【备战2023高考】英语全复习——专题15：阅读理解词义猜测题 -精讲精练（上海用）

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►专题15 阅读理解词义猜测题高分技巧+高考题型组合练
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考点精讲







【考情链接】
词义猜测题基本上是阅读理解每年必考的题型。阅读文章时, 常常会遇到一些未见过的词, 但这类生词的词义大都可以通过上下文推断出来, 这是阅读理解中经常检测的一种能力。此类题型要求学生根据阅读材料提供的信息, 结合学习中积累的常识和经验对生词的含义、熟词生义和短语、句子的含义加以猜测, 以及对代词的指代对象准确定位。命题人要求猜测词义的词一般是实词及其词组。題型和考查角度：
1.猜测生词或熟词生义。
2.猜测短语的意义。
3.猜测代替词所替代的内容。
4.猜测句意。
此类考题目要求考生能根据上下文确定某一特定的词或短语的准确含义。一般提问方式如下：
1) The word “ABC” in the passage probably means ________.
2) The underlined word “ABC” in the passage refers to/means _______.
3) Which of the following is closest in meaning to the underlined word in the second paragraph？
4) The underlined sentence in the last paragraph means ____．
5) The word "it（them）" in the first paragraph refers to ____．
这种题型要求对文章中的划线生词进行词义猜测。这类题型不仅要求具备一定构词法，而且也要求对上下文具有比较全面的理解。做词意猜测时，应注意划线生词后面的定语从句、同位语从句。定语从句、同位语从句通常用来解释生词的词意。另外，还要应注意生词后的标点符号，如逗号、破折号、引号、括号都可用于提示词意。有时，词意隐藏在全文或某一段中，这就需要把握文段的意境来加以透知该词的含义。在高考阅读题中，考生要在心目中树立起上下文观念，要学会"顺藤摸瓜"，通过构词，语法，定义，同位，对比，因果，常识，上下文等线索确定词义。

【要点梳理】
Ø 考点一：单词或短语意义猜测
上下文猜词义。猜测任何词义都离不开上下文，所以要借助上下文对需要猜测的词或短语进行合乎逻辑的推测。可利用下列方法：
(1)根据定义或上下文解释进行猜测。有时短文中出现一个需要猜测其意义的词或短语，下面接着出现其定义或解释，这就是判断该词或短语意义的主要依据。
(2)根据同位关系进行猜测。阅读中出现的难词有时下文紧跟一个同位语，对上文的词进行解释，这时可利用同位关系对上文或下文的词义或短语意义进行猜测。
(3)根据构词法进行猜测。在英语中，有很多词可以加前缀或后缀构成一个新词，如果掌握了一定的构词知识，就不难猜出它的词义。
(4)根据因果关系进行猜测。在一篇阅读文章中，根据原因可以预测结果，根据结果也可以找出原因。
(5)根据转折或对比关系进行猜测。根据上下句的连接词，如but，however，otherwise等可知上下句存在转折关系，从而依据某一句的含义，来确定另一句的含义。

【2022虹口二模】
Having both is a good idea though it may sound extra redundant. You don’t want to entirely rely on the Cloud, just in case you lose access to your account, or if the provider closes down. And you don’t want to rely exclusively on offline storage, say, on a plug-in hard disk stored at the back of a cupboard, because if disaster strikes then your back-up will burn down alongside your computer and the rest of your belongings.
37. The underlined word “redundant” in paragraph 3 most probably means ________.
A. unnecessary B. demanding C. meaningful D. useless
【答案】37. A
【解析】词句猜测题。A. unnecessary不必要的；B. demanding要求高的；C. meaningful有意义的；D. useless无用的。首先，划线单词所在句的“though”说明“good”和划线单词前后语义相对，说明划线单词是个贬义词。该句本段的中心句，该段分别探讨了只有线上备份和只有离线备份的数据丢失风险情况，由此推知，中心句讲的是线上、离线双备份这种方式看似冗余、不必要，但其实缺少了其中一种，数据丢失的风险都会加大，所以划线单词与A项语义接近。故选A项。

【2022闵行二模】
The population of rare Atlantic puffins in Maine, US, took a hit this year, as the number of chicks to survive a tough summer collapsed. The state's coastal bays and the Gulf of Maine are among the fastest warming large water bodies on the planet, making the puffins' fate a test-case for how climate change could disrupt marine ecosystems worldwide.
56. The phrase “took a hit” (in the 1st paragraph) probably mean “________”.
A. suffer heavy losses B. escape bad fortune
C. increase on a large-scale D. decline moderately
【答案】56. A
【解析】词句猜测题。根据画线词后文“as the number of chicks to survive a tough summer collapsed”可知，今年，在这个艰难的夏天生存下来的雏鸟数量锐减，所以美国缅因州稀有的大西洋海雀遭受重大损失。故画线词意思是“遭受重大损失”，故选A。

【2022静安二模】
St. Petersburg enjoys a wide variety of bars meant for that original Russian vodka experience including the famous bar ryumochnaya. The bar was originally meant to defy the misbehavior of labeling people. It was a place for everyone to just enjoy a drink. A billionaire could be sitting happily next to a worker.
41. The underlined word defy is closest in meaning to______.
A. highlight B. imitate C. resist D. reward
【答案】 41. C
【解析】词义猜测题。根据划线词后文“It was a place for everyone to just enjoy a drink. A billionaire could be sitting happily next to a worker. (这是一个让每个人都能享受一杯酒的地方。一个亿万富翁可以快乐地坐在一个工人旁边。)”可知，每个人，不分等级都能在这里享受一杯酒，由此可知，这家酒吧抵制给人贴标签的不当行为。所以划线单词defy为“抵制”之意。故选C。

【2022徐汇二模】
The Internet is changing the way we communicate. LOL, awks, amazeballs, BRB, the use of emoji and emoticon — and even writing facial expressions such as ‘sad face’— have all become standard in digital communications. So ingrained, in fact, that they’re changing the way we write and even talk.
56. What does the word “ingrained” in paragraph 1 most probably mean?
A. Deep-rooted. B. Long-lasting. C. Well-equipped. D. Single-minded.
【答案】56. A
【解析】词句猜测题。根据划线词上文“The Internet is changing the way we communicate. LOL, awks, amazeballs, BRB, the use of emoji and emoticon — and even writing facial expressions such as ‘sad face’— have all become standard in digital communications.(互联网正在改变我们的交流方式。网络流行语（LOL，awks，amazeballs，BRB）和表情符号的使用甚至还有画出的“悲伤的脸”等面部表情都已成为数字通信的标准)”及下文“in fact, that they’re changing the way we write and even talk.(事实上，它们正在改变我们写作甚至说话的方式)”可知，网络流行语和表情符号影响非常深远。由此可知，划线词与deep-rooted(根深蒂固的)意思接近。故选A项。

【2021金山一模】
The bus was full, bumpy, and it soon got noisy as her kid began crying because he couldn’t sit next to his mother. There were a couple of open seats, but they weren’t together. She was flustered and looked embarrassed.
56. The underlined word “flustered” in the second paragraph is closest in meaning to _______.
A. angry B. anxious C. scared D. upset
【答案】56. D
【解析】词义猜测题。根据第二段“The bus was full, bumpy, and it soon got noisy as her kid began crying because he couldn’t sit next to his mother. There were a couple of open seats, but they weren’t together(巴士满了人，颠簸不平，很快就变得很吵，因为她的孩子哭了起来，因为他不能坐在妈妈旁边。有两个空位，但他们不在一起).”可知，她很心慌，显得很尴尬。第二段中划线词“flustered”意思最接近于upset (不安的)，故选D。

【2022浦东二模】
To tease apart these features of emotion regulation, Varma designed an experimental situation in which they put participants into an “emotion induction (引导)” treatment. Participants read a story that was intended to cause a negative emotion such as a hit-and-run car accident or the death of your dog.
64. The underlined phrase “tease apart” (Para 3, Line 1) is closest in meaning to _________.
A. identify B. combine C. emphasize D. dominate
【答案】 64. A
【解析】短语猜测题。结合划线部分后“Varma designed an experimental situation in which they put participants into an ‘emotion induction (引导)’ treatment(Varma设计了一个实验情境，让参与者接受‘情绪引导’治疗)”及下一段中提到的试验结果“People with BPD were equal to the control participants in the negativity of their expressed emotion, the intensity of that emotion, and even the words they used to describe their emotions.(BPD患者表达情绪的消极程度，情绪的强度，甚至他们用来描述自己情绪的词汇，都与对照组的参与者相同)”可推知，Varma的试验目的是梳理情绪调节的特征，tease apart意为“梳理，确认”，故选A项。

【2016上海高考】
Nervous suspects locked up in Britain's newest police station may feel relieved by a pleasant yellow colour on the door. If they are close to confessing a crime, the blue on the wall might tip the balance.
56. The expression “tip the balance” in paragraph 1 probably indicates that the blue might_________.
A. let suspects keep their balance.
B. make suspects cold and unfriendly in law court.
C. help suspects to confess their crimes.
D. enable suspects to change their attitudes to colours.
【答案】C
【解析】 短语猜测题。根据Nervous suspects(嫌疑犯) locked up in Britain's newest police station may feel relieved by a pleasant yellow colour on the door. If they are close to confessing a crime, the blue on the wall might tip the balance可知，黄色和蓝色是让人放松心情的颜色，所以在坦白罪行的时候能够缓解情绪，有利于罪行的交代，故选C。

Ø 考点二：猜测代替词所替代的内容
就近原则找指代。猜测代替词的指代内容，要求判断代词(it, one, they, this, that, these, those, which等)或助动词(do, does, did 等)具体替代什么。可按以下三步进行：返回原文，找到指代词→向上(有时向下)搜索，找最近的名词、代词，短语或句子→将找到的词、词组或句子代入替代该指代词，看意思和逻辑关系是否通顺，从而确定最佳选项。

【2022宝山二模】
But be warned: Some escape rooms are extraordinary because they are intense. We learned that the hard way when we invited a large group of friends to one. Some of them had never tried an escape room before. They were a little nervous, but we assured them that escape rooms are relaxing and fun. “They aren’t scary or too high pressure,” we said. Well, we were wrong. It turns out some are a bit over the top, but we enjoyed that, too! There is nothing like the feeling of solving problems as a team.
62. What does the word “They” in bold in the last paragraph probably mean?
A. The writer’s friends. B. The companies.
C. Escape rooms. D. The problems.
【答案】62. C
【解析】词句猜测题。根据最后一段的“Some of them had never tried an escape room before. They were a little nervous, but we assured them that escape rooms are relaxing and fun.(他们当中有一些从来没有玩过密室逃脱。他们有点紧张，但是我们向他们保证密室脱逃让人放松且有趣。)”可知，我的一些朋友害怕玩密室逃脱，因此作者试图说服他们放宽心去玩，密室逃脱一点都不可怕。所以“They”指的是“密室逃脱”。故选C项。

【2017闵行一模】
They swim lovely along the shore, looking for underwater greens to feed on. But these days, along Florida’s western coast, something is mixing with the sea grass that manatees(海牛) like to eat. And it’s making them sick - even killing them.
56. The word “them” (in the 1st paragraph) probably refers to “________”.
A. underwater greens B. algae
C. manatees D. endangered animals
【答案】C
【解析】词义猜测题。句意：但在最近日子里，沿着佛罗里达的西海岸与海草混合着海牛喜欢吃东西。而这正是海牛致病的东西，甚至杀了他们。此处“then”指代句子前文部分出现的“manatees(海牛)”。故选C。

Ø 考点三： 句意猜测题
意义吻合推句意。句意猜测要求通过阅读文章，用合适的语句对其进行解释性的描述。具体技巧如下：
(1)返回原文，找到该句，对原句进行语法和逻辑关系分析。对于需要猜测句意的情形，首先要理解句子的前后特定语境，然后根据语境对此句在文中的意思进行有依据的推理，最后再进行归纳总结，得出答案。
(2)一般来说，正确选项的意思和原句的意思完全相同，只不过是用其他的词汇或句式来转换表达而已。
【2022徐汇二模】
The fastest growing ‘new language’ in the world is emoticons (faces) and emojis (images of objects, which hail from Japan), which are one of the biggest changes caused by digital communications. “Facial expressions, visual presence and body language have always been vital to being a confident speaker, but now emojis are blurring the lines between verbal and written communication,” thinks Kermode, who adds that cavemen had early versions of emojis on the sides of their caves. “Pictures, cartoons or emojis are ‘shortcuts’ so we can be clear about what our message really means.”
57. Which of the following statement correctly interprets the underlined sentence but now emojis are blurring the lines between verbal and written communication in paragraph 5?
A. Emojis are mixing up the spoken words and the written words in our daily conversations.
B. Emojis are making the differences between spoken and written communication less clear.
C. Emojis are in line with spoken and written expressions.
D. Emojis are helping spoken and written communication become more straight-forward.
【答案】 57. B
【解析】词句猜测题。根据第五段的“Facial expressions, visual presence and body language have always been vital to being a confident speaker, but now emojis are blurring the lines between verbal and written communication, (面部表情、视觉存在和肢体语言一直是成为一个自信的说话者的关键，但现在表情符号模糊了口头和书面交流之间的界限)”可知，划线句子的意思是“表情符号使口头和书面交流之间的差异变得不那么清晰了”。故选B项。

【2018奉贤二模】
Breathtaking scenery and famous sights everywhere. From the legendary Island of Capri to the haunting ruins of Pompeii ,and from the unforgettable “Amalfi Drive” to the delightful resorts of Positano, Sorrento and Ravello, the area is a feast for the eyes! Should you choose to join us, we know that you will not be disappointed!
62. The underlined part “the area is a feast for the eyes” in the passage means __________.
    A. the area is pleasing to the eye  B. the area is really unforgettable
C. the area catches the tourists’ eye                D. the area is crowded with tourists
【答案】A
【解析】 句子理解题。根据这一段中“Breathtaking scenery and famous sights everywhere .可猜测出the area is a feast for the eyes的意思是“这个地方非常令人赏心悦目，故选A。

【2019青浦期末】
London resolved to live a full， exciting life．He once said，"I would rather be a superb meteor（流星）， every atom of me in magnificent glow，than a sleepy and permanent planet．" Each day，he pushed himself． Once London determined that he was going to be a writer，nothing could stop him．His goal was to write at least one thousand words every day．He refused to stop even when he was sick．In eighteen years，the writer published fifty﹣one books and hundreds of articles．He was the best﹣selling and highest﹣paid author of his day．Many people also considered him to be the best writer．White Fang and The Call of the Wild are his most famous stories and are about surviving in the Alaskan wilderness．Readers can enjoy Jack London's energy and his talent for telling wonderful stories each time they open one of his novels．
The underlined sentence in the last paragraph indicates that Jack London　　．
A．is expert at universe． B． aims high and strive to succeed．
C．is excited about life if the wildness． D． face a choice between life and death．
【答案】B
【解析】句子理解。根据最后一段 He once said， "I would rather be a superb meteor（流星）， every atom of me in magnificent glow， than a sleepy and permanent planet．" Each day， he pushed himself．他曾说："我宁愿成为一颗卓越的流星，我的每一个原子都在灿烂的光辉中，也不愿成为一个沉睡的、永恒的行星．"每天，他都在鞭策自己．可知暗示Jack London要制定高远目标奋斗到成功，故选B．
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重点小练







【例1】(2021·全国甲卷·C篇)Southbank, at an eastern bend in the Thames, is the center of British skateboarding, where the continuous crashing of skateboards left your head ringing. I loved it. I soon made friends with the local skaters. We spoke our own language. And my favorite: Safe. Safe meant cool. It meant hello. It meant don't worry about it. Once, when trying a certain trick on the beam (横杆), I fell onto the stones, damaging a nerve in my hand, and Toby came over, helping me up: Safe, man. Safe. A few minutes later, when I landed the trick, my friends beat their boards loud, shouting: “Safe! Safe! Safe！” And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater.
9．What do the underlined words “Safe! Safe! Safe！” probably mean?
A．Be careful! B．Well done! C．No way! D．Don't worry!
【答案】B　
【解析】词义猜测题。根据画线词下文“And that's what mattered—landing tricks, being a good skater. (那才是真正重要的——滑板的落地技巧掌握了才是一名好的滑板玩家。)”可知，作者掌握了滑板落地技巧，因此他的朋友大声欢呼。由此可推知，画线词指“落地技巧完美，干得漂亮”。故选B。
【例2】(2020·新高考Ⅰ卷·C篇)In the mid­1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24­year­old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
9．What does the underlined word “that” in paragraph 2 refer to?
A．Developing a serious mental disease.
B．Taking a guided tour in Central Asia.
C．Working as a volunteer in Uzbekistan.
D．Writing an article about the Aral Sea.
【答案】D
【解析】指代判断题。上文提到了Bissell(比塞尔)写了一篇关于咸海消失的文章，然后画线词所在句提到他的访问最终涉及的事远不止这个，因而才有了Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia这本书。由此可知，画线词that指的是“写有关咸海的文章”。故选D。
【例3】(2019·浙江高考·B篇)Money with no strings attached. It's not something you see every day. But at Union Station in Los Angeles last month, a board went up with dollar bills attached to it with pins and a sign that read, “Give What You Can, Take What You Need.”
24．What does the expression “Money with no strings attached” in paragraph 1 mean?
A．Money spent without hesitation.
B．Money not legally made.
C．Money offered without conditions.
D．Money not tied together.
【答案】C　
【解析】句意猜测题。根据本段中的“Give What You Can, Take What You Need.(尽你所能，取你所需。)”可知，此处“Money with no strings attached”的意思是“无条件地提供钱”。故选C。
【例3】(2019·全国高考·B篇) I guess that there’s probably some demanding work schedule, or social anxiety around stepping up to help for an unknown sport. She may just need a little persuading. So I try again and tug at the heartstrings. I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on… At this point the unwilling parent speaks up, “Alright. Yes, I’ll do it.”
57. What does the underlined phrase “tug at the heartstrings” in paragraph 2 mean?
A. Encourage team work. B. Appeal to feelings.
C. Promote good deeds. D. Provide advice.
[解析] 词义猜测题。根据划线前句she may just need a little persuading.和下面的一句话I mention the single parent with four kids running the show and I talk about the dad coaching a team that his kids aren’t even on ...可知，作者为了劝服这位家长，举了两个例子。故可知，划线句此处应是“煽情”之意。故选B。
_____
好题必测





A
Nothing succeeds like success, as every parent of a straight-A student knows, but trying to stress academic excellence by telling your child, “You’re so smart!” may be counterproductive. Why? According to a 2017 study, children who think their intelligence is fixed are less likely to pay attention to and bounce back（重新振作）from mistakes than children who think intelligence can grow and change.
In the study, researchers looked at 123 children. The team assessed the children to determine whether they had a “growth mindset”(believing that you can work harder to get smarter), or a “fixed mindset” (believing that your intelligence is unable to change). They then asked the children to complete a fast-paced computer accuracy task while their brain activity was recorded. During the recording, researchers noted that brain activity stopped within a half-second after making a mistake, as children became aware of their mistake and paid closer attention to what went wrong. The larger the brain response was, the more the child focused on the mistake. Based on the data, they concluded that children with a “growth mindset” were much more likely to have a larger brain response after making a mistake. While children with a “fixed mindset” were able to “bounce back”, only if they gave their full attention to the mistake.
For parents, the lessons are clear. Don’t pay your children compliments that suggest that intelligence is fixed. If your child hands you an A+ score, don’t say, “You’re so smart!” Instead, say, “Wow, that studying really paid off!” or “You clearly mastered this material-way to go!” Note the effort, not the intelligence.
Besides, many parent shy away from addressing a child’s mistakes, telling them “It’s OK. ”You’ll get it next time. ” without offering them the chances to figure out what goes wrong. Instead, it’s better to reassure your children that mistakes happen, and work to figure out where and how they make the mistake.
9．Which of the following best explains “counterproductive” underlined in paragraph 1?
A．Opposite B．Competitive
C．Successful D．Unknown
10．How did the children with a “growth mindset” react in the study?
A．They made fewer mistakes. B．They tried to avoid mistakes
C．They had smaller brain response D．They focused more on the mistake.
11．What should parents say when children make a mistake according to the text?
A．You are so careless
B．Paying compliments to children
C．You’ll get it the next time
D．Let’s find out how you made it.
12．What should be avoided according to the study?
A．Overstressing the intelligence.
B．Pay compliment to children.
C．Addressing children’s mistakes.
D．Offering chances to find mistakes.
【语篇解读】本文是一篇说明文。文章通过实验结果说明在孩子的成长过程中，不应该过度地强调智力的重要性。
9．A【解析】词义猜测题。根据第一段“Nothing succeeds like success, as every parent of a straight-A student knows, but trying to stress academic excellence by telling your child, “You’re so smart!”(没有什么比成功更成功的了，每一个全优生的父母都知道，但试图通过告诉孩子“你太聪明了!”来强调学业上的优秀，可能会counterproductive。)”可知每个全优生的父母都知道成功的意义，结合but表示转折，所以试图通过告诉孩子“你很聪明”来达到让孩子学业优秀的目的，可能会得到相反的结果，由此可推知counterproductive指的是“相反的”意思。故选A项。
10．D【解析】细节理解题。根据第二段“The larger the brain response was, the more the child focused on the mistake. Based on the data, they concluded that children with a “growth mindset” were much more likely to have a larger brain response after making a mistake.（大脑的反应越大，孩子对错误的关注就越大。基于这些数据，他们得出结论，具有“成长型思维模式”的儿童在犯错后更有可能有更大的大脑反应。）”可知，“成长心态”儿童在研究中更关注的是错误。故选D项。
11．D【解析】推理判断题。根据最后一段“Instead, it’s better to reassure your children that mistakes happen, and work to figure out where and how they make the mistake.（相反，最好是让你的孩子知道错误发生了，并找出他们在哪里犯了错误，是如何犯的。）”可知，当孩子犯了错误时，父母应该说“让我们看看你是怎么出错的。”故选D项。
12．A【解析】推理判断题。根据第一段“According to a 2017 study, children who think their intelligence is fixed are less likely to pay attention to and bounce back from mistakes than children who think intelligence can grow and change.”可知，据2017年的一项研究，认为自己的智力是固定的孩子比认为智力可以成长和改变的孩子更不可能关注错误并从错误中恢复过来。由此推知，我们应该避免过度强调智力。故选A项。

B
Serena Williams Biography (1981- )
Who Is Serena Williams?
Serena Williams is an American professional tennis player who has held the top spot in the Women's Tennis Association (WTA) rankings numerous times over her career. She won her first major championship in 1999 and completed the career Grand Slam in 2003. Along with her individual success, Serena has teamed with sister Venus Williams to win a series of doubles titles.
Early Life and Family
Serena Williams was born on September 26, 1981, in Saginaw, Michigan. The youngest of Richard's five daughters, Serena and her sister Venus would grow up to become great tennis champions. Serena's father — a former sharecropper from Louisiana determined to see his two youngest girls succeed — used what he'd collected from tennis books and videos to instruct Serena and Venus on how to play the game. At the age of three, practicing on a court not far from the family's new Compton, California, home, Serena endured the hardship of daily two-hour demanding practices from her father.
The Williams Sisters
With their signature style and play, Venus and Serena changed the look of their sport. Their sheer power and athletic ability overwhelmed opponents, and their sense of style and presence made them standout celebrities on the court. The close-knit sisters lived together for more than a dozen years in a gated Palm Beach Gardens region in Florida, but they went their separate ways after Serena bought a mansion in nearby Jupiter in December 2013. In 1999, Serena beat out her sister Venus in their race to the family's first Grand Slam win when she captured the U.S. Open title. It set the stage for a run of high-powered, high-profile victories for both Williams sisters.
'The Serena Slam'
In 1995 Serena turned pro. In 2002, Serena won the French Open, the U.S. Open, and Wimbledon, defeating sister Venus in the finals of each tournament. She captured her first Australian Open in 2003, making her one of only six women in the Open era to complete a career Grand Slam. The win also fulfilled her desire to hold all four major titles at the same time to make up what she'd called "The Serena Slam."
40. What can we learn about the Williams sisters from the passage?
A. Serena lives together with Venus.
B. Serena and Venus are twin sisters.
C. The Williams sisters outstood beyond their talents.
D. Serena defeated Venus winning her first championship.
41. According to the 2nd and 3rd parts of the passage, which statement is true?
A. Serena used to receive very strict training when she was a child.
B. The Williams sisters managed to copy their opponents styles.
C. Serena bought herself a house at the age of 30 in Michigan.
D. Serena and Venus are hostile to each other.
42. What does "The Serena Slam" mean according to the passage?
A. Serena won her first Australian Open in 2003.
B. Serena won the championships in the four Open in a row.
C. Serena defeated her sister Venus in the finals of each tournament.
D. Serena became the first in the Open era to complete a career Grand Slam.
【答案】40. C 41. A 42. B
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了美国职业网球运动员小威廉姆斯的成长经历和所取得的成就。
【40题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第二段“The youngest of Richard's five daughters, Serena and her sister Venus would grow up to become great tennis champions.”（理查德五个女儿中最小的塞雷娜和她的姐姐维纳斯长大后都成为了伟大的网球冠军。）可推知，威廉斯姐妹的才华超群。故选C。
【41题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段“At the age of three, practicing on a court not far from the family's new Compton, California, home, Serena endured the hardship of daily two-hour demanding practices from her father.”（三岁的时候，塞蕾娜就在离他们家加州新康普顿不远的球场上练习，每天都要忍受着父亲两个小时的艰苦训练。）可知，塞蕾娜小时候接受过非常严格的训练。故选A。
【42题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章最后一段“She captured her first Australian Open in 2003, making her one of only six women in the Open era to complete a career Grand Slam. The win also fulfilled her desire to hold all four major titles at the same time to make up what she'd called "The Serena Slam."”（2003年，她首次获得澳网公开赛冠军，成为公开赛时代仅有的六名完成职业生涯大满贯赛事的女性之一。这场胜利也满足了她同时获得四大冠军头衔的愿望，她称之为“塞雷娜大满贯”。）可推知，“塞雷娜大满贯”是指指塞雷娜连续在四项网球公开赛中获得冠军。故选B。
C
In 2012, James Cameron, creator of Avatar and Titanic, became the first person to reach the Challenger Deep. When he arrived at the deepest spot on Earth at 7 miles below sea level, he spent hours mapping the region and taking photos and samples.
“As human beings, we’re drawn to absolutes—the deepest, the highest, the coldest, the farthest,” he says. “And as a storyteller and curious monkey, I just wanted to see what was there.” The answer is obvious—plastic and more. “Our so-called civilization is using the ocean as its toilet,” Cameron says. “Unless this changes, ocean ecosystems are going to continue their rapid collapse.”
Despite decades of environmental studies, the impact of plastic and other forms of pollution on oceans are not entirely understood. Initial studies appear to indicate that ingesting(摄取) them—either directly or indirectly—could cause disease. Plastics can also release poisonous substances into the water, which could potentially impact animal populations.
But plastic is just one of the problems facing oceans that have yet to be fully understood. “Plastic waste in the ocean is horrifying but is only the most obvious of our many deadly waste streams, which include carbon that’s heating the atmosphere and making the ocean acidic, and the run-off nutrients from all the world’s agriculture, which is causing anoxic(缺氧) dead zones the size of countries,” Cameron says.
Oceans, like the rest of the world, are impacted by the burning of fossil fuels and the release of greenhouse gases like carbon dioxide—about 30 percent of which is absorbed by the sea. This absorption causes ocean acidification, where the pH level is altered to become more acidic. As a result, it’s harder for some creatures to form shells and skeletons and countless species at the base of the food web can struggle to survive, which, scientists say, has the potential to cause huge disruptions to entire ecosystems. Indeed, ocean acidification is thought to have played an important role in Earth’s worst-ever mass extinction event 252 million years ago.
The effect of climate change on the world’s oceans will likely worsen in coming decades. Last June, scientists announced carbon dioxide levels had reached the highest levels since human records began. The last time carbon dioxide levels were this high was during the Pliocene era, between 3 and 5 million years ago, when global temperatures were about 4 degrees Celsius warmer than they are today. Current climate models suggest that if greenhouse gas emissions continue on their current trend, we may be on course to see 4 degrees of warming by 2100.
As a result, understanding the role oceans have on global systems is becoming more and more important.
36. What are the first two paragraphs mainly about?
A. The author’s feelings to the ocean. B. Cameron’s movies and remarks.
C. The author’s discoveries under the sea. D. Cameron’s observation and concern.
37. What can we infer from the passage?
A. Several countries are suffering from anoxic dead zones.
B. More concern should have been given to the pollution on oceans.
C. Plastic is supposed to be the most serious environmental problem.
D. Ocean acidification removes the nutrients from agricultural products.
38. What does the underlined word “disruptions” in Paragraph 5 probably mean?
A. Decreases. B. Destruction.
C. Diseases. D. Discrimination.
39. Why does the author mention the mass extinction event 252 million years ago?
A. To call on people to protect sea animals.
B. To compare current situations with the past.
C. To explain how serious the ocean problem is.
D. To prove pollution to be the cause of acidification.
【答案】36. D 37. B 38. B 39. C
【解析】这是一篇说明文。文章由詹姆斯·卡梅隆的一次潜航经历引入，从气候变化、环境污染等不同方面描述了海洋生态系统正在遭受的巨大破坏，告诫人们提高对海洋环境的重视。
【36题详解】
主旨大意题。前两段讲述了大导演卡梅隆潜航至世界上海洋最深处，却看到了许多塑料垃圾。他发声称“Unless this changes, ocean ecosystems are going to continue their rapid collapse.”意为“如果还不做出改变，海洋生态系统将会继续崩塌下去”。这正是他的所观所想。故选D项。
【37题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段“Plastic waste in the ocean is horrifying but is only the most obvious of our many deadly waste streams, which include carbon that’s heating the atmosphere and making the ocean acidic, and the run-off nutrients from all the world’s agriculture, which is causing anoxic(缺氧的) dead zones the size of countries”可知，塑料垃圾的影响显而易见但也不能忽视其他废物排泄对海洋造成的影响，人们对海洋污染的关注仅仅着眼于塑料垃圾是远远不够的。故选B项。
【38题详解】
词义猜测题。A. Decreases减少B. Destruction破坏C. Diseases疾病D. Discrimination歧视。分析划线词所在句子可知，一些生物难以生长甲壳和骨骼，许多的处于食物链底端的生物生存也十分艰难，这对整个生态系统无疑是造成破坏的。故选B项。
【39题详解】
推理判断题。第五段最后一句“Indeed, ocean acidification is thought to have played an important role in Earth’s worst-ever mass extinction event 252 million years ago.”提及了两亿五千二百万年前的物种大灭绝，海洋酸化在其中扮演了重要角色，时下我们面临的情况也在朝着这个方向演进，这正是在说明情况的严峻性。故选C项。
_____
Section A：语法运用
高考题型组合练



Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passage coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each blank.
Is sport always fun ?
One afternoon in the last week of term, I saw three children from my son’s school in tears being comforted by teachers. That morning, my 11-year-old had stomach pains and (21) __________ (throw) up several times when I noticed his sickness. Talking to other mothers, I heard about other children with stomachache or difficulty sleeping the night before.
What caused so much suffering? Sports day—not sports day at a highly competitive independent school, but at a large village primary. (22) __________ it causes no problem to the children who can fly (23) __________ the wind, for those who are poorly coordinated (动作协调), overweight or just not good at sport, it is terrible. Even for those who enjoy (24) __________ (run) but who fall halfway down the track in front of the entire school and their parents, it can prove a disaster.
As for the reason (25) __________ we put our children through this annual suffering, some May say that competition is character-building or it is a tradition of school life; some may assume (26) __________ really matters is taking part not winning. I just felt pity for those children in tears or in pain.
Team games at the end of the “sport” were fun (27) __________ (watch) because they produced some close races, enormous enthusiasm and lots of shouting. More importantly, (28) __________ (hide) a little from everyone’s gaze, the children who were not so fast or so quick at passing the ball had the excitement of being on the winning side.
I wish that sports day could (29) __________ (abandon) and replaced with some other summer event. perhaps an afternoon of team games, with a few races for those who want them, would be (30) __________ (stressful) for the children and a lot more fun for the spectators.
【答案】21. had thrown 22. while/although/though 23. like 24. running 25. why
26. what 27. to watch 28. hidden 29. be abandoned 30. less stressful
Section B：词汇填空



A.essence B. amateur C. influential D. balanced E. recognition F. highlights
G. maximizing H. overwhelmingly I. talented J. obsession K. prioritize

When most of us recall our school sporting days, we tend to remember the friendships that were forged, the occasional personal ___31___and the far more frequent moments when our skill levels didn't quite match our idols'. However, not all of the present generation of schoolchildren may be able to look back on their sporting experiences with such fondness. There are growing fears, within independent schools in particular, that moves towards professional standards and a focus on winning may disagree with the ___32___ of school sports.
The problem is, perhaps unsurprisingly, more prevalent in boys' sport, and especially so in rugby, where independent schools still provide the bulk of future England internationals. At the same time, there has been a surge in the number of schools offering scholarships to ___33___rugby players, driven by a desire to widen access, but also, on occasion, by a(n) ___34___that success on the playing field may be a potential marketing tool. One director of rugby at a top-performing school in the South-East reports that his star under-16 player was poached(挖走)by a rival school which offered him a full scholarship. ‘We weren’t prepared to enter into a bidding war over a 15-year-old kid,’ he says rather pitifully.
Chris Morgan, director of sport at Tonbridge, is a critic of these shifts towards becoming superstar sports schools, 'An increasing number of schools seem to be using sports scholarships as part of their business model,’ he says. ‘They place rugby above other sports as it seems to be more___35___in parents’ decision-making over which school they want to send their children to.’
As a result, some of Morgan's counterparts at other independent schools feel under pressure to focus on winning rather than___36___ enjoyment. ‘If everything you put on your website is about which teams won, it is easy to see how coaches, boys and parents can think that results are the most important barometer of success.’
Several coaches feel that their efforts to ___37___players’ enjoyment over results are at risk of being undermined by the temptation to see sport as an extension of academic league tables.
One director of rugby told me that whenever they lose a game, his headmaster calls a meeting on the Monday morning in which he demands an explanation for the defeat. ‘The head can't understand that sport isn't just about winning,’ he says.
So, with increasingly professional set-ups and a seeming ___38___with winning at all costs, has school sport lost its innocence?
Certainly not, says Kevin Knibbs, Headmaster of Hampton School in South West London, and Chair of the Headmasters' and Headmistresses' Conference(HMC)Sports Sub-Committee ‘Independent schools understand that sport is hugely beneficial to young people. While there have been substantial improvements in the standard of sports facilities, coaching, and performance in independent schools over the past decade, this is___39___ with, an emphasis on safety, wellbeing and general fitness. Together these things have had a(n) ___40___positive impact on young people’s experiences of sport in HMC schools, ' he says. 'Pupils are free to enjoy playing a wide range of sports with their friends without facing undue pressure to wip or needing to follow an over-intensive training regime, Knibbs continue.
【答案】31-35. F, A;I;E;C; 36-40. G;K;J;D;H
【解析】【易错题】
31. F 词性判断易错，and连接的三个并列结构，进而得知是名词，且highlights一词多义名词意思较多学员不知道，表示最精彩的部分；最重要的事情。
34. E 名词，根据句意排除其它选项，重点掌握recognition表示认可的意思
37. K 根据句子成分分析，应该填动词，掌握prioritize A over B 的用法
38. J 注意介词搭配考点，沉迷于obsession with
39. D词性分析及句意理解，判断该空填过去分词，重点掌握长难句句意：尽管在过去的十年中，私立学校的体育设施、教练和成绩的标准有了实质性的提高，但这与对安全、健康和全民健身的强调是平衡的。
【提示】重点掌握派生词，一次多义，一词多性词汇的用法，分析词性的同时，结合句子结构及句意理解。