外研版高中英语必修第一册第1讲 句子成分学案

    第一讲　句子成分

一、主语、谓语

温故——考一考

说出下列句子中画线部分的句子成分

1．①Class ②begins at eight.

答案：①主语　②谓语

2．①The_teachers ②are_having a meeting.

答案：①主语　②谓语

3．At five o'clock, ①they ②left.

答案：①主语　②谓语

4．①Put_up your hand if you ②have any questions.

答案：①谓语　②谓语

5．①Smoking ②does harm to your health.

答案：①主语　②谓语

6．There ①is ②a_pen on the desk.

答案：①谓语　②主语

7．①Who ②teaches you maths, Xiao Hua?

答案：①主语　②谓语

8．①This_story ②happened in London.

答案：①主语　②谓语

9．①The_rich ②should_help the poor.

答案：①主语　②谓语

10．This weekend, ①some_of_us ②are_going_to_have a picnic with the teachers.

答案：①主语　②谓语

知新——讲一讲

组成句子的各个部分叫句子成分。根据各个部分在句子中所起的作用分别称为主语、谓语、宾语、表语、定语、状语和补语。其中主语和谓语是句子的主体。

1．主语(Subject)：主语是句子的主体部分，是说明的对象，是动作的执行者或发出者。主语通常由名词、代词等充当(主语有时是动作的承受者，这时谓语应用被动语态)。例如：

The students are listening to me carefully.

学生们在认真听我讲课。

They want to learn English well.

他们想学好英语。

2．谓语(Predicate)：谓语用来表示主语的状态或行为动作。

(1)简单谓语：由一个动词或动词短语构成，不管是什么时态、语态、语气。例如：

He practises running every morning.

他每天早上练习跑步。

Don't play in the street.

不要在街上玩。

He is doing his homework now.

他现在正在做家庭作业。

(2)复合谓语：①由情态动词或某些其他助动词加不带to的动词不定式构成。例如：

You may keep the book for two weeks.

这本书你可以借两周。

He had to stay at home.

他不得不待在家里。

②由系动词加表语构成。例如：

We are students.我们是学生。

温故知新——练一练

Ⅰ.指出下列句子中的主语和谓语(画线部分)

1．①He ②has_become more and more interested in English.

答案：①主语　②谓语

2．①The_living ②should_go_on_with his work.

答案：①主语　②谓语

3．①He ②practises speaking English every morning.

答案：①主语　②谓语

4．①The_child ②has_been_brought_up by his grandmother.

答案：①主语　②谓语

5．①To_see ②is_to_believe.

答案：①主语　②谓语

6．①It ②is_necessary ③to_help_him_out.

答案：①形式主语　②谓语　③真正主语

7．①He ②looked_after the children carefully.

答案：①主语　②谓语

8．①Four_plus_four ②is_eight.

答案：①主语　②谓语

9．①He ②can_speak English very well.

答案：①主语　②谓语

10．①Playing_football in the street ②is_dangerous.

答案：①主语　②谓语

Ⅱ.汉译英

1．他昨天下午到达海南。

答案：Yesterday afternoon he reached Hainan.

2．我们经常在课堂上说英语。

答案：We often speak English in class.

3．掌握一门外语是有必要的。

答案：It is necessary to master a foreign language.

4．张教授是著名的科学家。

答案：Professor Zhang is a famous scientist.

5．我们打算今晚去拜访他。

答案：We are going to call on him tonight.

二、宾语、表语

温故——考一考

说出下列句子中画线部分的句子成分

1．They visited an_exhibition yesterday.

答案：宾语

2．The heavy rain prevented ①me from ②arriving_at_school_on_time.

答案：①宾语　②宾语

3．How many ①dictionaries do you have? I have ②five.

答案：①宾语　②宾语

4．I enjoy listening_to_pop_music.

答案：宾语

5．She looks unhappy today.

答案：表语

6．He often went hungry in the past.

答案：表语

7．His job is to_teach_English.

答案：表语

8．Time is ①up. The class is ②over.

答案：①表语　②表语

9．He remained in_poor_health all those years.

答案：表语

10．These apples taste sweet.

答案：表语

知新——讲一讲

1．宾语(Object)：宾语表示动作的对象或承受者，一般位于及物动词(短语)或介词后面。例如：

He is going to buy a dictionary.(动词的宾语)

他打算买本词典。

We should learn from him.

我们应向他学习。(介词的宾语)

宾语种类：(1)双宾语：间接宾语＋直接宾语，间接宾语一般指人，直接宾语一般指物。

例如：Lend me your dictionary, please.

请把你的词典借给我用一用。

(2)复合宾语：宾语＋宾补。

例如：He asked me to come.他请我来的。

2．表语(Predicative)：表语用以说明主语的身份、特征或状态，它一般位于系动词(如be, become, get, look, grow, turn, seem等)之后。表语一般由名词、代词、形容词、动词的­ing形式、不定式、介词短语、副词及从句充当。

例如：

Is it yours？那是你的吗？

The books are interesting.这些书很有趣。

I wasn't at home last night.昨晚我没在家。

The weather has turned cold.天气已变冷。

温故知新——练一练

Ⅰ.指出下列句子中的宾语和表语(画线部分)

1．His job is to_train_swimmers.

答案：表语

2．He seems interested in the plan.

答案：表语

3．He handed ①me ②the_newspaper.

答案：①间接宾语　②直接宾语

4．The war was over.

答案：表语

5．The window is broken.

答案：表语

Ⅱ.汉译英

1．我的爱好是画画。

答案：My hobby is painting.

2．他好像知道真相。

答案：He seems to know the truth.

3．他不喜欢这项工作。

答案：He doesn't like the job.

4．我给你买了一些巧克力。

答案：I have bought you some chocolate.

5．这工厂60%的工人是年轻人。

答案：60% of the workers in this factory are young.

三、定语、状语、补语

温故——考一考

说出下列句子中画线部分的句子成分

1．China is a ①developing country, while America is a ②developed country.

答案：①定语　②定语

2．He is reading an article about_how_to_learn_English.

答案：定语

3．The boy ①who_is_shouting_there is ②her brother.

答案：①定语　②定语

4．Light travels most_quickly.

答案：状语

5．He has lived in the city for_ten_years.

答案：状语

6．He goes to school by_bus.

答案：状语

7．①In_order_to_catch_up_with_the_others,_I must work ②harder.

答案：①状语　②状语

8．Don't leave the window open.

答案：宾补

9．I heard him go_out.

答案：宾补

10．His father named him Dong_Ming.

答案：宾补

知新——讲一讲

1．定语：(Attribute)：定语起修饰限制名词或代词的作用。一般由形容词性物主代词、数词、形容词、介词短语、动词不定式、分词(短语)或句子充当。例如：

Dalian is a beautiful city.

大连是一个美丽的城市。

The girl with glasses is diligent.

戴眼镜的女孩很勤奋。

The man standing there is our teacher.

站在那里的那人是我们的老师。

Is there any difference between spoken English and written English?

英语口语和书面语之间有什么不同吗？

I have a lot of homework to do.

我有许多作业要做。

2．状语(Adverbial)：状语用于修饰动词、形容词、副词或整个句子，说明动作或状态特征。可表示时间、地点、原因、目的、结果、方式、伴随、条件、程度、让步、频率等，一般由副词、介词短语、动词不定式，动词的­ing形式或从句充当。例如：

I'm very pleased to see you.

见到你我非常高兴。

I'll be back in a while.

我一会儿就回来。

We go home twice a month.

我们每月回家两次。

Being fat, he can't walk long.

因为身体很胖，他走不了多远。

He works hard every day to pass the exam.

为了通过考试，他天天刻苦学习。

3．宾语补足语(Object Complement)：用来对宾语作补充说明，可由名词、形容词、副词、不定式、分词或介词短语等充当。例如：

They painted their boat white.

他们把船涂成白色。

Let the fresh air in.

让新鲜空气进来。

You mustn't force him to lend his money to you.

你绝不可强迫他借钱给你。

We saw her entering the room.

我们见她进入房间。

We found everything in the lab in good order.

我们发现实验室里的东西都井然有序。

温故知新——练一练

Ⅰ.指出下列句子中画线部分的句子成分

1．He is a lovely boy.

答案：定语

2．There are ①many women teachers in ②our school.

答案：①定语　②定语

3．①Our monitor is always the first ②to_enter_the_classroom.

答案：①定语　②定语

4．He is playing ①there ②happily.

答案：①状语　②状语

5．I shall go ①there ②if_it_doesn't_rain.

答案：①状语　②状语

6．The story happened in_Beijing.

答案：状语

7．He was so tired that_he_fell_asleep_immediately.

答案：状语

8．His coming late made his teacher unhappy.

答案：宾补

9．Please keep the dog out.

答案：宾补

10．When he woke up, he found himself under_the_bed.

答案：宾补

Ⅱ.汉译英

1．我父母都是教师。

答案：My parents are both teachers.

2．你为什么不买那个红色的呢？

答案：Why don't you buy the red one?

3．我两周没回家了。

答案：I haven't been home for two weeks.

4．放学后，他发现他妈妈在校门口等着他。

答案：After school, he found his mother waiting for him at the school gate.

5．小明通常步行去上学。

答案：Xiao Ming usually goes to school on foot.