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【备战2023高考】英语全复习——专题19：概要写作之说明文 -精讲精练（上海用）
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这是一份【备战2023高考】英语全复习——专题19：概要写作之说明文 -精讲精练（上海用），文件包含备战2023高考英语全复习专题19概要写作之说明文-精讲精练上海用解析版docx、备战2023高考英语全复习专题19概要写作之说明文-精讲精练上海用原题版docx等2份试卷配套教学资源，其中试卷共29页， 欢迎下载使用。
►专题19 概要写作之说明文+高考题型组合练
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考点精讲
【考情链接】
概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。上海高考概要写作一般以说明文为主、议论文次之，，记叙文少有涉及。近年来实验研究报告类说明文是考查热点。
【要点梳理】
Ø 要点一：说明文概要写作技巧
说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类：
现象揭示类：The article points out the common phenomenon—(主题)，which…(补充解释)
利弊对比类：The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. A…while B…
The passage discusses the impact of sth.
On the positive side,…, but it may also…
研究显示类：The study reveals that…; The purpose of the report is to show that…
Ø 要点二：说明文概要写作模板
说明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant)
Ø 要点三： 说明文概要写作的步骤
1. Skim the text to find out the general theme. 快读原文，明确主题
2. Analyze the text’s structure to divide it into several sections, find out the main idea of each section and write it out briefly with your own words. (one sentence) 划分各段，找出要点
3. Write down the key supporting points for each main idea without minor details. 抓重点，去枝节
4. Organize the main and related supporting points in a logical order with necessary transitions to achieve coherence.归纳整理，转述大意
5. Proofread for grammatical, spelling and punctuation mistakes.复读核对，检查错误
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重点小练
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. (2017普陀一模)
Teaching Is “One of the Least Popular Jobs in the UK”
The UK government has just published a report on the future of secondary school teaching, and the conclusion of the report is that many secondary schools now face great difficulties in finding people who want to be teachers. Since the 1980s, the number of graduates who would “seriously consider” teaching as a career has fallen sharply, from 64% in 1982 to just 17% today. The report suggests that urgent action needs to be taken in order to encourage more intelligent young graduates into teaching.①
The main drawback（缺点）of secondary teaching, according to the report, is the low salary. Earnings in teaching are much lower than in many other jobs. Joanne Manners, 24, is a good example: “I graduated in maths last year, and I was thinking of doing a teacher-training course to become a maths teacher---but I saw I could earn twice as much if I worked in marketing or advertising, so I decided not to become a teacher.”②
It's not just about the money, however. The survey concluded that another reason why people don’t want to be teachers is that some teenagers behave very badly in school. A lot of schools have problems with discipline, and it seems clear that children do not have the same respect for teachers as in the past.③ Here’s the view of Dave Hallam, an accountant from London: “I think parents are to blame. They should have stricter rules with their children at home and also teach their children to have more respect for teachers.”④
The report is clear that the problem of teacher shortage is a very serious one. It says that the government should raise teachers’ pay significantly, to catch up with workers in other professions. It also indicates that the government could launch a nationwide publicity campaign, with some advertisements on TV and in the newspapers, to show the positive sides of teaching to young people.⑤
做题步骤：
Step 1：细读全文，明确主题。
本文主要是描述教师是英国最不受欢迎的工作。
Step 2：划分要点。
本文分5个要点，已在文中标出。提出主题——两点原因——两点建议。②和③要点可以合并。
Step 3：标主题句或关键词。
已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。
Step 4：概括。
As is reported, secondary schools in UK experienced difficulties recruiting young teachers. The reasons are low salary and kid’s bad behaviors. Therefore, poorly behaved students need to obey stricter rules and parents need to discipline them at home. Also, government should increase teachers’ income and promote a teaching campaign to display teaching’s bright side.(55words).
Summary2
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Planted forests are far from universally popular. In Ireland, the criticisms focus on the sitka spruce, a fast-growing, damp-tolerant tree from America's Pacific Northwest. Spruce plantations are said to contain no life. They are accused of wrecking rural communities and driving farmers off the land. And they are said to be out of place in mostly pastoral (田园风光的) setting. Gerry McGovern, another farmer in County Leitrim, puts it bluntly conifer forests are "not landscape".
The first charge is false. Mark Wilson of the British Trust for Ornithology says that spruce plantations-support more bird life than farmland, largely because they harbour more insects. Inevitably, some birds benefit mare than others. The march of spruces across-Britain and Ireland has increased the numbers of spruce loving birds such as siskins and crossbills.
The second accusation that trees push out other kinds of agriculture, is only partly true. Forestry subsidies (补贴) and regulations have indeed changes Ireland's land market. Farmers who plant trees get generous payments for 15 years, while continuing to receive ordinary farming subsidies. At that point, with perhaps 20 years to go before spruces are harvested, they often sell to pension funds and other investors.
The final accusation, that forests are dramatically changing the appearance of the countryside, is spot-on. Advocates may point to a forested past. But rural people have become used to the landscape as it is and often do not want it to change. What worries Mr Stenson, in County Leitrim, is not just that the ever-spreading trees will displace farmers and make it hard for him to acquire more land, but also that they will prevent him from seeing his neighbours' lights at night.
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【参考答案】
In Ireland, planted forests are far from universally popular. The first reason is that Spruce plantations are said to contain no life. Actually, the charge is false. The second accusation that trees push out other kinds of agriculture, is only partly true. The final accusation that forests are dramatically changing the appearance of the countryside is spot-on.
【解析】本文是说明文。在文章中，作者说明了人工森林在爱尔兰不受欢迎的原因并且对人们不喜欢人工深林的原因进行评论。
【详解】1 要点摘录
1.Planted forests are far from universally popular.
2.Spruce plantations are said to contain no life.
3The first charge is false.
4.The second accusation that trees push out other kinds of agriculture, is only partly true.
5.The final accusation, that forests are dramatically changing the appearance of the countryside, is spot-on.
2.缜密构思
第一句话引出文章即将要解释说明的话题；将第2、3要点进行重组，罗列4、5要点，表达了人们不喜欢人工林的原因。
3.遣词造句
In Ireland, planted forests are far from universally popular.
The first reason that Spruce plantations are said to contain no life is false.
The second accusation is that trees push out other kinds of agriculture, is only partly true.
The final accusation that forests are dramatically changing the appearance of the countryside is spot-on.
【点睛】[高分句型1]：The first reason is that Spruce plantations are said to contain no life.运用一个that引导的表语从句对前面的抽象名词reason进行解释说明，使主语的内容更加具体化，表达了人们不喜欢人工林的第一个原因。这种用法表达高级。
[高分句型2]：The second accusation that trees push out other kinds of agriculture, is only partly true. The final accusation that forests are dramatically changing the appearance of the countryside is spot-on.这两句话都用了that引导的同位语从句对前面的accusation进行解释说明，表达非常高级。
Summary3
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Are you working with your computer routinely either as a office employee or a game lover? Are your eyes dry, watery, blurry, seeing double or sensitive to light? If your answer is a “yes”, you are likely one of many people today who suffer from digital eyestrain, also called computer-vision syndrome. What on earth is this syndrome coming from? What can we do to deal with this problem?
Eyestrain is often related to the amount of exposure to screens, the distance from eyes to screens and the use of multiple screens simultaneously. However, studies have also shown that the blue light produced by digital devices today reaches further into the eyes than other kinds of light. This light actually assists attention during the day but can result in interrupted sleep patterns at night.
Years of scientific researches indicate that eyestrain isn’t necessarily an unavoidable problem for those who deal with computer work in the daily base. There are ways you can adopt which can overcome the problem considerably. To begin with, your computer screen should be high-resolution (高分辨率), at least 50 centimeters wide diagonally and may require a screen filter to decrease reflections. Also, be aware that “computer glasses”, which cut down glare and blue light，are available.
Besides, to reduce your risk for computer-vision syndrome, take frequent breaks during your computer workday. Many workers take only two 15-minute breaks from their computer throughout their day. According to a recent study, eyestrain are significantly reduced when computer workers take four additional five-minute “mini-breaks” throughout their workday. Finally, many of us fall into bad habits while using digital screens, which only worsen the effects of eyestrain. While viewing digital screens, many people blink (眨眼) one third less often than they usually do. Place a reminder on your computer to “blink” so that your eyes don’t dry out.
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【答案】Digital eyestrain is related to the amount of exposure to screens and the distance of the eyes to the screens. Scientists suggest we should use high-resolution screens and try to decrease reflections. Moreover, besides longer breaks, we should take more additional mini-breaks. Finally, remind ourselves to blink as much as possible to prevent our eyes from drying out.
【解析】
本文为说明文。文章对 “数码眼疲劳”也被称为“电脑视觉综合症”的症状、原因及如何避免进行了介绍。眼睛疲劳通常与接触屏幕的次数、眼睛与屏幕的距离以及同时使用多个屏幕有关。因为数字设备产生的蓝光导致眼睛干涩、模糊的、对光敏感等。研究发现眼疲劳是可避免的，首先要减少屏幕的反射，此外要经常休息或增加间隔休息时间，最后要提醒自己尽量多眨眼睛，以防眼睛干涩。
【详解】本文首先要概括出四段的大意。第一段介绍了什么是“Digital eyestrain”，也叫做“computer-vision syndrome”及其症状。第二段叙述眼睛疲劳的原因，即眼睛疲劳有关的内容，即与“Eyestrain is often related to the amount of exposure to screens, the distance from eyes to screens and the use of multiple screens simultaneously”这是确切的定义，可照搬。第三段和第四段主要叙述了如何避免眼疲劳，即尽量避免反射（try to decrease reflection.），多休息（longer breaks）以及提醒自己多眨眼（remind… to blink…），以防眼睛干涩(此句要用动词不定式来表示目的)。最后按照大意，用恰当的句式表达出来即可。在用英语句式表达时，要尽可能用自己的话，让句子灵活多变些。但句式一定要符合英语语言的要求，避免运用汉语式的英语。答案如下：
Digital eyestrain is related to the amount of exposure to screens and the distance of the eyes to the screens. Scientists suggest we should use high-resolution screens and try to decrease reflections. Moreover, besides longer breaks, we should take more additional mini-breaks. Finally, remind ourselves to blink as much as possible to prevent our eyes from drying out.
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好题必测
【2017上海春考】
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Where are the bees?
Bees are essential to the production of food we eat. Bees make honey, but they also pollinate large areas of crops, such as straw berries, apples and onions. About a third of the food we eat is a result of pollination of the bees. Unfortunately, bees have been disappearing at an alarming rate.
In 2006, bee keepers started reporting about something called Colony Collapse Disaster (CCD).The main sign of CCD is the loss of adult honey bees from a hive. In October of 2006, some beekeepers reported that they had lost between 30 and 90 percent of their hives.
There were many theories for the disappearance of the bees. But the most convincing one has to do with pesticides and lifestyles of bees today. Nowadays, beekeeper get most of their income not from producing honey but from renting bees to pollinate plants. This means that the life of the typical bee now consists of travelling all around the country to pollinate crops as the seasons change. That means a lot of traveling on trucks, which is very stressful to bees. It is not unusual for up to 30% of the hive to die during transport due to stress. In addition, bees that spend most of their time locked up on trucks are not exposed to what they usually live on. Instead, they live on a sweet liquid from corn, usually polluted with pesticides.
The exact reason for the disappearance of bees is not sure, but losing bees is very costly to the economy. The bee pollination services are worth over $8 billion a year. With no bees, pollination will have to be done by hand, which would have effects on the quality of food and increased food priced. We hear a lot about big environmental disasters almost every day. But one of the biggest may just be the less of that tiny flying insect.
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【答案】Bees not only provide us with honey, but also help pollinate crops. However, they are disappearing at an alarming rate for unknown reason, which will be disastrous to us and economy. Some people think it is the pesticide while others think it is due to transport.
【解析】
【分析】本文属于环保文章，介绍蜜蜂正以惊人的速度消失，这可能和运输、农作物使用杀虫剂以及环境有关，但是没人知道确切原因。要求考生阅读完总结论点，不能超过60个词。
【详解】第一步，归纳各个段落的段落大意，第一段讲述蜜蜂对我们很重要，但是却以惊人的速度消失，第二段讲述蜜蜂出现这种状况的情形，第三段讲述可能造成此现象的原因；第四段讲述这种现象对我们和经济的影响。
第二步，可以择出重要的信息，蜜蜂对我们很重要，但是却以惊人的速度消失，可能造成此现象的原因，以及影响。
第三步，得出答案，注意过渡与衔接，字数控制在60字以内。
【点睛】概要写作做题技巧。概要写作不是对段落大意的简单堆积，需要学生读懂文章的大概意思和文章结构，还需要一定写作替换技巧，且注意语言的简洁性。第一步，确定文章的话题和各段的段落大意，比如本文话题为蜜蜂的消失，第一段讲述蜜蜂对我们很重要，但是却以惊人的速度消失，第二段讲述蜜蜂出现这种状况的情形，第三段讲述可能造成此现象的原因；第四段讲述这种现象对我们和经济的影响；第二步，分析各个段落的逻辑关系，确定主观点和次要观点；第三步，注意一定的写作技巧，比如同义词、近义词的替换，句型和结构的转换；第四步，检查单词拼写，语法规则，字数问题等。
【2022崇明二模】
71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Building Trust in Virtual Environments
Research into the science behind human communication tells us that up to 90 percent of what we tell one another is nonverbal. It’s the countless eye, facial and body movements we flash one another that help us understand someone’s intention and determine if we should trust them.
The challenge we all face is figuring out ways to build trust in virtual environments. Sure, we have some interactions on videoconferences, but the physical cues (暗示) we’ve become accustomed to reacting to are restricted and masked. This is forcing us to develop new ways to trust one another. Good leaders are working to engineer those opportunities to build trust in their now virtual teams.
There are lessons we can learn from global multinational companies that have figured out how to make virtual relationships work over the past few decades. If you have vital business partners, or even employees working overseas, you have, at best, limited opportunities to meet them in person. What these companies have learned is that actions speak louder than words, and people base a simple analysis of trustworthiness on delivering on commitments. People that do are trustworthy; people that don’t aren’t.
When you hire virtual workers and get a new virtual team member, there is the question of whether someone has the background and experience they claim to have. That means we all need to lean on tools and techniques to help certify (证实) someone’s background. Some companies have built talent databases in which people can search their teammates and confirm their impressive backgrounds. Knowing that you are working with a certified superstar builds trust.
Finding ways to get someone to prove their trustworthiness by doing what they say they will and backing up their claims of experience will go a long way in helping you adapt to the new reality that we work in.
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【答案】Physical cues, vital in communication, help build trust. But these cues are limited in virtual environments, which blocks trust-building, so we should seek new ways to prove trustworthiness. First, we can trust those who do as promised. Second, people whose claimed background and experience have been confirmed are worth trusting. (50 words)
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。肢体暗示在沟通中至关重要，有助于建立信任。但这些线索在虚拟环境中是有限的，这阻碍了信任的建立，所以我们应该寻找新的方法来证明可信性。首先，我们可以信任那些言出必行的人。第二，那些声称的背景和经验被证实的人是值得信任的。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①It’s the countless eye, facial and body movements we flash one another that help us understand someone’s intention and determine if we should trust them.
②The physical cues we’ve become accustomed to reacting to are restricted and masked. This is forcing us to develop new ways to trust one another.
③People base a simple analysis of trustworthiness on delivering on commitments. People that do are trustworthy.
④There is the question of whether someone has the background and experience they claim to have. We all need to lean on tools and techniques to help certify someone’s background.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2个要点进行重组，将第3、4个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Physical cues, which are vital in communication, help build trust.
Physical cues are limited in virtual environments, which blocks trust-building, so it forces us to seek new ways to prove trustworthiness.
First, we can trust those who deliver on commitments.
Second, people who have the background and experience they claim to have are worth trusting.
【点睛】【高分句型1】But these cues are limited in virtual environments, which blocks trust-building, so we should seek new ways to prove trustworthiness.（运用了一个复杂的主从复合句对第二段进行了概括。其中which引导的非限制性定语从句表达高级）
【高分句型2】Second, people whose claimed background and experience have been confirmed are worth trusting.（运用了一个复杂的主从复合句对第四段进行了概括。其中whose引导的限制性定语从句表达高级）
【2022虹口二模】
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why Is Littering a Surprisingly Big Issue?
Compared with the blindingly obvious environmental issues we hear about every day, littering often takes a backseat -- but it’s more pressing than we may think.
If you were to throw, say, a banana peel (香蕉皮) out of your car while driving along the motorway, that would be a completely harmless action, due to the fact that it’s part of a fruit -- right? Actually, no. A banana peel can take up to two years to decompose (分解), and with a third of motorists admitting to littering while driving, that’s a whole lot of abandoned banana peels, or much worse. An orange peel and a cigarette butt has a similar biodegrading (生物降解) term to that of a banana, but tin and aluminium cans last up to 100 years, and plastic bottles last forever, as do glass bottles, Styrofoam cups and plastic bags.
Despite the fact that longer-lasting materials will serve to damage the environment and its animals for longer, we can’t only measure the severity of a certain type of rubbish by its lifetime. For example, despite having a fairly short biodegrading period, more than 120 tons of cigarette-related litter is abandoned in the UK every day. Similarly, our regular littering here and there has caused the UK’s rat population to increase by 60 million. This suddenly isn’t so mysterious when you consider that since the 1960s our annual littering has increased by an astonishing 500 per cent.
It’s not a cheap habit either: UK taxpayers shelve out £500 million in order to keep our streets clean, and when you include our green spaces, that goes up to £1 billion. So, it’s not surprising that if caught fly-tipping you could face a £20,000 fine or even jail time and, if you littered something dangerous, the court could give you five years to serve.
To take back our beautiful countryside and cities we need to do more than simply not leaving rubbish where it ought not to be. We need a pride makeover, and we need to truly care more about the world around us.
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【答案】Though often overlooked, littering is actually an urgent environmental problem. The first thing is that litter like plastic bottles may take years to decompose and plastic bottles last forever, thus causing a destructive effect on the environment. Even rubbish with a shorter biodegrading term can bring about serious problems like rat issues. Furthermore, it is surprisingly costly to clear up litter thrown on the street.
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕为什么乱扔垃圾是一个大问题展开说明，主要列举了乱扔垃圾造成的危害，并呼吁大家不要乱扔垃圾。乱扔垃圾不仅影响环境美观，而且垃圾降解也会花费几年，甚至永远。除此之外，乱扔垃圾还会引发例如老鼠数量增加、耗费资金清理垃圾等其他严重问题。因此，大家应该爱护身边的环境，从不乱扔垃圾做起，努力营造美丽的乡村和城市环境。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Littering often takes a backseat -- but it’s more pressing than we may think
②An orange peel and a cigarette butt has a similar biodegrading (生物降解) term to that of a
banana, but tin and aluminium cans last up to 100 years, and plastic bottles last forever, as do glass bottles, Styrofoam cups and plastic bags.
③For example, despite having a fairly short biodegrading period, more than 120 tons of cigarette-
related litter is abandoned in the UK every day. Similarly, our regular littering here and there has caused the UK’s rat population to increase by 60 million.
④It’s not a cheap habit either: UK taxpayers shelve out £500 million in order to keep our streets clean and when you include our green spaces, that goes up to £1 billion.
2.缜密构思将第1个要点进行改写，第2、3两个要点进行重组，将第4个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Though often overlooked, littering is actually an urgent environmental problem.
The first thing is that litter like plastic bottles may take years to decompose and plastic bottles last forever, thus causing a destructive effect on the environment.
Even rubbish with a shorter biodegrading term can bring about serious problems like rat issues.
Furthermore, it is surprisingly costly to clear up litter thrown on the street.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Though often overlooked, littering is actually an urgent environmental problem.运用了一个主从复合句改写了第一段的内容。其中though引导让步状语从句。
[高分句型2]：The first thing is that litter like plastic bottles may take years to decompose and plastic bottles last forever, thus causing a destructive effect on the environment. 用that引导的表语从句对第二段进行了概括，现在分词causing引出结果状语，表达非常高级。
[高分句型3]：It is surprisingly costly to clear up litter thrown on the street. 用it作形式主语，不定式to clear up litter作为真正主语、thrown过去分词作后置定语的用法比较高级。
【2022金山二模】
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Fatigue
Fatigue is a feeling of being extremely tired. Basically, there are three types of fatigue, physical, pathological (由疾病引起的), and psychological. As you might suspect, each differs significantly from the others.
When you exercise your body, you produce waste products. Muscles, for example, release lactic acid (乳酸) into the blood; cells dump in carbon dioxide. When these wastes reach a certain level in the blood, the brain is informed and your activity level drops. Excess wastes in the muscles may produce soreness. The solution to this type of fatigue is simple — rest. That should refresh you; if it doesn’t, another cause should be sought.
Have you ever become involved in so many activities that you had to be in two places at once? This is what happens when your body has a disease. The cells are overused and cannot keep up with both fighting the disease and keeping you active. The result is fatigue. Some communicable diseases like the flu and colds are “well” known for draining your energy. Other non-communicable diseases, like anemia (贫血), drain you because you are lacking an important body ingredient. Being overweight can cause pathological fatigue. It should be obvious that this type of fatigue is not going to go away without treatment. In a way, pathological fatigue is a lifesaver. It lets you know something is wrong and that you need rest.
Here is the most common type of fatigue. Almost everybody experiences it now and then. Often, the cause is an emotional war you are having with yourself or those around you. Some of these familiar factors can bring on psychological fatigue: worries, stress, lack of exercise, boredom, depression. If you know someone with psychological fatigue, would you advise him to rest? No way! That might be fine for our other types of fatigue, but for this one, it’s deadly. If you are ever going to be able to cope with stress, depression, or worry, you need oxygen in your cells and a more optimistic attitude. Get out of the chair and do something! Believe it or not, many people throw themselves into physical labor like cleaning to “de-fatigue” themselves. If you find yourself in a particularly stressful situation that you can’t physically escape, escape mentally. When fatigue continues, maybe you need to get to the root of the problem.
________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【答案】One possible version:
Three kinds of fatigue exist. They are caused by different reasons and should be relieved with different methods. Exercise causes physical fatigue, which simple rest can eliminate. Pathological fatigue can be caused by diseases or overweight and should be seriously treated. Psychological fatigue is related to one’s unstable emotion, so physical labor or mental treatment can work.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，疲劳有三种。它们是由不同的原因引起的，应该用不同的方法来缓解。运动会导致身体疲劳，而简单的休息就可以消除疲劳。病理性疲劳可由疾病或超重引起，应认真对待。心理疲劳与人的情绪不稳定有关，体力劳动或精神治疗都能起到作用。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Basically, there are three types of fatigue, physical, pathological (由疾病引起的), and psychological.
②When you exercise your body, you produce waste products.
③The solution to this type of fatigue is simple — rest.
④Some communicable diseases like the flu and colds are “well” known for draining your energy.
⑤Being overweight can cause pathological fatigue. It should be obvious that this type of fatigue is not going to go away without treatment.
⑥Some of these familiar factors can bring on psychological fatigue: worries, stress, lack of exercise, boredom, depression.
⑦If you are ever going to be able to cope with stress, depression, or worry, you need oxygen in your cells and a more optimistic attitude.
2.缜密构思
将第1个要点进行重组，将第2、3和4、5和6、7几个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句T
Three kinds of fatigue exist.
They are caused by different reasons and should be relieved with different methods.
Exercise causes physical fatigue, which simple rest can eliminate.
Pathological fatigue can be caused by diseases or overweight and should be seriously treated.
Psychological fatigue is related to one’s unstable emotion, so physical labor or mental treatment can work.
【点睛】[高分句型1]：Exercise causes physical fatigue, which simple rest can eliminate.(运用which引导的非限定性定语从句)
[高分句型2]：Psychological fatigue is related to one’s unstable emotion, so physical labor or mental treatment can work. (运用so引导的并列句)
_____
高考题型组合练
Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each bank.
Star Eating Purple for Your Health
Eat a rainbow of colours often, as dietitians are fond of saying----and with good reason. Eating a variety of colourful food provides vitamins and minerals that can’t (1)______ (replace) with supplement to nourish your body.
According to experts from Whole Foods, a food company in the United States, who examined consumer behaviour globally across 465 stores, our plates look very colourful this year, (2) ______ purple foods particularly popular. This is indeed the case. (3)____ (walk) through any supermarket and you will find richly-coloured purple foods are popping on the shelves.
The purple food trend in the market is unsurprising. (4) ______ (give) how health-conscious, people are becoming in recent years. People have long known (5)______ the darker the colour of food, the higher the contents of antioxidants(抗氧化剂） and nutrients will be and the (6)______ (healthy) the food. In fact, they are inspired to eat more purple foods because a study found that those who ate purple fruits and vegetables regularly often have low cholesterol(胆固醇）and a reduced risk of getting blood pressure.
Research shows that these foods get their purple colour from anthocyanins( 花青素），(7) _______ have been linked with antioxidants and anti-aging properties in the body. Purple foods help promote bone health, and have also been shown (8)______ (lower) the risk of some cancers and improve memory. Take purple sweet potatoes for example. (9) _____ the standard sweet potato is packed with health benefits of its own, the purple sweet potato is even better for us. Of course, you (10)_____ not switch to only eating purple foods. Eating a variety of colourful foods every day is the best. But do include purple ones!
【答案】
1. be replaced 2.with 3. Walk 4. given 5. that
6. healthier 7. which 8. to lower 9.While 10. should
【分析】
1. 由句意可知，“吃颜色丰富的食物能为我们提供维他命和矿物质，这些是补充物所不能替代的”，此空是定语从句，且表示被动。所以填be replaced。
2. 此空考查with的复合结构，在这里作伴随状语。“今年我们的盘子颜色特别鲜艳，尤以紫色的食物更为受欢迎。”
3. 由前后句意，“行走在任何一家超市，你会发现颜色丰富的紫色食物充斥着货架。”考查“祈使句+and+含一般将来时的陈述句”这一基本句型，所以填Walk.
4. 考查非谓语（之过去分词）的用法。由句意“紫色食物的潮流屡见不鲜，考虑到近几年来人们有多么地注重健康。” 考查“Given （that）...”，表示“考虑到，假定，已知”。
5. 考查宾语从句。从句中不缺任何充分，所以填that。
6. 考查”the+比较级，the+比较级“这一句型，句意为：食物的颜色越深，它的抗氧化剂和营养就会越高，食物也会越健康。所以填healthier.
7. 考查非限制性定语从句，对前面的专有名词anthocyanins( 花青素）进行补充说明。所以填which。
8. 考查非谓语动（之不定式）的用法。由句意，“紫色食物被表明能降低患癌症的风险，提升记忆力。”appear/seem/report/say/ show等动词后一般接不定式。
9. 考查连词。由句意：尽管标准的（一般化的）甜土豆含有自身的营养价值，紫色的甜土豆对我们而言就更好了。表示两种情况的对比，所以填While。
10. 考查情态动词。由句意：你不应该一味地只吃紫色食物，每天吃丰富多样的食物才是最好的。表示按道理应该去做某事，所以填情态动词should。
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. chance B. craze C. drawn D. founded AB. presence AC. modernized
AD. mistaken BC. alive BD. promoted CD. enthusiasts ABC. engage
Putting up her hair in a bun adorned with an elaborate hairpin and wearing a long gown with embroidery and loose sleeves, 19-year-old Chen Xi might be ___16___ for a time traveler from centuries ago if not for her face mask and cellphone.
"I was ____17____ by the beauty of hanfu in costume dramas at the very beginning. They looked fairy-like, and I really liked it," she said. "Fascinated by this special garment, many young Chinese like me become more interested in traditional Chinese culture, customs and music."
In 2018, the number of hanfu fans reached 2.04 million, up 72.9 percent year on year, according to a report on China's hanfu industry released by iiMedia Research, a Chinese consulting agency. A few years earlier, whenever Chen put on hanfu and walked on the street, passers-by gave her weird looks. Now things are different. Hanfu has seen a growing and more visible ____18____ in the daily life of China.
If you walk through the streets and parks in cities such as Hangzhou or Kunming, you may ___19___ upon an individual dressed in the sweeping ropes, crossed collars and wide sleeves of hanfu. Dressed in this way, they aim to keep the apparel and the rich culture behind it ___20___.
Liu Dan, 43, put on his first hanfu suit and stepped out onto the street in 2006 when he returned from overseas to Kunming, the capital city of Southwest China's Yunnan province. He said the hanfu____21____ started in the early 2000s on online forums and websites, but now the fashion has jumped out of the screen and onto the streets.
In 2007, Liu, with an educational background in software engineering, ___22___ the Yunnan Hanfu Association. The number of hanfu ___23___ in the association has grown from fewer than 10 to more than 10,000. Each weekend, they meet up for themed activities. Amid the COVID-19 epidemic, Liu has moved these cultural activities online.
Many companies have cashed in on the upsurge in hanfu popularity. E-commerce giant Alibaba and livestreaming platform Huya both have launched apps to ___24___ hanfu fans and thereby nurture online shopping sales.
Experts believe the resurgence of hanfu, like traditional songs and poems, is part of a larger trend to prize tradition, as the increasingly wealthy and ____25____ Chinese society sets off to reconnect with its cultural roots.
【答案】16. AD 17. C 18. AB 19. A 20. BC 21. B 22. D 23. CD 24. ABC 25. AC
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如今流行的汉服文化，介绍了其流行情况、发展历程以及影响。专家认为，随着日益富裕和现代化的中国社会开始与其文化根源重新联系起来，汉服的复兴，就像传统歌曲和诗歌一样，是重视传统的更大趋势的一部分。
【16题详解】
考查动词。句意：19岁的陈曦盘着发髻，用精致的发夹发饰，身穿绣花宽松袖子长袍，如果不是因为她的面具和手机，人们可能会误认为她是几个世纪前的时间旅行者。根据“Putting up her hair in a bun adorned with an elaborate hairpin and wearing a long gown with embroidery and loose sleeves”可知，结合句意表示“被误认为……”可知短语为be mistaken for。故填mistaken。故选AD。
【17题详解】
考查动词。句意：一开始我就被古装剧里汉服的美吸引住了。根据“by the beauty of hanfu in costume dramas at the very beginning”可知。此处句意表示“吸引”可知应填动词draw，且此处主语与谓语动词构成被动关系，结合上文was可知为一般过去时的被动语态。be drawn by“被……吸引”。故填drawn。故选C。
【18题详解】
考查名词。句意：汉府在中国的日常生活中的存在感越来越强，越来越明显。根据上文“a growing and more visible”可知应填单数名词，全额表示“存在”应用名词presence。故填presence。故选AB。
【19题详解】
考查固定短语。句意：如果你走在杭州或昆明等城市的街道和公园里，你可能会偶然发现一个穿着汉服的人，穿着汉服的宽袖、横领和扫绳。结合句意表示“偶然发现”可知短语为chance upon。置于情态动词之后原形。故填chance。故选A。
【20题详解】
考查形容词。句意：这样的着装，是为了让服装及其背后的丰富文化保持活力。结合句意表示“让……保持活力”可知短语为keep sth. alive。alive作宾语补足语。故填alive。故选BC。
【21题详解】
考查名词。句意：他说，汉服风潮始于21世纪初的网络论坛和网站，但现在，汉服风潮已走出荧屏，走上街头。结合句意表示“风潮，狂热”可知应填名词craze，作宾语从句的主语，且为不可数名词。故填craze。故选B。
【22题详解】
考查动词。句意：2007年，拥有软件工程教育背景的刘汉创办了云南汉服协会。根据“ the Yunnan Hanfu Association. ”此处句意表示“创办”可知应用动词found，且结合In 2007可知应用一般过去时。故填founded。故选D。
【23题详解】
考查名词。句意：汉服爱好者协会的人数从不足10人增长到1万多人。根据“from fewer than 10 to more than 10,000.”可知，此处句意表示“爱好者”可知应填名词enthusiast，且上文为“the number of+复数名词”结构。故填enthusiasts。故选CD。
【24题详解】
考查动词。句意：电商巨头阿里巴巴和直播平台虎雅都推出了应用，以吸引汉服粉丝，从而促进网购销售。结合句意表示“吸引”可知影音动词engage，且此处为不定式作目的状语，上文已有不定式符号to，应填动词原形。故填engage。故选ABC。
【25题详解】
考查形容词。句意：专家认为，随着日益富裕和现代化的中国社会开始与其文化根源重新联系起来，汉服的复兴，就像传统歌曲和诗歌一样，是重视传统的更大趋势的一部分。根据“wealthy”可知，修饰后文名词society应用形容词，且表示“现代化的”应用modernized。故填modernized。故选AC。
►专题19 概要写作之说明文+高考题型组合练
_________________________________________________________________________________________
考点精讲
【考情链接】
概要写作，简言之就是对所读过的文章简要概括，写出文章的中心大意，也可称之为摘要。写概要时，是把文章的具体信息用一些具有概括功能的词和句表述出来，而不是抄袭文章的原句，更不是把细节性信息作为中心，而是要通过对文章中的单词、词组和句子进行合理转换，对文章的具体信息进行概括，再用合适的语言表述出来。这一题型主要考查学生对文章主旨大意的概括和准确获取关键词的能力，同时考查学生用简洁的语言概括文章重要信息的能力以及对文章整体结构的把握能力。因此，概要写作是基于阅读理解和书面表达，是二者的有机结合体，是阅读理解和书面表达的沟通桥梁。上海高考概要写作一般以说明文为主、议论文次之，，记叙文少有涉及。近年来实验研究报告类说明文是考查热点。
【要点梳理】
Ø 要点一：说明文概要写作技巧
说明文（Exposition）写作抓住关键句：文章第一段和各段第一句。说明文体的阅读材料内容大致可以分为以下几类：
现象揭示类：The article points out the common phenomenon—(主题)，which…(补充解释)
利弊对比类：The article compares the disadvantages/benefits of A and B. A…while B…
The passage discusses the impact of sth.
On the positive side,…, but it may also…
研究显示类：The study reveals that…; The purpose of the report is to show that…
Ø 要点二：说明文概要写作模板
说明文：phenomenon / problem + reason + solution (cause and effect), introduction of an object (how it is made, how it is used, how it may change, what makes it new or significant)
Ø 要点三： 说明文概要写作的步骤
1. Skim the text to find out the general theme. 快读原文，明确主题
2. Analyze the text’s structure to divide it into several sections, find out the main idea of each section and write it out briefly with your own words. (one sentence) 划分各段，找出要点
3. Write down the key supporting points for each main idea without minor details. 抓重点，去枝节
4. Organize the main and related supporting points in a logical order with necessary transitions to achieve coherence.归纳整理，转述大意
5. Proofread for grammatical, spelling and punctuation mistakes.复读核对，检查错误
_____
重点小练
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible. (2017普陀一模)
Teaching Is “One of the Least Popular Jobs in the UK”
The UK government has just published a report on the future of secondary school teaching, and the conclusion of the report is that many secondary schools now face great difficulties in finding people who want to be teachers. Since the 1980s, the number of graduates who would “seriously consider” teaching as a career has fallen sharply, from 64% in 1982 to just 17% today. The report suggests that urgent action needs to be taken in order to encourage more intelligent young graduates into teaching.①
The main drawback（缺点）of secondary teaching, according to the report, is the low salary. Earnings in teaching are much lower than in many other jobs. Joanne Manners, 24, is a good example: “I graduated in maths last year, and I was thinking of doing a teacher-training course to become a maths teacher---but I saw I could earn twice as much if I worked in marketing or advertising, so I decided not to become a teacher.”②
It's not just about the money, however. The survey concluded that another reason why people don’t want to be teachers is that some teenagers behave very badly in school. A lot of schools have problems with discipline, and it seems clear that children do not have the same respect for teachers as in the past.③ Here’s the view of Dave Hallam, an accountant from London: “I think parents are to blame. They should have stricter rules with their children at home and also teach their children to have more respect for teachers.”④
The report is clear that the problem of teacher shortage is a very serious one. It says that the government should raise teachers’ pay significantly, to catch up with workers in other professions. It also indicates that the government could launch a nationwide publicity campaign, with some advertisements on TV and in the newspapers, to show the positive sides of teaching to young people.⑤
做题步骤：
Step 1：细读全文，明确主题。
本文主要是描述教师是英国最不受欢迎的工作。
Step 2：划分要点。
本文分5个要点，已在文中标出。提出主题——两点原因——两点建议。②和③要点可以合并。
Step 3：标主题句或关键词。
已在文中用横线标出每段主题句。
Step 4：概括。
As is reported, secondary schools in UK experienced difficulties recruiting young teachers. The reasons are low salary and kid’s bad behaviors. Therefore, poorly behaved students need to obey stricter rules and parents need to discipline them at home. Also, government should increase teachers’ income and promote a teaching campaign to display teaching’s bright side.(55words).
Summary2
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Planted forests are far from universally popular. In Ireland, the criticisms focus on the sitka spruce, a fast-growing, damp-tolerant tree from America's Pacific Northwest. Spruce plantations are said to contain no life. They are accused of wrecking rural communities and driving farmers off the land. And they are said to be out of place in mostly pastoral (田园风光的) setting. Gerry McGovern, another farmer in County Leitrim, puts it bluntly conifer forests are "not landscape".
The first charge is false. Mark Wilson of the British Trust for Ornithology says that spruce plantations-support more bird life than farmland, largely because they harbour more insects. Inevitably, some birds benefit mare than others. The march of spruces across-Britain and Ireland has increased the numbers of spruce loving birds such as siskins and crossbills.
The second accusation that trees push out other kinds of agriculture, is only partly true. Forestry subsidies (补贴) and regulations have indeed changes Ireland's land market. Farmers who plant trees get generous payments for 15 years, while continuing to receive ordinary farming subsidies. At that point, with perhaps 20 years to go before spruces are harvested, they often sell to pension funds and other investors.
The final accusation, that forests are dramatically changing the appearance of the countryside, is spot-on. Advocates may point to a forested past. But rural people have become used to the landscape as it is and often do not want it to change. What worries Mr Stenson, in County Leitrim, is not just that the ever-spreading trees will displace farmers and make it hard for him to acquire more land, but also that they will prevent him from seeing his neighbours' lights at night.
______________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
【参考答案】
In Ireland, planted forests are far from universally popular. The first reason is that Spruce plantations are said to contain no life. Actually, the charge is false. The second accusation that trees push out other kinds of agriculture, is only partly true. The final accusation that forests are dramatically changing the appearance of the countryside is spot-on.
【解析】本文是说明文。在文章中，作者说明了人工森林在爱尔兰不受欢迎的原因并且对人们不喜欢人工深林的原因进行评论。
【详解】1 要点摘录
1.Planted forests are far from universally popular.
2.Spruce plantations are said to contain no life.
3The first charge is false.
4.The second accusation that trees push out other kinds of agriculture, is only partly true.
5.The final accusation, that forests are dramatically changing the appearance of the countryside, is spot-on.
2.缜密构思
第一句话引出文章即将要解释说明的话题；将第2、3要点进行重组，罗列4、5要点，表达了人们不喜欢人工林的原因。
3.遣词造句
In Ireland, planted forests are far from universally popular.
The first reason that Spruce plantations are said to contain no life is false.
The second accusation is that trees push out other kinds of agriculture, is only partly true.
The final accusation that forests are dramatically changing the appearance of the countryside is spot-on.
【点睛】[高分句型1]：The first reason is that Spruce plantations are said to contain no life.运用一个that引导的表语从句对前面的抽象名词reason进行解释说明，使主语的内容更加具体化，表达了人们不喜欢人工林的第一个原因。这种用法表达高级。
[高分句型2]：The second accusation that trees push out other kinds of agriculture, is only partly true. The final accusation that forests are dramatically changing the appearance of the countryside is spot-on.这两句话都用了that引导的同位语从句对前面的accusation进行解释说明，表达非常高级。
Summary3
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize in no more than 60 words the main idea of the passage and how it is illustrated. Use your own words as far as possible.
Are you working with your computer routinely either as a office employee or a game lover? Are your eyes dry, watery, blurry, seeing double or sensitive to light? If your answer is a “yes”, you are likely one of many people today who suffer from digital eyestrain, also called computer-vision syndrome. What on earth is this syndrome coming from? What can we do to deal with this problem?
Eyestrain is often related to the amount of exposure to screens, the distance from eyes to screens and the use of multiple screens simultaneously. However, studies have also shown that the blue light produced by digital devices today reaches further into the eyes than other kinds of light. This light actually assists attention during the day but can result in interrupted sleep patterns at night.
Years of scientific researches indicate that eyestrain isn’t necessarily an unavoidable problem for those who deal with computer work in the daily base. There are ways you can adopt which can overcome the problem considerably. To begin with, your computer screen should be high-resolution (高分辨率), at least 50 centimeters wide diagonally and may require a screen filter to decrease reflections. Also, be aware that “computer glasses”, which cut down glare and blue light，are available.
Besides, to reduce your risk for computer-vision syndrome, take frequent breaks during your computer workday. Many workers take only two 15-minute breaks from their computer throughout their day. According to a recent study, eyestrain are significantly reduced when computer workers take four additional five-minute “mini-breaks” throughout their workday. Finally, many of us fall into bad habits while using digital screens, which only worsen the effects of eyestrain. While viewing digital screens, many people blink (眨眼) one third less often than they usually do. Place a reminder on your computer to “blink” so that your eyes don’t dry out.
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【答案】Digital eyestrain is related to the amount of exposure to screens and the distance of the eyes to the screens. Scientists suggest we should use high-resolution screens and try to decrease reflections. Moreover, besides longer breaks, we should take more additional mini-breaks. Finally, remind ourselves to blink as much as possible to prevent our eyes from drying out.
【解析】
本文为说明文。文章对 “数码眼疲劳”也被称为“电脑视觉综合症”的症状、原因及如何避免进行了介绍。眼睛疲劳通常与接触屏幕的次数、眼睛与屏幕的距离以及同时使用多个屏幕有关。因为数字设备产生的蓝光导致眼睛干涩、模糊的、对光敏感等。研究发现眼疲劳是可避免的，首先要减少屏幕的反射，此外要经常休息或增加间隔休息时间，最后要提醒自己尽量多眨眼睛，以防眼睛干涩。
【详解】本文首先要概括出四段的大意。第一段介绍了什么是“Digital eyestrain”，也叫做“computer-vision syndrome”及其症状。第二段叙述眼睛疲劳的原因，即眼睛疲劳有关的内容，即与“Eyestrain is often related to the amount of exposure to screens, the distance from eyes to screens and the use of multiple screens simultaneously”这是确切的定义，可照搬。第三段和第四段主要叙述了如何避免眼疲劳，即尽量避免反射（try to decrease reflection.），多休息（longer breaks）以及提醒自己多眨眼（remind… to blink…），以防眼睛干涩(此句要用动词不定式来表示目的)。最后按照大意，用恰当的句式表达出来即可。在用英语句式表达时，要尽可能用自己的话，让句子灵活多变些。但句式一定要符合英语语言的要求，避免运用汉语式的英语。答案如下：
Digital eyestrain is related to the amount of exposure to screens and the distance of the eyes to the screens. Scientists suggest we should use high-resolution screens and try to decrease reflections. Moreover, besides longer breaks, we should take more additional mini-breaks. Finally, remind ourselves to blink as much as possible to prevent our eyes from drying out.
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好题必测
【2017上海春考】
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Where are the bees?
Bees are essential to the production of food we eat. Bees make honey, but they also pollinate large areas of crops, such as straw berries, apples and onions. About a third of the food we eat is a result of pollination of the bees. Unfortunately, bees have been disappearing at an alarming rate.
In 2006, bee keepers started reporting about something called Colony Collapse Disaster (CCD).The main sign of CCD is the loss of adult honey bees from a hive. In October of 2006, some beekeepers reported that they had lost between 30 and 90 percent of their hives.
There were many theories for the disappearance of the bees. But the most convincing one has to do with pesticides and lifestyles of bees today. Nowadays, beekeeper get most of their income not from producing honey but from renting bees to pollinate plants. This means that the life of the typical bee now consists of travelling all around the country to pollinate crops as the seasons change. That means a lot of traveling on trucks, which is very stressful to bees. It is not unusual for up to 30% of the hive to die during transport due to stress. In addition, bees that spend most of their time locked up on trucks are not exposed to what they usually live on. Instead, they live on a sweet liquid from corn, usually polluted with pesticides.
The exact reason for the disappearance of bees is not sure, but losing bees is very costly to the economy. The bee pollination services are worth over $8 billion a year. With no bees, pollination will have to be done by hand, which would have effects on the quality of food and increased food priced. We hear a lot about big environmental disasters almost every day. But one of the biggest may just be the less of that tiny flying insect.
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【答案】Bees not only provide us with honey, but also help pollinate crops. However, they are disappearing at an alarming rate for unknown reason, which will be disastrous to us and economy. Some people think it is the pesticide while others think it is due to transport.
【解析】
【分析】本文属于环保文章，介绍蜜蜂正以惊人的速度消失，这可能和运输、农作物使用杀虫剂以及环境有关，但是没人知道确切原因。要求考生阅读完总结论点，不能超过60个词。
【详解】第一步，归纳各个段落的段落大意，第一段讲述蜜蜂对我们很重要，但是却以惊人的速度消失，第二段讲述蜜蜂出现这种状况的情形，第三段讲述可能造成此现象的原因；第四段讲述这种现象对我们和经济的影响。
第二步，可以择出重要的信息，蜜蜂对我们很重要，但是却以惊人的速度消失，可能造成此现象的原因，以及影响。
第三步，得出答案，注意过渡与衔接，字数控制在60字以内。
【点睛】概要写作做题技巧。概要写作不是对段落大意的简单堆积，需要学生读懂文章的大概意思和文章结构，还需要一定写作替换技巧，且注意语言的简洁性。第一步，确定文章的话题和各段的段落大意，比如本文话题为蜜蜂的消失，第一段讲述蜜蜂对我们很重要，但是却以惊人的速度消失，第二段讲述蜜蜂出现这种状况的情形，第三段讲述可能造成此现象的原因；第四段讲述这种现象对我们和经济的影响；第二步，分析各个段落的逻辑关系，确定主观点和次要观点；第三步，注意一定的写作技巧，比如同义词、近义词的替换，句型和结构的转换；第四步，检查单词拼写，语法规则，字数问题等。
【2022崇明二模】
71. Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Building Trust in Virtual Environments
Research into the science behind human communication tells us that up to 90 percent of what we tell one another is nonverbal. It’s the countless eye, facial and body movements we flash one another that help us understand someone’s intention and determine if we should trust them.
The challenge we all face is figuring out ways to build trust in virtual environments. Sure, we have some interactions on videoconferences, but the physical cues (暗示) we’ve become accustomed to reacting to are restricted and masked. This is forcing us to develop new ways to trust one another. Good leaders are working to engineer those opportunities to build trust in their now virtual teams.
There are lessons we can learn from global multinational companies that have figured out how to make virtual relationships work over the past few decades. If you have vital business partners, or even employees working overseas, you have, at best, limited opportunities to meet them in person. What these companies have learned is that actions speak louder than words, and people base a simple analysis of trustworthiness on delivering on commitments. People that do are trustworthy; people that don’t aren’t.
When you hire virtual workers and get a new virtual team member, there is the question of whether someone has the background and experience they claim to have. That means we all need to lean on tools and techniques to help certify (证实) someone’s background. Some companies have built talent databases in which people can search their teammates and confirm their impressive backgrounds. Knowing that you are working with a certified superstar builds trust.
Finding ways to get someone to prove their trustworthiness by doing what they say they will and backing up their claims of experience will go a long way in helping you adapt to the new reality that we work in.
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【答案】Physical cues, vital in communication, help build trust. But these cues are limited in virtual environments, which blocks trust-building, so we should seek new ways to prove trustworthiness. First, we can trust those who do as promised. Second, people whose claimed background and experience have been confirmed are worth trusting. (50 words)
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。肢体暗示在沟通中至关重要，有助于建立信任。但这些线索在虚拟环境中是有限的，这阻碍了信任的建立，所以我们应该寻找新的方法来证明可信性。首先，我们可以信任那些言出必行的人。第二，那些声称的背景和经验被证实的人是值得信任的。
【详解】1.要点摘录
①It’s the countless eye, facial and body movements we flash one another that help us understand someone’s intention and determine if we should trust them.
②The physical cues we’ve become accustomed to reacting to are restricted and masked. This is forcing us to develop new ways to trust one another.
③People base a simple analysis of trustworthiness on delivering on commitments. People that do are trustworthy.
④There is the question of whether someone has the background and experience they claim to have. We all need to lean on tools and techniques to help certify someone’s background.
2.缜密构思
将第1、2个要点进行重组，将第3、4个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Physical cues, which are vital in communication, help build trust.
Physical cues are limited in virtual environments, which blocks trust-building, so it forces us to seek new ways to prove trustworthiness.
First, we can trust those who deliver on commitments.
Second, people who have the background and experience they claim to have are worth trusting.
【点睛】【高分句型1】But these cues are limited in virtual environments, which blocks trust-building, so we should seek new ways to prove trustworthiness.（运用了一个复杂的主从复合句对第二段进行了概括。其中which引导的非限制性定语从句表达高级）
【高分句型2】Second, people whose claimed background and experience have been confirmed are worth trusting.（运用了一个复杂的主从复合句对第四段进行了概括。其中whose引导的限制性定语从句表达高级）
【2022虹口二模】
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Why Is Littering a Surprisingly Big Issue?
Compared with the blindingly obvious environmental issues we hear about every day, littering often takes a backseat -- but it’s more pressing than we may think.
If you were to throw, say, a banana peel (香蕉皮) out of your car while driving along the motorway, that would be a completely harmless action, due to the fact that it’s part of a fruit -- right? Actually, no. A banana peel can take up to two years to decompose (分解), and with a third of motorists admitting to littering while driving, that’s a whole lot of abandoned banana peels, or much worse. An orange peel and a cigarette butt has a similar biodegrading (生物降解) term to that of a banana, but tin and aluminium cans last up to 100 years, and plastic bottles last forever, as do glass bottles, Styrofoam cups and plastic bags.
Despite the fact that longer-lasting materials will serve to damage the environment and its animals for longer, we can’t only measure the severity of a certain type of rubbish by its lifetime. For example, despite having a fairly short biodegrading period, more than 120 tons of cigarette-related litter is abandoned in the UK every day. Similarly, our regular littering here and there has caused the UK’s rat population to increase by 60 million. This suddenly isn’t so mysterious when you consider that since the 1960s our annual littering has increased by an astonishing 500 per cent.
It’s not a cheap habit either: UK taxpayers shelve out £500 million in order to keep our streets clean, and when you include our green spaces, that goes up to £1 billion. So, it’s not surprising that if caught fly-tipping you could face a £20,000 fine or even jail time and, if you littered something dangerous, the court could give you five years to serve.
To take back our beautiful countryside and cities we need to do more than simply not leaving rubbish where it ought not to be. We need a pride makeover, and we need to truly care more about the world around us.
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【答案】Though often overlooked, littering is actually an urgent environmental problem. The first thing is that litter like plastic bottles may take years to decompose and plastic bottles last forever, thus causing a destructive effect on the environment. Even rubbish with a shorter biodegrading term can bring about serious problems like rat issues. Furthermore, it is surprisingly costly to clear up litter thrown on the street.
【解析】
【分析】本文是一篇说明文。文章围绕为什么乱扔垃圾是一个大问题展开说明，主要列举了乱扔垃圾造成的危害，并呼吁大家不要乱扔垃圾。乱扔垃圾不仅影响环境美观，而且垃圾降解也会花费几年，甚至永远。除此之外，乱扔垃圾还会引发例如老鼠数量增加、耗费资金清理垃圾等其他严重问题。因此，大家应该爱护身边的环境，从不乱扔垃圾做起，努力营造美丽的乡村和城市环境。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Littering often takes a backseat -- but it’s more pressing than we may think
②An orange peel and a cigarette butt has a similar biodegrading (生物降解) term to that of a
banana, but tin and aluminium cans last up to 100 years, and plastic bottles last forever, as do glass bottles, Styrofoam cups and plastic bags.
③For example, despite having a fairly short biodegrading period, more than 120 tons of cigarette-
related litter is abandoned in the UK every day. Similarly, our regular littering here and there has caused the UK’s rat population to increase by 60 million.
④It’s not a cheap habit either: UK taxpayers shelve out £500 million in order to keep our streets clean and when you include our green spaces, that goes up to £1 billion.
2.缜密构思将第1个要点进行改写，第2、3两个要点进行重组，将第4个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句
Though often overlooked, littering is actually an urgent environmental problem.
The first thing is that litter like plastic bottles may take years to decompose and plastic bottles last forever, thus causing a destructive effect on the environment.
Even rubbish with a shorter biodegrading term can bring about serious problems like rat issues.
Furthermore, it is surprisingly costly to clear up litter thrown on the street.
【点睛】[高分句型1] Though often overlooked, littering is actually an urgent environmental problem.运用了一个主从复合句改写了第一段的内容。其中though引导让步状语从句。
[高分句型2]：The first thing is that litter like plastic bottles may take years to decompose and plastic bottles last forever, thus causing a destructive effect on the environment. 用that引导的表语从句对第二段进行了概括，现在分词causing引出结果状语，表达非常高级。
[高分句型3]：It is surprisingly costly to clear up litter thrown on the street. 用it作形式主语，不定式to clear up litter作为真正主语、thrown过去分词作后置定语的用法比较高级。
【2022金山二模】
Directions: Read the following passage. Summarize the main idea and the main point(s) of the passage in no more than 60 words. Use your own words as far as possible.
Fatigue
Fatigue is a feeling of being extremely tired. Basically, there are three types of fatigue, physical, pathological (由疾病引起的), and psychological. As you might suspect, each differs significantly from the others.
When you exercise your body, you produce waste products. Muscles, for example, release lactic acid (乳酸) into the blood; cells dump in carbon dioxide. When these wastes reach a certain level in the blood, the brain is informed and your activity level drops. Excess wastes in the muscles may produce soreness. The solution to this type of fatigue is simple — rest. That should refresh you; if it doesn’t, another cause should be sought.
Have you ever become involved in so many activities that you had to be in two places at once? This is what happens when your body has a disease. The cells are overused and cannot keep up with both fighting the disease and keeping you active. The result is fatigue. Some communicable diseases like the flu and colds are “well” known for draining your energy. Other non-communicable diseases, like anemia (贫血), drain you because you are lacking an important body ingredient. Being overweight can cause pathological fatigue. It should be obvious that this type of fatigue is not going to go away without treatment. In a way, pathological fatigue is a lifesaver. It lets you know something is wrong and that you need rest.
Here is the most common type of fatigue. Almost everybody experiences it now and then. Often, the cause is an emotional war you are having with yourself or those around you. Some of these familiar factors can bring on psychological fatigue: worries, stress, lack of exercise, boredom, depression. If you know someone with psychological fatigue, would you advise him to rest? No way! That might be fine for our other types of fatigue, but for this one, it’s deadly. If you are ever going to be able to cope with stress, depression, or worry, you need oxygen in your cells and a more optimistic attitude. Get out of the chair and do something! Believe it or not, many people throw themselves into physical labor like cleaning to “de-fatigue” themselves. If you find yourself in a particularly stressful situation that you can’t physically escape, escape mentally. When fatigue continues, maybe you need to get to the root of the problem.
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【答案】One possible version:
Three kinds of fatigue exist. They are caused by different reasons and should be relieved with different methods. Exercise causes physical fatigue, which simple rest can eliminate. Pathological fatigue can be caused by diseases or overweight and should be seriously treated. Psychological fatigue is related to one’s unstable emotion, so physical labor or mental treatment can work.
【解析】
【导语】本文是一篇说明文。文章介绍说，疲劳有三种。它们是由不同的原因引起的，应该用不同的方法来缓解。运动会导致身体疲劳，而简单的休息就可以消除疲劳。病理性疲劳可由疾病或超重引起，应认真对待。心理疲劳与人的情绪不稳定有关，体力劳动或精神治疗都能起到作用。
【详解】1 要点摘录
①Basically, there are three types of fatigue, physical, pathological (由疾病引起的), and psychological.
②When you exercise your body, you produce waste products.
③The solution to this type of fatigue is simple — rest.
④Some communicable diseases like the flu and colds are “well” known for draining your energy.
⑤Being overweight can cause pathological fatigue. It should be obvious that this type of fatigue is not going to go away without treatment.
⑥Some of these familiar factors can bring on psychological fatigue: worries, stress, lack of exercise, boredom, depression.
⑦If you are ever going to be able to cope with stress, depression, or worry, you need oxygen in your cells and a more optimistic attitude.
2.缜密构思
将第1个要点进行重组，将第2、3和4、5和6、7几个要点进行整合。
3.遣词造句T
Three kinds of fatigue exist.
They are caused by different reasons and should be relieved with different methods.
Exercise causes physical fatigue, which simple rest can eliminate.
Pathological fatigue can be caused by diseases or overweight and should be seriously treated.
Psychological fatigue is related to one’s unstable emotion, so physical labor or mental treatment can work.
【点睛】[高分句型1]：Exercise causes physical fatigue, which simple rest can eliminate.(运用which引导的非限定性定语从句)
[高分句型2]：Psychological fatigue is related to one’s unstable emotion, so physical labor or mental treatment can work. (运用so引导的并列句)
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高考题型组合练
Grammar and Vocabulary
Section A
Directions: After reading the passage below, fill in the blanks to make the passages coherent and grammatically correct. For the blanks with a given word, fill in each blank with the proper form of the given word; for the other blanks, use one word that best fits each bank.
Star Eating Purple for Your Health
Eat a rainbow of colours often, as dietitians are fond of saying----and with good reason. Eating a variety of colourful food provides vitamins and minerals that can’t (1)______ (replace) with supplement to nourish your body.
According to experts from Whole Foods, a food company in the United States, who examined consumer behaviour globally across 465 stores, our plates look very colourful this year, (2) ______ purple foods particularly popular. This is indeed the case. (3)____ (walk) through any supermarket and you will find richly-coloured purple foods are popping on the shelves.
The purple food trend in the market is unsurprising. (4) ______ (give) how health-conscious, people are becoming in recent years. People have long known (5)______ the darker the colour of food, the higher the contents of antioxidants(抗氧化剂） and nutrients will be and the (6)______ (healthy) the food. In fact, they are inspired to eat more purple foods because a study found that those who ate purple fruits and vegetables regularly often have low cholesterol(胆固醇）and a reduced risk of getting blood pressure.
Research shows that these foods get their purple colour from anthocyanins( 花青素），(7) _______ have been linked with antioxidants and anti-aging properties in the body. Purple foods help promote bone health, and have also been shown (8)______ (lower) the risk of some cancers and improve memory. Take purple sweet potatoes for example. (9) _____ the standard sweet potato is packed with health benefits of its own, the purple sweet potato is even better for us. Of course, you (10)_____ not switch to only eating purple foods. Eating a variety of colourful foods every day is the best. But do include purple ones!
【答案】
1. be replaced 2.with 3. Walk 4. given 5. that
6. healthier 7. which 8. to lower 9.While 10. should
【分析】
1. 由句意可知，“吃颜色丰富的食物能为我们提供维他命和矿物质，这些是补充物所不能替代的”，此空是定语从句，且表示被动。所以填be replaced。
2. 此空考查with的复合结构，在这里作伴随状语。“今年我们的盘子颜色特别鲜艳，尤以紫色的食物更为受欢迎。”
3. 由前后句意，“行走在任何一家超市，你会发现颜色丰富的紫色食物充斥着货架。”考查“祈使句+and+含一般将来时的陈述句”这一基本句型，所以填Walk.
4. 考查非谓语（之过去分词）的用法。由句意“紫色食物的潮流屡见不鲜，考虑到近几年来人们有多么地注重健康。” 考查“Given （that）...”，表示“考虑到，假定，已知”。
5. 考查宾语从句。从句中不缺任何充分，所以填that。
6. 考查”the+比较级，the+比较级“这一句型，句意为：食物的颜色越深，它的抗氧化剂和营养就会越高，食物也会越健康。所以填healthier.
7. 考查非限制性定语从句，对前面的专有名词anthocyanins( 花青素）进行补充说明。所以填which。
8. 考查非谓语动（之不定式）的用法。由句意，“紫色食物被表明能降低患癌症的风险，提升记忆力。”appear/seem/report/say/ show等动词后一般接不定式。
9. 考查连词。由句意：尽管标准的（一般化的）甜土豆含有自身的营养价值，紫色的甜土豆对我们而言就更好了。表示两种情况的对比，所以填While。
10. 考查情态动词。由句意：你不应该一味地只吃紫色食物，每天吃丰富多样的食物才是最好的。表示按道理应该去做某事，所以填情态动词should。
Section B
Directions: Complete the following passage by using the words in the box. Each word can only be used once. Note that there is one word more than you need.
A. chance B. craze C. drawn D. founded AB. presence AC. modernized
AD. mistaken BC. alive BD. promoted CD. enthusiasts ABC. engage
Putting up her hair in a bun adorned with an elaborate hairpin and wearing a long gown with embroidery and loose sleeves, 19-year-old Chen Xi might be ___16___ for a time traveler from centuries ago if not for her face mask and cellphone.
"I was ____17____ by the beauty of hanfu in costume dramas at the very beginning. They looked fairy-like, and I really liked it," she said. "Fascinated by this special garment, many young Chinese like me become more interested in traditional Chinese culture, customs and music."
In 2018, the number of hanfu fans reached 2.04 million, up 72.9 percent year on year, according to a report on China's hanfu industry released by iiMedia Research, a Chinese consulting agency. A few years earlier, whenever Chen put on hanfu and walked on the street, passers-by gave her weird looks. Now things are different. Hanfu has seen a growing and more visible ____18____ in the daily life of China.
If you walk through the streets and parks in cities such as Hangzhou or Kunming, you may ___19___ upon an individual dressed in the sweeping ropes, crossed collars and wide sleeves of hanfu. Dressed in this way, they aim to keep the apparel and the rich culture behind it ___20___.
Liu Dan, 43, put on his first hanfu suit and stepped out onto the street in 2006 when he returned from overseas to Kunming, the capital city of Southwest China's Yunnan province. He said the hanfu____21____ started in the early 2000s on online forums and websites, but now the fashion has jumped out of the screen and onto the streets.
In 2007, Liu, with an educational background in software engineering, ___22___ the Yunnan Hanfu Association. The number of hanfu ___23___ in the association has grown from fewer than 10 to more than 10,000. Each weekend, they meet up for themed activities. Amid the COVID-19 epidemic, Liu has moved these cultural activities online.
Many companies have cashed in on the upsurge in hanfu popularity. E-commerce giant Alibaba and livestreaming platform Huya both have launched apps to ___24___ hanfu fans and thereby nurture online shopping sales.
Experts believe the resurgence of hanfu, like traditional songs and poems, is part of a larger trend to prize tradition, as the increasingly wealthy and ____25____ Chinese society sets off to reconnect with its cultural roots.
【答案】16. AD 17. C 18. AB 19. A 20. BC 21. B 22. D 23. CD 24. ABC 25. AC
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要介绍了如今流行的汉服文化，介绍了其流行情况、发展历程以及影响。专家认为，随着日益富裕和现代化的中国社会开始与其文化根源重新联系起来，汉服的复兴，就像传统歌曲和诗歌一样，是重视传统的更大趋势的一部分。
【16题详解】
考查动词。句意：19岁的陈曦盘着发髻，用精致的发夹发饰，身穿绣花宽松袖子长袍，如果不是因为她的面具和手机，人们可能会误认为她是几个世纪前的时间旅行者。根据“Putting up her hair in a bun adorned with an elaborate hairpin and wearing a long gown with embroidery and loose sleeves”可知，结合句意表示“被误认为……”可知短语为be mistaken for。故填mistaken。故选AD。
【17题详解】
考查动词。句意：一开始我就被古装剧里汉服的美吸引住了。根据“by the beauty of hanfu in costume dramas at the very beginning”可知。此处句意表示“吸引”可知应填动词draw，且此处主语与谓语动词构成被动关系，结合上文was可知为一般过去时的被动语态。be drawn by“被……吸引”。故填drawn。故选C。
【18题详解】
考查名词。句意：汉府在中国的日常生活中的存在感越来越强，越来越明显。根据上文“a growing and more visible”可知应填单数名词，全额表示“存在”应用名词presence。故填presence。故选AB。
【19题详解】
考查固定短语。句意：如果你走在杭州或昆明等城市的街道和公园里，你可能会偶然发现一个穿着汉服的人，穿着汉服的宽袖、横领和扫绳。结合句意表示“偶然发现”可知短语为chance upon。置于情态动词之后原形。故填chance。故选A。
【20题详解】
考查形容词。句意：这样的着装，是为了让服装及其背后的丰富文化保持活力。结合句意表示“让……保持活力”可知短语为keep sth. alive。alive作宾语补足语。故填alive。故选BC。
【21题详解】
考查名词。句意：他说，汉服风潮始于21世纪初的网络论坛和网站，但现在，汉服风潮已走出荧屏，走上街头。结合句意表示“风潮，狂热”可知应填名词craze，作宾语从句的主语，且为不可数名词。故填craze。故选B。
【22题详解】
考查动词。句意：2007年，拥有软件工程教育背景的刘汉创办了云南汉服协会。根据“ the Yunnan Hanfu Association. ”此处句意表示“创办”可知应用动词found，且结合In 2007可知应用一般过去时。故填founded。故选D。
【23题详解】
考查名词。句意：汉服爱好者协会的人数从不足10人增长到1万多人。根据“from fewer than 10 to more than 10,000.”可知，此处句意表示“爱好者”可知应填名词enthusiast，且上文为“the number of+复数名词”结构。故填enthusiasts。故选CD。
【24题详解】
考查动词。句意：电商巨头阿里巴巴和直播平台虎雅都推出了应用，以吸引汉服粉丝，从而促进网购销售。结合句意表示“吸引”可知影音动词engage，且此处为不定式作目的状语，上文已有不定式符号to，应填动词原形。故填engage。故选ABC。
【25题详解】
考查形容词。句意：专家认为，随着日益富裕和现代化的中国社会开始与其文化根源重新联系起来，汉服的复兴，就像传统歌曲和诗歌一样，是重视传统的更大趋势的一部分。根据“wealthy”可知，修饰后文名词society应用形容词，且表示“现代化的”应用modernized。故填modernized。故选AC。
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