery” method, and the low expectations by teachers of pupils — there have been several serious 56 which have a direct effect on language teaching.
55. A. Due to B. In addition to C. Instead of D. In spite of
[示例]If you studied pictures that ancient people left on rock walls and you tried to determine their meaning, you would not detect interest in romance among the artists. 51 , you would see plenty of animals with people running after them. Life for ancient people’s earned to center on hunting and gathering wild foods for meals.
51. A. Instead B. Therefore C. Moreover D. Otherwise
[示例] Revision is not just an afterthought that gets only as much time as you have at the end of an assignment. 56 , it is a major stage of the writing process, and writers revise every step of the way.
56. A. However B. Moreover C. Instead D. Therefore
[示例]　A pupil who can do his homework in a quiet and 59 room is in a much better position than a pupil who does his homework in a small, noisy room with the television on.
59. A. furnished B. expensive C. comfortable D. suitable

Ø 解题技巧三：根据上下文逻辑关系，辨析词义。
[示例]He had always been interested in medicine and had read a book, which discussed the idea of how body chemistry and health can be damaged by emotional stress and negative __47__. The book made Cousins think about the possible __48__ of positive attitudes and emotions.
47. A. attitudes B. beliefs C. goals D. positions
48. A. shortcoming B. harm C. benefit D. interest
[示例] The next generation of artificial intelligence (AI) promises to have an impact as big as the mobile revolution or the internet revolution. The positive opportunity before us is virtually ___timeless 21___—but for AI to meet its vast potential, it will require the right ___22___.
22. A. change B. conflict C. approach D. access

Ø 解题技巧四：注意同性或同形词的辨析。
[示例]…improve employee’s health and productivity, reduce legal liability, and _____ property values and rental returns.
A. involve B. enhance C. share D. show
[示例]Another important error is mixed-ability teaching, or teaching in ability groups so (wide) that the most able pupils are 59 and are bored while the least able are lost and 60 bored.
59．A．kept out B．turned down C．help back D．left behind
60．A．surprisingly B．individually C．equally D．regularly

Ø 解题技巧五：注意固定搭配，常用句型及生活常识以及文化背景确定选项。
[示例]　Just last year, I was 56.conducting a workshop when someone knocked at the classroom door. A woman __57__ the interruption and handed me an envelope.
57．A.regretted B．avoided C．excused D．ignored
固定搭配：包括动词与介词的搭配、动词与名词的搭配以及形容词与名词的搭配等，同时要根据内容选择正确的短语。
① The department for Education and Skills wants to 60 teaching of modem foreign languages (MFT) at an earlier stage in the future. Primary school children will get greater 61 to foreign language learning.
60. A. permit B. encourage C. demand D. offer
61. A. admission B. access C. chance D. approach
②That also explains why schools and companies organize challenging trips and physical activities to __62__ team spirit.
62. A. build up B. put down C. take over D. make out

Ø 解题技巧六: 利用原词复现或同现, 选择最佳选项。 
[示例]　While high school does not generally encourage students to explore new aspects of life，college sets the stage for that exploration. I myself went through this __41__ process and found something that has changed my 42.experience at college for the better：I discovered ASL—American Sign Language(美式手语)．
41．A.searching B．planning C．natural D．formal
[示例]　Many firms already claim to be “customer-driven” or “consumer-centered”. Now their 62 will be tested as never before.
62.A. information B. investment C. claims D. shops

Ø 解题技巧七：仔细分析长难句，找出主从句等。
[示例]①In today’s American society, high school dropout has day by day grown into a big problem threatening social and economic stability, as many cases of family ___51___ or even tragedies, caused by youth dropout are grabbing headlines in media.
51.A. objections B. conflicts C. establishments D. happiness
[示例]②In many countries, the language of education is not the same as the language of the home for 53 the majority of children . Furthermore, in many countries, young language learners comprise the most rapidly growing segment of the elementary (primary) school population. 54 While in some schools there is no extra support to help young language learners acquire the language of instruction, in most countries where there are large numbers of young learners, there is a ___55___ awareness of their special needs.
55. A. reducing B. watching C. growing D. slipping
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重点小练







Ecotourism is often regarded as a form of nature-based tourism and has become an important alternative source of tourists. It is broadly defined as low _____41_____ travel to endangered and often undisturbed locations. It is different from traditional tourism because it allows the traveler to become educated about the areas. And it often provides funds for conservation and _____42_____ the economic development of places that are frequently poverty-stricken.
Ecotourism and other forms of sustainable travel have their _____43_____ with the environmental movement of the 1970s. Ecotourism itself did not become prevalent (流行的) as a travel concept until the late 1980s. During that time, increasing environmental awareness and a desire to travel to natural locations as _____44_____ to built up tourist locations made ecotourism desirable.
Since then, several different organizations specializing in ecotourism have developed and many different people have become experts on it. Martha D. Honey, PhD, a co-founder of the Center for Responsible Tourism, _____45_____, is just one of many ecotourism experts.
Opportunities for ecotourism exist in many different locations worldwide and its activities can vary _____46_____.
Madagascar, for instance, is famous for its ecotourist activity as it is a biodiversity hotspot, but also has a high priority for environmental conservation and is devoted to reducing poverty. Conservation International says that 80% of the country's animals and 90% of its plants are _____47_____ to the island. Madagascar's lemurs (马达加斯加狐猴) are just one of many _____48_____ that people visit the island to see.
Because the island's government is _____49_____ to conservation, ecotourism is allowed in small numbers because education and funds from the travel will make it easier in the future. _____50_____, this tourist revenue also aids in reducing the country's poverty.
Despite the popularity of ecotourism in the above-mentioned examples, there are several _____51_____ of ecotourism as well. The first of these is that there is no one definition of the term so it is difficult to know which trips are _____52_____ considered ecotourism.
Critics of ecotourism also cite that increased tourism to _____53_____ areas or ecosystems without proper planning and management can actually harm the ecosystem and its species because the infrastructure needed to sustain tourism such as roads can contribute to environmental degradation (恶化).
Ecotourism is also said by critics to have a negative impact on _____54_____ communities because the arrival of foreign visitors and wealth can shift political and economic conditions and sometimes make the area _____55_____ tourism instead of the domestic economic practices.
Regardless of these criticisms though, ecotourism and tourism, in general, are increasing in popularity all over the globe and tourism plays a large role in many worldwide economies.
41 A. impact B. frequency C. standard D. profit
42 A. undergoes B. supervises C. benefits D. ignores
43. A. agencies B. impacts C. obstacles D. origins
44. A. addicted B. opposed C. reduced D. attached
45. A. in particular B. in a sense C. as a result D. for example
46. A. widely B. accordingly C. respectively D. naturally
47. A. subject B. fatal C. peculiar D. close
48. A. residents B. species C. properties D. locations
49. A. restricted B. accustomed C. connected D. committed
50. A. After all B. On occasion C. By contrast D. In addition
51. A. perspectives B. consequences C. criticisms D. methods
52. A. briefly B. truly C. luckily D. carefully
53. A. sensitive B. inaccessible C. cultivated D. vast
54. A. agricultural B. remote C. local D. divided
55. A. depend on B. differ from C. deal with D. dig into
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好题必测





2017上海春考
Directions: For each blank in the following passages there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context.
Ever been just about to call someone when the phone rings and the person in question is on the other end? Or have you experienced a sudden feeling of unease or danger, even though you're in a(n) 41 situation? If you don’t believe in it, you’ll put it down to 42 and an overactive imagination. But some people believe it is 43 that there is a sixth sense beyond smell, taste, touch, hearing and sight. Now, scientists are carrying out experiments not only to prove that it exists, but also to find out how you can 44 it to your advantage.
Dean Radin, a researcher in California, has set up the Boundary Institute in Los Altos and is currently using its website to recruit (招募) 4, 000 people in 57 countries to find out if there are any 45 instances of sixth sense or, as he calls it, "recognition"— the ability to predict outcomes. The results so far are 46 . In a card test, where you have to 47 which of the five cards on a computer screen will be turned over to reveal a picture, the top scorers hit the the right card 48% of the time— 48 of this happening are 2,669 to 1.
49 , Radin’ s most famous study involves participants looking at a variety of image that are designed to stimulate a specific response. In the experiment, participants sit alone in room in front of a computer, with devices attached to their bodies to measure changes in skin resistance and blood flow, which are measures of emotional arousal. Radin has found that one in six people has a rise in arousal before they see the road accident-type pictures, while remaining 50 before the tree-type pictures.
But even if you do accept that a sixth sense exists, the question is, does it actually 51 ? Radin says it does. “The future of our civilization depends on 52 that are being made now, whether it's about how we farm our food, how we get rid of our waste or whether we allow chemicals to be included in everyday products. We don’ t have answers to these important questions, yet what we decide on will 53 our lives for decades or longer. Anything we can do to improve our ability to predict future events is well worth the 54 .” He says. If it turns out that some people can genuinely forecast the future some of the time, as I believe the data shows, then 55 this ability is as important as cutting-edge science.
41. A. unfamiliar B. tough C. harmless D. ridiculous
42. A. coincidence B. resistance C. innovation D. distraction
43. A. mystery B. evidence C. falsehood D. innocence
44. A. alter B. define C. find D. use
45. A. historical B. strange C. mistaken D. true
46. A. extraordinary B. inevitable C. alarming D. disappointing
47. A. ask B. guess C. recall D. learn
48. A. figures B. methods C. scores D. chances
49. A However B. Otherwise C. Meanwhile D. Consequently
50. A. active B. calm C.silent D. alert
51. A. serve any purpose B. take any advantage C. make any progress D. win any support
52. A. inquiries B. decisions C. donations D. comparisons
53. A. ruin B. improve C. affect D. maintain
54. A. expense B. risk C. effort D. wait
55. A. proving B. challenging C. limiting D. understanding

2019上海高考
Directions: For each blank in the following passage there are four words or phrases marked A, B, C and D. Fill in each blank with the word or phrase that best fits the context .
We’re told that writing is dying. Typing on keyboards and screens____41____ written communication today. Learning cursive, joined-up handwriting was once____42____ in schools. But now, not so much. Countries such as Finland have dropped joined-up handwriting lessons in schools____43____ typing courses. And in the US, the requirement to learn cursive has been left out of core standards since 2013. A few US states still place value on formative cursive education, such as Arizona, but they' re not the____44____.
Some experts point out that writing lessons can have indirect____45____. Anne Trubek, author of The History and Uncertain Future of Handwriting, argues that such lessons can reinforce a skill called automaticity. That’s when you've perfected a task, and can do it almost without thinking, ____46____ you extra mental bandwidth to think about or do other things while you’re doing the task. In this sense, Trubek likens handwriting to____47____.
“Once you have driven for a while, you don't____48____ think ‘Step on gas now’ [or] ‘Turn the steering wheel a bit’,” she explains. “You just do it. That's what we want children to____49____ when learning to write. You and I don't think ‘now make a loop going up for the ‘1’- or "now look for the letter 'r' on the keyboard. Trubek has written many essays and books on handwriting, and she doesn't believe it will die out for a very 1ong time, “if ever”. But she believes students are learning automaticity faster with keyboards than with handwriting: students are learning how to type without looking at the keys at____50____ ages , and to type faster than they could write, granting them extra time to think about word choice or sentence structure. In a piece penned (if you'll pardon the expression) for the New York Times last year, Trubek argued that due to the improved automaticity of keyboards, today's children may well become better communicators in text as____51____ takes up less of their education. This is a(n) ____52____ that has attracted both criticism and support.
She explains that two of the most common arguments she hears from detractors regarding the decline of handwriting is that not____53____ it will result in a “loss of history” and a “loss of personal touch”.
On the former she____54____ that 95% of handwritten manuscripts can't be read by the average person anyway — “that's why we have paleographers,” she explains, paleography being the study of ancient styles of writing — while the latter refers to the warm____55____ we give to handwritten personal notes, such as thank-you cards. Some educators seem to agree, at least to an extent, (466 words)
（ ）41. A. abandons B. dominates C. enters D. absorbs
（ ）42. A. compulsory B. opposite C. crucial D. relevant
（ ）43. A. in want of B. in case of C. in favour of D. in addition to
（ ）44. A. quantity B. minimum C. quality D. majority
（ ）45. A. responsibility B. benefits C. resources D. structure
（ ）46. A. granting B. getting C. bringing D. coming
（ ）47. A. sleeping B. driving C. reviewing D. operating
（ ）48. A. eventually B. constantly C. equivalently D. consciously
（ ）49. A. adopt B. reach C. acquire D. activate
（ ）50. A. slower B. later C. faster D. earlier
（ ）51. A. handwriting B. adding C. forming D. understanding
（ ）52. A. trust B. look C. view D. smile
（ ）53. A. containing B. spreading C. choosing D. protecting
（ ）54. A. commits B. counters C. completes D. composes
（ ）55. A. associations B. resources C. procedures D. іntеraсtіonѕ

_____
高考题型组合练

Section A：六选四填空



Section B：完型填空
Section B：完型填空

In 1969, when Neil Armstrong first landed on the Moon, many people thought soon we would be regularly visiting other planets. This is clearly not the case. The reality is that space exploration is extremely difficult and dangerous. Some people believe it is a waste of the public purse and does nothing to improve our lives. Why do we continue to explore space,then?
___37___ From the very early days of human life on the Earth, our curiosity about the unknown has kept us adventuring into new places. While space exploration is a reality, we remain curious about the mysteries of the universe. With each space mission comes greater insight, thus motivating us to continue along the same path of adventure.
With technologies developed for space exploration, we can solve some big problems facing mankind, making our lives safer and easier. ___38___ Originally applied to the space shuttle launch, they have also been set up in the cities with a high frequency of earthquakes to protect buildings and save lives.
Although space exploration demands huge investment, it can actually bring great economic value. The global space economy is increasing by billions of dollars every year. ___39___ Jobs in the space industry go far beyond the astronauts. There are many support staff on the ground, such as engineers and research assistants.
Moreover, the amazing work can provide education and inspiration for the next generation. Such wonders as a space shuttle launch or astronauts walking on the Moon are incredibly inspiring to witness. These moments shape children’s lives forever and motivate them to become the scientists and engineers of the future. ___40___
A. These scientific and technological advances can benefit societies in many areas.
B. It is in our nature to explore.
C. The universe is too mysterious to explore.
D. One of these is earthquake shock absorbers.
E. It can also provide a variety of career opportunities.
F.When you’ve seen a man walk on the Moon, you grow up believing anything is possible!

Section B：词汇运用




India’s fibre broadband market to be developed
India’s fibre broadband is an underserved market, and further efforts are needed to help operators gain ‘wallet share’ among top-end of consumption class, in turn,____21____(support) converged offerings, according to a report. India’s wireline broadband market is seeing a pickup ____22____one million new connections in year to date.
The report noted that among the operators, Reliance Jio added ____23____ (high) new subscribers to reach nearly 1.2 million and Bharti Airtel is the largest private operator with 2.5 million users.
So far Jio, it observed, ______24______ (introduce) lower price entry plans, Bharti Airtel has followed and both now offer unlimited data.
“India’s fibre broadband has a huge potential market and invites _____25_____ (renew) efforts. Gaining wallet share among top-end of India’s consumption class _____26_____support converged offerings,” it said. (Wallet share or share of wallet is a marketing term which_____27_____ (use) to denote portion of customer’s spend on a particular item, or service.)
The addition this year so far, is higher than cumulative 0.9 million subscriber addition over FY17-20, according to the report _____28_____ further pointed that India wireline broadband market had stagnated at mere 0.3 million annual adds over past three years.
“Within wireline broadband, ____29____share of fibre is growing faster, it is limited at 15 per cent/3 million of the total, and overall broadband penetration is still abysmal at 7 per cent of all-India households,” it said.
It is estimated, according to the report, ____30____India’s wireline broadband market is USD 2 billion which is 10 per cent under the current USD 22 billion annual revenues of India mobile market and “heavily underserved”.

Section C：说明文阅读




There was a time when we thought humans were special in so many ways. Now we know better. We are not the only species that feels emotions, or follows a moral code. Neither are we the only ones with personalities, cultures and the ability to design and use tools. Yet we have all agree that one thing, at least, makes us unique: we alone have the ability of language.
It turns out that we are not so special in this aspect either. Key to the revolutionary reassessment of our talent for communication is the way we think about language itself. Where once it was seen as an unusual object, today scientists find it is more productive to think of language as a group of abilities. Viewed this way, it becomes apparent that the component parts of language are not as unique as the whole.
Take gesture, arguably the starting point for language. Until recently, it was considered uniquely human - but not any more. Mike Tomasello of the Max Planck Institute for Evolutionary Anthropology in Leipzig, Germany, and others have collected a list of gestures observed in monkeys and some other animals, which reveals that gestures plays a large role in their communication. Ape(猿) gestures can involve touch, vocalising or eye movement, and individuals wait until they have another ape’s attention before making visual or auditory gestures. If their gestures go unacknowledged, they will often repeat them.
In an experiment carried out in 2006 by Erica Cartmill and Richard Byrne from the University of St Andrews in the UK, they got a person to sit on a chair with some highly desirable food such as banana to one side of apes and some undesirable food such as vegetables to the other. The apes, who could see the person and the food from their enclosures, gestured at their human partners to encourage them to push the desirable food their way. If the person showed incomprehension and offered the vegetables, the animals would change their gestures - just as a human would in a similar situation. If the human seemed to understand while being somewhat confused, giving only half the preferred food, the apes would repeat and exaggerate their gestures - again in exactly the same way a human would. Such findings highlight the fact that the gestures of the animals are not merely inborn but are learned, flexible and under voluntary control - all characteristics that are considered preconditions for human-like communication.
1. Compared with all the other animals, we agree that humans alone ________.
A. own the ability to show their personalities
B. are capable of using language to communicate
C. have moral standards and follow them in society
D. are intelligent enough to release and control emotions
2. According to the passage, humans are not so special in language ability because language ________.
A. involve some abilities that can be mastered by animals
B. is a talent impossibly owned by other animals
C. can be divided into different components
D. are productive for some talented animals
3. What can we learn from that experiment by Cartmill and Byrne?
A. Apes can use language to communicate with the help of humans.
B. Repeating and exaggerating gestures is vital in language communication.
C. Some animals can learn to express and communicate through some trials.
D. The preferred food stimulates some animals to use language to communicate.
4. What is probably the best title of the language?
A. Language involves gestures! B. Animals language - gestures!
C. So you think humans are unique? D. The similarity between humans and apes.
Section D：概要写作




Directions: Reading the following passage. Summarize the idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
The UN's Millennium Development Goals included the ambition that by 2015 all the world's children would complete primary school. This has largely been achieved: nine out of ten children are now enrolled. Alas, the figure is not as impressive as it sounds. Even though most of the world's children go to school, an awful lot of them learn pretty much nothing there. According to a recent World Bank study of seven sub-Saharan African countries, half of nine-year-olds cannot read a simple word and three-quarters cannot read a simple sentence. The reason is terrible teaching: only 7% of teachers studied had the minimum knowledge needed to teach reading and writing effectively.
Paying teachers more, in the hope of recruiting better ones, is not the answer. In poor countries, teachers are well paid by local standards—annual salaries are four times GDP per person in India. Nor does raising or reducing pay seem to make much difference: neither a sharp cut in Pakistan in the late 1990s nor a sharp increase in Indonesia after 2005 had any impact on learning outcomes.
Several recent studies suggest ed-tech can help. It seems to bring about big improvements in poor countries. In a study of a range of interventions in poor countries—including smaller class sizes, incentives for teachers and pupils—tech had the biggest effect.
Some of the scarce resources being spent on teachers could therefore be better spent on ed-tech. That does not mean dumping computers on schools in the hope that children will understand how to use them, a misconception on which plenty of money has been wasted. Instead, it means providing schools with software that children can use with minimal help from adults, that gets things right more often than the teachers do, that adjusts itself to the children’s ability, that sends teachers hints about what they are supposed to be teaching.
Technology is no cure all. Good traditional teacher are not out of date, and are never likely to be. And authorities need to hold teachers to account. But ed-tech can help greatly—by assisting the best teachers and, most importantly, making up for the failings of the worst.
Section B：句子翻译




Directions: Translate the following sentences into English, using the words given in the brackets.
1. 已经强制该国人民戴上口罩，没事别在街上闲逛。(force)
2. 一个人究竟怎样才能完成这样一个伟大的工程呢？（How）
3. 项目应为每个团队量身定制，这样才能激励队员们精诚团结，为达成目标不遗余力。(tailor)
4．如果杂志社的编辑能真正理解这位摄影师所面对的困难，就不会对他所做的事吹毛求疵了。(critical)
5. 这座能容纳200名观众的音乐厅已经老旧，亟需修复，不值一去。(worth)