【备战2023高考】英语全复习——专题16：阅读理解逻辑推理题 -精讲精练（上海用）

►专题16 阅读理解逻辑推理题高分技巧+高考题型组合练

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【考情链接】

推理判断题是高考阅读理解试题中的重要题型之一, 包括判断和推理两个方面，属于主观题, 是阅读理解中层次较高的题目, 因此也是考生失分率较高的题型。需要在理解原文字面意义的基础上，通过对语篇逻辑关系的分析和细节的暗示, 做出一定的判断和推理, 从而得出文章的深层意义及隐含意义。

推断则是指通过对文章进行符合逻辑的综合分析，推出文章未直接陈述的言外之意。推断正确与否，很大程度上取决于是否能正确把握作者潜隐在字里行间的语气及观点。推理判断题主要有以下几种形式：细节推断题、文章的来源或读者对象推断题、写作意图推断题、观点态度题等。

【要点梳理】

         考点一：.逻辑分析推断隐含意义

设题方式：

It can be inferred from the passage that         ．

The author implied（suggested）that．．．         ．

It can be concluded from the passage that         ．

The writer indicates/implies/suggests that         ．

解题指导：

(1)抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理：在原文中确定推理依据的位置或范围后，要善于抓住关键信息去分析判断；(2)整合全文/段信息进行推断：有时需要在弄懂全文或全段的基础上，整合与题目相关的有效信息去进行综合推断，才能确定最佳选项。无论哪种推断形式必须以文章所提供的事实内容为依据，切忌凭空想象。

【例题】

（2022长宁二模）

Lucy M. Calkins, a professor at Columbia University’s Teachers College and a much-respected expert on how to teach reading, has drawn attention with an eight-page essay. Here is part of her argument: “The important thing is to teach kids that they needn’t freeze when they come to a hard word, nor skip past it. The important thing is to teach them that they have resources to draw upon, and to use those resources to develop endurance.”

Both sides agree that children need to acquire the vocabulary and background information that gives meaning to words. But first, they have to pronounce them correctly to connect the words they have learned to speak.

Calkins said in her essay: “Much of what the phonics people are saying is praiseworthy,” but it would be a mistake to teach phonics “at the expense of reading and writing.”

The two sides appear to agree with her on that.

45. It can be inferred from the passage that ________.

A. phonics approach has been proved to be successful

B. children don’t shy away from difficulties in reading

C. the two reading approaches might integrate with each other

D. reading and writing are much more important than phonics

【例题】

（2022奉贤二模）

It is hard to imagine that many people are stupid enough to want children because it looks so fantastic — most adults understand that a baby is not a haircut. But it is interesting to wonder if the images we see every week of stress-free, happiness-enhancing parenthood aren’t in some small, subconscious way contributing to our own dissatisfactions with the actual experience, in the same way that a small part of us hoped getting a part of the way celebrities live might make us look just a little bit like them.

66. Which of the following can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A. Having children contributes little to the glamour of celebrity moms.

B. Celebrity moms have influenced our attitude towards child raising.

C. Having children intensifies our dissatisfaction with life.

D. We sometimes neglect the happiness from child raising.

【例题】

（2022静安二模）

A study was conducted with people who wanted to purchase a car to determine their ability to assess the opportunity cost of that purchase. When asked “If you buy this car today, what will you not be able to do in the future as a result?”, the majority said, “If I buy this SUV today, I will not be able to buy a sports car tomorrow.”

43. According to the passage, the opportunity cost in consumption field refers to ______.

A. the cost to pay for various opportunities

B. what a person is willing to give up if he buys a specific item

C. the opportunities to invest in costly items

D. the comparison of prices of the same item from different sources

         考点二：.文体特点推断写作意图

设题方式：

What is the main purpose of the author writing the text?

The purpose of the text is to get more people to         ．

The writer of the story wants to tell us that         ．

The fact ... is mentioned by the author to show         ．

The author writes the last paragraph in order to         ．

解题指导：

(1)记叙文：通常会在首段或尾段出现高度概括性语言，且往往有一定的哲理性，所有叙述都围绕该哲理展开；

(2)应用文：文章常对某事物或服务进行详细介绍，使用具有明显倾向性的语言；

(3)说明文：其写作意图依赖于对文章主题句的把握，应找准主题句；

(4)议论文：一般开头提出某论点，中间进行论证，最后得出结论，写作意图常隐含于最后一部分中。

【例题】

（2022黄埔二模）

Although these teachers are separated by thousands of miles, their methods of encouraging children to write spring from a common source: the Bread Loaf School. There, near Vermont’s Middlebury College, grade school and high school teachers give up part of their vacations each summer to spend six weeks brainstorming, studying and trading experiences as they try to design new methods of getting their pupils to write. Says Dixie Goswami, a professor who heads Bread Loaf’s program in writing: “ We have nothing against ‘ skill-and-drill ’ writing curricula, except that they don’t work. ” Instead, Bread Loaf graduates have created one inventive program to work together to cultivate student writers.

59. What’s the purpose of the Bread Loaf literature and writing program?

A. To help students study English and train for advanced degrees.

B. To promote teachers’ teaching ability to motivate students to write.

C. To look for excellent educational leaders in every part of America.

D. To cover the cost for tuition and board of rural schools with funds.

【例题】

（2022嘉定二模）

Otters, are cute, this no one can deny. They have big eyes, short and flat noses and claws (爪子) like tiny hands. They look even cuter when they wear hats and throw food balls into their mouths as if they were bar snacks, like Takechiyo, a pet otter in Japan. Documenting Takechiyo’s funny behavior has earned his owner nearly 230,000 followers on Instagram, a photo-sharing app.

56. The function of the first paragraph is to ________.

A. present the main idea B. introduce the main topic

C. set readers thinking D. illustrate the writer’s point

【例题】

（2022嘉定二模）

Even before they became fashionable companions for humans, Asia’s wild otters faced plenty of threats. Their habitats are disappearing. They have long been hunted for their coats, or killed by farmers who wish to prevent them consuming fishes. The pet trade, which began picking up in the early 2000s but appeared to speed up a few years ago, has made things worse. The numbers of wild Asian small-clawed otters and smooth-coated otters, two species that are in highest demand, have declined by at least 30% in the three decades to 2019.

The international agreement that governs trade in wildlife, known as CITES, now prohibits cross-border trade in these species. But laws banning ownership are often poorly implemented, as in Thailand, or full of holes, as in Indonesia. And the otter-keeping craze has been dramatically improved by the internet, says Vincent Nijman of Oxford Brookes University.

59. The purpose of the writing is to ________.

A. advertise for a photo-sharing app

B. introduce the popularity of pet otters

C. discourage the illegal otter pet trade

D. describe the characteristics of otters

         考点三：.忠于措辞推断观点态度

设题方式：

The attitude of the author towards something is         ．

The writer of the passage seems to think that         ．

What's the author's opinion on ...?

What do we know about ... in the passage?

What does the author think about ...？

解题指导：

(1)注意作者或文中人物的措辞：①分析字里行间所隐含的意思，切忌用自己观点代替作者或文中人物的观点；②留意相关氛围的语言及表达情感态度或观点的词句，这些常流露于修饰语之中；③结合英语国家的文化传统或风俗习惯等背景知识进行合理推断。

(2)牢记观点态度的常见词语：

附注：英语阅读理解中表示作者态度的高频词汇

【例题】

（2022宝山二模）

The condition is simple. Learn something new, and within a short period of time you’ll forget much of it. Repeat a learning session a day later, and you’ll remember more. Repeat a session two days after that, and you’ll remember even more. The key is to steadily increase the time intervals between relearning sessions.

Forgetting is an essential part of learning. Relearning strengthens earlier memories. Relearning creates different context and connections. According to Carey, “‘Some breakdown’ must occur for us to strengthen learning when we revisit the material. Without a little forgetting

63. According to Ebbinghaus’ chart, we conclude that ________.

A. the best time to avoid forgetting is the sixth day after learning

B. we usually forget most of what we’ve learned on the sixth day

C. forgetting really exists almost in the whole process of learning

D. what has been learned will be forgotten completely in any case

【例题】

（2022崇明二模）

Anti-smoking activists have questioned whether the new FDA restrictions will be enough to stop the rise in teenage vaping. The FDA has little power over how stores sell vaping products. Instead, critics say the agency is largely telling companies to self-police.

58. What is anti-smoking activists’ attitude towards the new rules?

A. Optimistic. B. Suspicious.

C. Curious. D. Uninterested.

【例题】

（2022虹口二模）

Unfortunately, there isn’t a single gadget or app that can take care of backing up for you. But what I recommend is that you should aim to have two different sorts of back-up: one online, and one offline.

38. Which statement is the author most likely to agree with?

A. It is advisable to keep two copies of data online.

B. There is no once-and-for-all data back-up strategy.

C. Storing data online is not as trustworthy as storing offline.

D. Online data storage runs a risk of a breakdown in digital devices.

39. Which of the following might be the best title of the passage?

A. Better Late Than Never B. Store Your Data in the Cloud

C. Why Data Back-up Is So Vital? D. Online Back-up vs. Offline Back-up

         考点四：语言特色推断文章出处和目标读者

设题方式:

This passage would be most likely to be found in         ．

The passage is probably taken from         ．

Where does this text probably come from?

Which section of a magazine is this passage probably taken from?

The text is intended for         ．

解题指导：

(1)广告：语言简洁鲜明，有亮点；

(2)报刊：时事性强，分不同板块，高考中常以政治、生活的话题为主；

(3)杂志：覆盖生活各个层面，更贴近幕后，更贴近生活；

(4)产品说明书：对某产品的功能特色及操作方式等做出介绍；

(5)药品说明：说明药品的服用时间、次数、药量、禁忌等；

(6)网络：文体不限，找到click here，download，up­load，link，mouse, surf等网络标志语。

【例题】

（2022虹口二模）

Mars, the distant red planet, carries China’s great dream in spaceflight as well as the numerous puzzles of curious people: Why do humans explore Mars? Will humans really emigrate to Mars? What will the everyday life be like on Mars if humans really live there? Shanghai Astronomy launched its original situational exhibition “Living on Mars” — to reveal the secrets of Mars and solve visitors’ puzzles about the life on Mars.

Time: October 15, 2021 to March 2, 2022 (closed on Mondays, except national holidays)

Location: B1 Temporary Exhibition Hall

42. Where can this passage most probably be found?

A. In a travel brochure. B. In a science magazine.

C. On an art show poster. D. On a museum website.

【例题】

（2021普陀一模）

Travel with Your Pet to Whistler , Canada !

Pet Friendly Whistler !

We want to help you bring your cat or dog on vacation to Whistler!

Check out our Store! These are innovative, healthy ideas for your pet!

There are so many beautiful parks in Whistler to go hiking in with your dog! What a destination! Check the fun page! How about a beauty treatment? But first you need a place to stay! This area is a wonderland of fun. Now bringing your dog up requires some thought and planning. Please check out the hotels page for pet friendly hotels!

60. Who might be interested in this webpage?

A. People who adopt animals as pets. B. People who would like to travel with pets.

C. People who train pets to do some work. D. People who are animal lovers.

                                                                         _____

1．细节推断题

片段节选

Our own experience working together on health，development，and energy the last twenty years has been one of the most rewarding parts of our lives.It has changed who we are and continues to fuel our optimism about how much the lives of the poorest people will improve in the years ahead.

What can be inferred from the last paragraph?

A．The author believes the lives of the poorest will get better.

B．Much more progress will be made in the near future.

C．The work on health is the most valuable experience.

D．People’s efforts have been materially rewarded.

片段节选

Many amusics are happy when their condition is finally diagnosed (诊断). For years, Margaret felt embarrassed about her problem with music. Now she knows that she is not alone. There is a name for her condition. That makes it easier for her to explain. “When people invite me to a concert, I just say, ‘No thanks, I’m amusic,’” says Margaret. “I just wish I had learned to say that when I was seventeen and not seventy.”

In the last paragraph, Margaret expressed her wish that __________.

   A. her problem with music had been diagnosed earlier

   B. she were seventeen years old rather than seventy

   C. her problem could be easily explained

   D. she were able to meet other amusics

片段节选

Unselfish behavior was considered more morally right than selfish, but both behaviors were judged to be more moral and less deserving of punishment if the majority exhibited them than if they were uncommon. The commonness of the selfish behavior also affected the participants' willingness to themselves pay to punish selfishness.

It can be concluded that the participants in the experiments are punished if _________.

A. they can’t play "public goods game"      

B. invest the money to benefit group members

    C. they behave differently from the majority  

D. they keep the money for themselves

2．文章来源或读者对象类推断题

片段节选

Lakelander·2 hours ago

Today，a man talked very loud on his phone on a train between Malvern and Reading，making many passengers upset.I wonder how he would react if I were to read my newspaper out loud on the train.I have never had the courage to do it，though.

Pak50·57 minutes ago

Why not give it a try? Perhaps you should take lessons on a musical instrument.The late musician Dennis Brain is said to have asked a fellow train passenger to turn off his radio.When his request was refused，he took out his French horn(号) and started to practise.

　Angie O’Edema·42 minutes ago

I don’t see how musical instruments can help improve manners in public.Don’t do to others what you wouldn’t like to be done to yourself.Once，a passenger next to me talked out loud on his mobile phone.I left my seat quietly，giving him some privacy to finish his conversation.He realized this and apologised to me.When his phone rang again later，he left his seat to answer it.You see，a bit of respect and cooperation can do the job better.

Taodas·29 minutes ago

I did read my newspaper out loud on a train，and it turned out well.The guy took it in good part，and we chatted happily all the way to Edinburgh.

Sophie76·13 minutes ago

I have not tried reading my newspaper out loud on a train，but，several years ago，I read some chapters from Harry Potter to my bored and noisy children.Several passengers seemed to appreciate what I did.

Where is the passage most probably taken from?

A．A webpage.           B．A newspaper.        C．A novel.       D．A report.

3．写作意图类推断题

片段节选

WE COMBAT ANIMAL DISEASES TOGETHER!

We want to prevent serious animal diseases such as foot and mouth disease, classical swine fever and African swine fever from spreading to Finland. These and other animal diseases can be transmitted from one country to another by animals or by meat and dairy products even if they are packed for personal consumption or intended as gifts. Travelers like you play an important role in preventing the spread of animal diseases.

Don’t bring meat, meat products, milk and dairy products

from non-EU countries to Finland!

A ban on personal imports applies to meat and dairy products brought into Finland by travelers or ordered and sent through the post. The ban applies to food stuffs intended for personal consumption or as gifts and to pet food. If you have food products of animal origin with you, throw them in a waste container in the point of entry or contact Customs!

Whom is this notice intended for?

A. Food importers in Finland.              B. Travelers to Finland.

C. Citizens in EU countries.                D. Medical staff from non-EU countries.

4．态度倾向类推断题

片段节选

Scientist can’t foresee the possible effects of GE foods, yet we eat them every day without even knowing it. We already have enough food, so why create more that could be potentially harmful to us, to the Earth and to all wildlife? I think that the benefits are amazing, but until we know for sure how these foods will affect us, they are not worth the risk.

What’s the author’s attitude towards genetic engineering?

      A.welcoming      B.disapproving     C.unconcerned     D.optimistic

                                                                         _____

(A)

The student arrived early, sat front and center, and stood out in my classroom in more ways than one. I’d say that he was about 40 years older than his classmates in my undergraduate communications class. He eagerly jumped into class discussions, with his humor and wisdom of experience. And he was always respectful of the other students’ perspectives, as if each of them were a teacher. Jerry Valencia walked in with a smile — and he left with one too.

“These students gave me the confidence that I didn’t need to feel bad about my age,” Valencia says.

One day, I spotted Valencia on campus. He said he would have to stop taking classes that semester and reapply for next year. By then, he hoped to have earned enough money from construction jobs and have his student-loan papers in order. But he said he was still coming to campus to attend events or see friends. He asked seriously whether he could still sit in on my communications class.

Sure, I said. But he wouldn’t get any credit.

No problem, he said.

Soon there he was again, back at his old desk, front and center, jumping into our discussions on how to find and tell stories in Los Angeles — a 63-year-old man with as much energy and curiosity as any of the youngsters in class. For an assignment on changing neighborhoods, Valencia wrote about a favorite local chain restaurant that was “unceremoniously closed.” He called it a theft of childhood. “It is almost as if someone has stolen that childhood and rudely replaced it with a slippery hill where everything they treasure will slide away,” he wrote.

A lot of Valencia’s classmates apparently knew he couldn’t afford that semester’s tuition but was still doing the homework. “Here he is, willingly taking a class for the delight of it and benefit of learning,” says Jessica Espinosa, a 25-year-old junior. Afterward, I overheard Valencia wanted to stay in school until he earned a master’s degree, but it had taken him 12 years to finish community college, so he had a long way to go. He had earned his associate of arts degree over the summer, then transferred to LA to start on his bachelor’s.

There is something splendidly unreasonable about Valencia’s determination to get a four-year degree and then a master’s. At his current pace, he’ll be 90 when he finally hangs all that paper on the wall. But that doesn’t seem especially relevant. He’s found all the youthful energy and academic opportunity stimulating. Valencia’s grade in my class this semester will not show up on his transcripts (成绩单). But I’m giving him an A — and in the most important ways, it counts.

56. What made Valencia different from his classmates according to Para. 1?

A. He was an early bird to attract other students’ attention.

B. He took pride in his age, for he often wore a smile on his face.

C. He was eager to draw his conclusion in the communications class.

D. He may often share his wise and humorous ideas in the discussion.

57. According to the author, Valencia continued to attend classes because ________.

A. he got enjoyment and treasured the chance of learning

B. he needed the credits to further study a bachelor’s degree

C. he desired to attend events and have an A on his transcripts

D. he wanted to keep up with his classmates by learning hard

58. Which of the following best describes Valencia?

A. Modest and independent. B. Energetic and generous.

C. Considerate and intelligent. D. Enthusiastic and motivated.

59. The passage mainly tells us that ________.

A. teachers like diligent and highly-motivated students

B. efforts will be paid off as long as we are determined

C. it is never too late to learn even though we start a little late

D. getting an A counts when it comes to learning at a higher level

(B)

60. Lively Mobile Plus mainly aims at providing _____.

A. emergency medical help B. connection with loved people

C. online safety consultation D. round-the-clock health management

61. Which of the following is one of the features of Lively Mobile Plus?

A. It can locate the user precisely.

B. It can prevent the user from falling.

C. It can charge itself whenever necessary.

D. It can connect the user to the appointed doctor.

62. If you want to buy a Lively Mobile Plus with the extra service of fall detection, you need to pay at least ________ for the first month.

A. $29.99. B. $39.99.

C. $64.98. D. $89.98.

                             (C)

Hollywood’s theory that machines with evil(邪恶) minds will drive armies of killer robots is just silly. The real problem relates to the possibility that artificial intelligence(AI) may become extremely good at achieving something other than what we really want. In 1960 a well-known mathematician Norbert Wiener, who founded the field of cybernetics（控制论）, put it this way: “If we use, to achieve our purposes, a mechanical agency with whose operation we cannot effectively interfere, we had better be quite sure that the purpose put into the machine is the purpose which we really desire.”

A machine with a specific purpose has another quality, one that we usually associate with living things: a wish to preserve its own existence. For the machine, this quality is not in-born, nor is it something introduced by humans; it is a logical consequence of the simple fact that the machine cannot achieve its original purpose if it is dead. So if we send out a robot with the single instruction of fetching coffee, it will have a strong desire to secure success by disabling its own off switch or even killing anyone who might interfere with its task. If we are not careful, then, we could face a kind of global chess match against very determined, super intelligent machines whose objectives conflict with our own, with the real world as the chessboard.

The possibility of entering into and losing such a match should concentrate the minds of computer scientists. Some researchers argue that we can seal the machines inside a kind of firewall, using them to answer difficult questions but never allowing them to affect the real world. Unfortunately, that plan seems unlikely to work: we have yet to invent a firewall that is secure against ordinary humans, let alone super intelligent machines.

Solving the safety problem well enough to move forward in AI seems to be possible but not easy. There are probably decades in which to plan for the arrival of super intelligent machines. But the problem should not be dismissed out of hand, as it has been by some AI researchers. Some argue that humans and machines can coexist as long as they work in teams—yet that is not possible unless machines share the goals of humans. Others say we can just “switch them off” as if super intelligent machines are too stupid to think of that possibility. Still others think that super intelligent AI will never happen. On September 11, 1933, famous physicist Ernest Rutherford stated, with confidence, “Anyone who expects a source of power in the transformation of these atoms is talking moonshine.” However, on September 12, 1933, physicist Leo Szilard invented the neutron-induced(中子诱导) nuclear chain reaction.

13. Paragraph 1 mainly tells us that artificial intelligence may         .

A. run out of human control

B. satisfy human’s real desires

C. command armies of killer robots

D. work faster than a mathematician

14. Machines with specific purposes are associated with living things partly because they might be able to________________.

A. prevent themselves from being destroyed

B achieve their original goals independently

C. do anything successfully with given orders

D. beat humans in international chess matches

15. According to some researchers, we can use firewalls to __________________.

A. help super intelligent machines work better

B. be secure against evil human beings

C. keep machines from being harmed

D. avoid robots’affecting the world

16. What does the author think of the safety problem of super intelligent machines?

A. It will disappear with the development of AI.

B. It will get worse with human interference.

C. It will be solved but with difficulty.

D. It will stay for a decade.

                                                                         _____

Does writing come hard to you? Are you discouraged to find yourself poor at  writing? Nobody is born knowing how to write.Good writing habits，which help make you write on a regular basis，are necessary for you to improve your writing.

Firstly，you are supposed to read a wide range of books.It's obvious when a writer is not well­read lack of reading will be obvious in every sentence one writes.

Reading prepares you with necessary knowledge to be a good writer.What's more，it provides you with basic skills for writing.The importance of reading cannot be stressed too much：read as much and as often as you can.

Secondly，it's important to make a writing schedule and write daily if it is possible.Whether you write for two hours a day or fifteen minutes a day，daily writing is the key to developing good writing habits.It's better to write for fifteen or twenty minutes every day than to sit for five or six hours to write over the weekend.However，if you can make a daily writing schedule with longer hours on your writing on weekends，then it's much better.

One of the worst habits is never to get help from others to improve your writing.It is advised that you share your work with others.For example，you can post scene or you blog，send your writing around to a few friends，round up some readers and let them comment on  your writing.That way，you'll find your writing gradually improved.

1. 完善自我是一个抽象的理想，无法激励一些学生真正对抗惰性。(incapable)

2.各种在线学习课程会把你的时间表排满，所以你得抽出充足的时间去放松或运动，正如你在校园学习时一样。（set aside）

3.渔民们在湖底刚发现了一个古城遗址，就有一些科学家和建筑家赶往现场进行实地研究。(Hardly)

4. 如今，病人能很便捷地下载他们的医疗记录以获取诸如检测结果之类的信息，大大节省了时间和人力。(so ... that)