高考英语三轮冲刺纠错笔记专题11 阅读理解（2份打包，解析版+原卷版）

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专题11 阅读理解
易错点1 只见树木不见森林，误把细节当主题

（2019·新课标全国卷II）Marian Bechtel sits at West Palm Beach’s Bar Louie counter by herself, quietly reading her e-book as she waits for her salad. What is she reading? None of your business! Lunch is Bechtel’s ＂me＂ time. And like more Americans, she’s not alone.
A new report found 46 percent of meals are eaten alone in America. More than half(53 percent)have breakfast alone and nearly half(46 percent)have lunch by themselves. Only at dinnertime are we eating together anymore，74 percent，according to statistics from the report.
＂I prefer to go out and be out. Alone，but together，you know？＂Bechtel said，looking up from her book. Bechtel，who works in downtown West Palm Beach，has lunch with coworkers sometimes，but like many of us，too often works through lunch at her desk. A lunchtime escape allows her to keep a boss from tapping her on the shoulder. She returns to work feeling energized. ＂Today，I just wanted some time to myself，＂she said.
Just two seats over，Andrew Mazoleny，a local videographer，is finishing his lunch at the bar. He likes that he can sit and check his phone in peace or chat up the barkeeper with whom he's on a first-name basis if he wants to have a little interaction(交流). ＂I reflect on how my day's gone and think about the rest of the week,＂ he said. ＂It's a chance for self-reflection, You return to work recharged and with a plan.＂
That freedom to choose is one reason more people like to eat alone. There was a time when people may have felt awkward about asking for a table for one，but those days are over. Now，we have our smartphones to keep us company at the table. ＂It doesn't feel as alone as it may have before all the advances in technology,＂ said Laurie Demerit， whose company provided the statistics for the report.
31. What is the text mainly about?
A. The trend of having meals alone.
B. The importance of self-reflection.
C. The stress from working overtime.
D. The advantage of wireless technology.

【错因分析】一篇文章都是围绕着一个中心思想或一个话题展开的，因此，有的文章中最明显的特点之一是有一个反复出现的中心词，即高频词，也叫做主题词。抓住了它，便容易抓住文章的中心。通读全文可知，文章主通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多。文章第一段通过Marian Bechtel独自用餐的例子引出话题，第二段介绍这份调查结果的数据，第三段和第四段举例说明，第四段回归话题，说明人们选择独自用餐的原因
【试题解析】本文通过一份调查结果显示，很大比例的人选择独自用餐，原因很多，比如逃离工作氛围，或者反思自己，但是独自用餐正慢慢成为一种趋势，故选A。
【参考答案】 A


近几年的高考阅读理解越来越倾向于从语篇的角度考查能力，考生在做题时也要相应地转变为整体思维，要从整体把握文章的大意，不可过于纠缠细节。利用文章的细节内容进行干扰是命题人常采用的干扰方式，考生千万不可被其迷惑。遇到主旨大意题或是标题归纳题，切忌只见树木，不见森林。

（2020.江苏卷.阅读理解） I was in the middle of the Amazon (亚马逊) with my wife, who was there as a medical researcher. We flew on a small plane to a faraway village. We did not speak the local language, did not know the customs, and more often than not, did not entirely recognize the food. We could not have felt more foreign.
We were raised on books and computers, highways and cell phones, but now we were living in a village without running water or electricity It was easy for us to go to sleep at the end of the day feeling a little misunderstood.
Then one perfect Amazonian evening, with monkeys calling from beyond the village green, we played soccer. I am not good at soccer, but that evening it was wonderful. Everyone knew the rules. We all spoke the same language of passes and shots. We understood one another perfectly. As darkness came over the field and the match ended, the goal keeper, Juan, walked over to me and said in a matter-of-fact way, “In your home, do you have a moon too?” I was surprised.
After I explained to Juan that yes, we did have a moon and yes, it was very similar to his, I felt a sort of awe (敬畏) at the possibilities that existed in his world. In Juan’s world, each village could have its own moon. In Juan’s world. the unknown and undiscovered was vast and marvelous. Anything was possible.
In our society, we know that Earth has only one moon. We have looked at our planet from every angle and found all of the wildest things left to find. I can, from my computer at home, pull up satellite images of Juan’s village. There are no more continents and no more moons to search for, little left to discover. At least it seems that way.
Yet, as I thought about Juan’s question, I was not sure how much more we could really rule out. I am, in part, an ant biologist, so my thoughts turned to what we know about insect life and I knew that much in the world of insects remains unknown. How much, though? How ignorant (无知的) are we? The question of what we know and do not know constantly bothered me.
I began collecting newspaper articles about new species, new monkey, new spider…, and on and on they appear. My drawer quickly filled. I began a second drawer for more general discoveries: new cave system discovered with dozens of nameless species, four hundred species of bacteria found in the human stomach. The second drawer began to fill and as it did I wondered whether there were bigger discoveries out there, not just species, but life that depends on things thought to be useless, life even without DNA. I started a third drawer for these big discoveries. It fills more slowly, but all the same, it fills.
In looking into the stories of biological discovery, I also began to find something else, a collection of scientists, usually brilliant occasionally half-mad, who made the discoveries. Those scientists very often see the same things that other scientists see, but they pay more attention to them, and they focus on them to the point of exhaustion (穷尽), and at the risk of the ridicule of their peers. In looking for the stories of discovery, I found the stories of these people and how their lives changed our view of the world.
We are repeatedly willing to imagine we have found most of what is left to discover. We used to think that insects were the smallest organisms (生物), and that nothing lived deeper than six hundred meters. Yet, when something new turns up, more often than not, we do not even know its name.
70. What could be the most suitable title for the passage?
A. The Possible and the Impossible .
B. The Known and the Unknown .
C. The Civilized and the Uncivilized .
D. The Ignorant and the Intelligent.
易错点2 主观臆断，忽视逻辑

Reading can be a social activity. Think of the people who belong to book groups. They choose books to read and then meet to discuss them. Now, the website BookCrossing.com turns the page on the traditional idea of a book group.
Members go on the site and register the books they own and would like to share. BookCrossing provides an identification number to stick inside the book. Then the person leaves it in a public place, hoping that the book will have an adventure, traveling far and wide with each new reader who finds it.
Bruce Pederson, the managing director of BookCrossing, says, ＂The two things that change your life are the people you meet and books you read. BookCrossing combines both.＂
Members leave books on park benches and buses, in train stations and coffee shops. Whoever finds their book will go to the site and record where they found it.
People who find a book can also leave a journal entry describing what they thought of it. E-mails are then sent to the BookCrossers to keep them updated about where their books have been found. Bruce Pederson says the idea is for people not to be selfish by keeping a book to gather dust on a shelf at home.
BookCrossing is part of a trend among people who want to get back to the ＂real＂ and not the virtual(虚拟). The site now has more than one million members in more than one hundred thirty-five countries.
29. Why does the author mention book groups in the first paragraph?
A. To explain what they are.
B. To introduce BookCrossing.
C. To stress the importance of reading.

【错因分析】考生容易做错的原因是忽视本题上下文的逻辑关系和所涉及的相关信息，单一地、孤立地分析某句内容从而不能全面总结。
【试题解析】本文属于说明文，介绍了BookCrossing.com所进行的分享图书活动的目的以及具体过程。本题是目的意图题。作者在第一段中提出读书也是一种社交活动，那些参加读书小组的人经常在一起阅读讨论所读内容，增强相互之间的理解。接着在最后一句提出BookCrossing.com,说明作者提到读书小组的目的正是为了介绍网站BookCrossing.com。故B正确。
【参考答案】B

回归原文，重视逻辑
考生做阅读理解题的唯一依据就是文章，所有的判断都应围绕文章进行。每篇文章都是完整的语篇，上下文之间的逻辑关系非常紧密。在做此类题时，考生需要通过上下文之间的逻辑关系揣测作者所要表达的真正意图。

（2020.山东卷.阅读理解）In the mid-1990s, Tom Bissell taught English as a volunteer in Uzbekistan. He left after seven months, physically broken and having lost his mind. A few years later, still attracted to the country, he returned to Uzbekistan to write an article about the disappearance of the Aral Sea.
His visit, however, ended up involving a lot more than that. Hence this book, Chasing the Sea: Lost Among the Ghosts of Empire in Central Asia, which talks about a road trip from Tashkent to Karakalpakstan, where millions of lives have been destroyed by the slow drying up of the sea. It is the story of an American travelling to a strange land, and of the people he meets on his way: Rustam, his translator, a lovely 24-year-old who picked up his colorful English in California, Oleg and Natasha, his hosts in Tashkent, and a string of foreign aid workers.
This is a quick look at life in Uzbekistan, made of friendliness and warmth, but also its darker side of society. In Samarkand, Mr Bissell admires the architectural wonders, while on his way to Bukhara he gets a taste of police methods when suspected of drug dealing. In Ferghana, he attends a mountain funeral(葬礼)followed by a strange drinking party. And in Karakalpakstan, he is saddened by the dust storms, diseases and fishing boats stuck miles from the sea.
Mr Bissell skillfully organizes historical insights and cultural references, making his tale a well-rounded picture of Uzbekistan, seen from Western eyes. His judgment and references are decidedly American, as well as his delicate stomach. As the author explains, this is neither a travel nor a history book, or even a piece of reportage. Whatever it is, the result is a fine and vivid description of the purest of Central Asian traditions.
11. What is the purpose of this text?
A. To introduce a book. B. To explain a cultural phenomenon.
C. To remember a writer. D. To recommend a travel destination.
易错点3 信息错位，忽视题干

Carri Kessler and her husband Will named their daughter Ottilie after a friend from the U.K., who helped them a lot. However, right after their baby girl was born, the couple noticed a big problem. ＂No one could remember her name and no one could pronounce it. We’re going to keep having to introduce her!＂ Kessler told Today.com.
The situation then grew worse as Kessler’s grandmother admitted to sticking Post-it notes around the house to help remind her of Ottilie’s name which can be pronounced either Ott-ill-ee or Oh-teel-ya. Three months after Ottilie was born, the Kesslers decided to legally change their daughter’s name. The couple came up with two possible names. They then settled on Margot after talking to a name expert.
The Kesslers’ situation is not uncommon as an increasing number of parents experience the same as the Kesslers. According to BabyCenter Canada, 11% of its users wish they could change their child’s name due to being overpopular, mispronounced or simply unfitting. Parents care a lot more and think a lot more about names now than their parents.
To deal with this, a number of name experts now offer services to help parents choose the right name. Couples have also sought help from the Internet to choose their baby’s name. However, parents can change their child’s name in the event that they regret their choice. In Canada, the rules vary in each province. For instance, in Ontario, the child must have lived in the province for the past 12 months, or since birth if under the age of one. Each of the child’s legal guardians (监护人) must also give permission.
3．What can we learn from the third paragraph?
A. The Kesslers’ experience is no exception.
B. Unfitness is the main reason for changing the name.
C.11% of Canadians are unsatisfied with their baby’s name.
D. Parents always pay more attention to children’s name.

【错因分析】根据第三段中的＂due to being overpopular, mispronounced or simply unfitting＂可知，家长想给孩子改名字的原因有名字太普通、发错音或者只是不适合，但文中并没有说不适合是改名字的最主要原因，故可排除B项。根据第三段中的＂According to BabyCenter Canada, 11% of its users wish they could change their child’s name＂可知，11%的BabyCenter Canada的用户想要给他们的孩子改名字，由此得不出11%的加拿大人都对他们孩子的名字不满意这一结论，故可排除C项。根据第三段中的＂Parents care a lot more...than their parents＂可知，现在的父母对他们孩子的名字的关注度要比他们自己的父母对自己的名字关注度高，但这并不等于说父母一直都很关注孩子的名字，故可排除D项。
【试题解析】考查细节理解。根据第三段中的＂The Kesslers’ situation is not uncommon as an increasing number of parents experience the same as the Kesslers＂可知，Kessler夫妇的情况很常见，很多家长都有类似的经历，即Kessler夫妇的经历并非例外。故选A。
【参考答案】 D


审清题干，锁定范围
考生在做阅读理解题时，一定要看清题干，即所问的问题是什么，切忌答非所问。更改原句词汇，偷换概念，变换时态以及颠倒是非都是命题人经常采用的干扰方式。由于题干或选项不是照抄文章中的句子，而是用其同意词句进行表达的，所以考生一定要仔细对照文章，做出正确判断。

（2019·北京卷·C）The problem of robocalls has gotten so bad that many people now refuse to pick up calls from numbers they don't know. By next year，half of the calls we receive will be scams(欺诈).We are finally waking up to the severity of the problem by supporting and developing a group of tools，apps and approaches intended to prevent scammers from getting through. Unfortunately, it's too little, too late. By the time these ＂solutions＂(解决方案) become widely available, scammers will have moved onto cleverer means. In the near future，it's not just going to be the number you see on your screen that will be in doubt. Soon you will also question whether the voice you're hearing is actually real.
That's because there are a number of powerful voice manipulation (处理) and automation technologies that are about to become widely available for anyone to use .At this year's I/O Conference, a company showed a new voice technology able to produce such a convincing human –sounding voice that it was able to speak to a receptionist and book a reservation without detection.
These developments are likely to make our current problems with robocalls much worse. The reason that robocalls are a headache has less to do with amount than precision A decade of data breaches(数据侵入) of personal information has led to a situation where scammers can easily learn your mother 's name, and far more. Armed with this knowledge, they're able to carry out individually targeted campaigns to cheat people. This means for example, that a scammer could call you from what looks to be a familiar number and talk to you using a voice that sounds exactly like your bank teller 's，ricking you into ＂confirming ＂ your address, mother's name, and card number. Scammers follow money, so companies will be the worst hit. A lot of business is still done over the phone, and much of it is based on trust and existing relationships. Voice manipulation technologies may weaken that gradually.
We need to deal with the insecure nature of our telecom networks. Phone carriers and consumers need to work together to find ways of determining and communicating what is real. That might mean either developing a uniform way to mark videos and images, showing when and who they were made by, or abandoning phone calls altogether and moving towards data-based communications—using apps like Face Time or WhatsApp, which can be tied to your identity.
Credibility is hard to earn but easy to lose, and the problem is only going to harder from here on out.
39. Taking advantage of the new technologies, scammers can ______.
A. aim at victims precisely B. damage databases easily
C. start campaigns rapidly D. spread information widely
易错点4 断章取义，忽视语篇

You may not have heard of Ashoka, but for the past 27 years, this association，founded by Bill Drayton, has fought poverty(贫困) and sickness, promoted education and encouraged small businesses. To support these worthy causes, Ashoka provides money for the world's most promising＂changemakers＂ seeking to solve(解决) urgent problems and would like to create a world in which every citizen is a changemaker.
Drayton believes that anyone can become an agent for change. The important thing is to simply give yourself permission. If you see a problem that you care about, you can help solve it. The young in particular are willing to accept this concept because at heart every child wants to grow into a happy, healthy contributing adult. In fact, it is many young people's ambition to set up programmes or businesses that improve social conditions. An excellent example is an Ashoka project started in 1995 in Dhaka，which handled the rubbish problem facing the city, helped local farmers and provided an income for poor people there.
When Masqsood and Iftekhar began to study the problem of all the uncollected rubbish that lay in Dhaka's streets, attracting rats and disease, they discovered that 80% of it was natural waste. So they educated the poor people in the city to compost(把……制成堆肥) this waste. They knew that they would have a market for the end product because local farmers were struggling with chemical fertilizers(化肥) which were expensive and had reduced the natural minerals in the soil over the years. At first, they were refused, but once they were able to persuade them that there was money to be made, the project took off. In 2009 sales were $14，000.
Drayton is optimistic that in ten years Ashoka will be making really serious, practical progress in bringing about social change by changing the way we look at economic development.
The author's attitude towards Ashoka's programme can be described as ＂________＂．
A．changing B．forgiving
C．cautious D．positive

【错因分析】文章介绍了Bill Drayton创办的机构Ashoka，该机构旨在让每一个公民都成为changemaker。如果考生不通篇理解，只注意到文章的某些细节内容，可能误选A或C。
【试题解析】文章对Ashoka's programme—changemakers自始至终充满着赞赏之词，显然作者对此是持积极态度的。故选D。
【参考答案】D


重视语境，挖掘信息
近几年的高考阅读理解题中出现了不少夹叙夹议类文章，或者是先叙述后议论、或者在叙述中夹有议论，无论是哪种类型的文章，作者都不直接表明自己的观点或态度，而是将自己的情感贯穿于文章之中。考生在做题过程中，要从语篇的角度推断作者的情感。遇到猜测词义或句意类试题，考生要依据上下文进行综合推断，不宜只根据某一处细节或某个句子下结论。

Why College Is Not Home
The college years are supposed to be a time for important growth in autonomy(自主性) and the development of adult identity. However, now they are becoming an extended period of adolescence, during which many of today’s students and are not shouldered with adult responsibilities.
For previous generations, college was decisive break from parental control; guidance and support needed help from people of the same age and from within. In the past two decades, however, continued connection with and dependence on family, thanks to cellphones, email and social media, have increased significantly. Some parents go so far as to help with coursework. Instead of promoting the idea of college as a passage from the shelter of the family to autonomy and adult responsibility, universities have given in to the idea that they should provide the same environment as that of the home.
To prepare for increased autonomy and responsibility, college needs to be a time of exploration and experimentation. This process involves ＂trying on ＂ new ways of thinking about oneself both intellectually(在思维方面) and personally. While we should provide ＂safe spaces＂ within colleges, we must also make it safe to express opinions and challenge majority views. Intellectual growth and flexibility are fostered on debate and questioning.
Learning to deal with the social world is equally important. Because a college community(群体) differs from the family, many students will struggle to find a sense of belonging. If students rely on administrators to regulate their social behavior and thinking pattern, they are not facing the challenge of finding an identity within a larger and complex community.
Moreover, the tendency for universities to monitor and shape student behavior runs up against another characteristic of young adults: the response to being controlled by their elders. If acceptable social behavior is too strictly defined(规定) and controlled, the insensitive or aggressive behavior that administrators are seeking to minimize may actually be encouraged.
It is not surprising that young people are likely to burst out, particularly when there are reasons to do so. Our generation once joined hands and stood firm at times of national emergency. What is lacking today is the conflict between adolescent’s desire for autonomy and their understanding of an unsafe world. Therefore, there is the desire for their dorms to be replacement homes and not places to experience intellectual growth.
Every college discussion about community values, social climate and behavior should include recognition of the developmental importance of student autonomy and self-regulation, of the necessary tension between safety and self-discovery.
1. What’s the author’s attitude toward continued parental guidance to college students?
A. Sympathetic B. Disapproving
C. Supportive D. Neutral

高考阅读理解试题解题误区
第一大误区，阅读文章时逐字逐句，力争读懂每一句话。
很多同学都觉得阅读理解时间不够，往往是采用的这种阅读方法。在高考或者我们平时高考模拟考试中，英语阅读一共应分配的时间是35分钟。平均每篇文章7分钟，那么这每篇文章的7分钟又应该大致如何分配呢？我问过一些中学生同学，不少同学都认为文章读5分钟，题做两分钟。他们的理由很简单，读完这样一篇高考文章，没个5分钟不太可能。
那么我可以肯定的说，花5分钟读文章的同学2分钟绝对做不完题。于是在考试中这些同学只得采取牺牲写作文的时间这样一种拆东墙补西墙的方法以求在阅读上多拿分。这样的做法往往收效甚微，感觉时间不够的同学很多时候是因为采取了错误的阅读方法，这样的话即使补进去10来分钟时间，其实也不见得能多拿几分。一场考试下来，同学发现英语阅读错了很多，开始反思的时候，会这样想，我是阅读速度太慢，文章没有读懂，我应该继续努力提高我的英文水平，争取下次考试能把文展轻松读懂。
这样一个努力方向是不现实的，就高考文章而言，要在7分钟内把文章读的清楚明白，还要把题作对，基本是一个不可能任务。而且出题人也根本没指望一个中学生能把高考阅读文章读的通通透透。高考阅读主要考查的是同学们两方面的能力，一个是把握文章主旨大意，另一方面是把握文章的某些细节。考纲中说阅读理解测试学生好几方面的能力，其实都可以归到这两类里，它不过写到更具体一些而已，比如＂根据所读材料进行一定的判断、推理和引申＂，这些推理引申不是没有根据的，其根据也只能根据两点，要么文章主旨，要么文章某个细节。
因此根据高考阅读考查的特点，我们在读文章时不是应该每个细节都不放过的去读，而是应该读文章的结构，读出结构，主旨题就能解决，而其他细节题再回文章定位做出。平时我们在复习的过程中就要注意了，我们读文章时要读文章的结构，不要在细节上做过多的纠缠。高考文章中的说明文占的比重较大，难度也大，而偏偏是这类文章结构鲜明，同学们应该注意把握。我们把阅读的重点转移到文章结构之后，建立起正确的时间分配方法就不是难事了，那就是读文章3 分钟，做题4分钟。其实你熟悉了把握结构这种读文章的方式之后，3分钟足够你把握文章的大致结构。
第二个误区，读文章时断章取义。
这个误区实际是第一个误区的延伸，就是同学对文章缺乏大局观，仅仅根据本段来理解本段。比如这样一篇文章，后面有道题问的是段落主旨。我们把其他段的大意翻译出来，只留下一二两段：
1、One of our biggest fears nowadays is that our kids might some day get lost in a ＂sea of technology＂ rather than experiencing the natural world. Fear-producing TV and computer games are leading to a serious disconnect between kids and the great outdoors, which will changes the wild places of the world, its creatures and human health for the worse, unless adults get working on child’s play.
2、Each of us has a place in nature we go sometime, even if it was torn down. We cannot be the last generation to have that place. At this rate, kids who miss the sense of wonder outdoors will not grow up to be protectors of natural landscapes. ＂If the decline in parks use continues across North America, who will defend parks against encroachment（蚕食）?＂ asks Richard Louv, author of Last Child in the Woods.
3. 接近自然好处多。
4. 不是孩子的错。
5. 每个人都有责任来让孩子重返自然。
题目：The main idea of Paragraph 2 is that___
A. kids are missing the sense of wonder outdoors
B. parks are in danger of being gradually encroached
C. Richard Louv is the author of Last Child in the woods
D. children are expected to develop into protector of nature
这个题目正确答案是D，而很多考生误选了A。纠其原因，就是根据本段理解本段，没能体会这个段落在文章中的作用。这篇文章结构很清晰，先讲了一个现象（孩子脱离自然），然后表明了自己的态度，最后提出解决方案。好了，文章很明显的是，第一段讲了现象，第三段讲了态度，第4、5段讲解决方案。那问题就出来了，第二段它要干吗，是作为第一段的延续把这个现象更一步描述呢，还是表明了作者的态度，并引出了第三段的阐述？这样就能看出第2段文章的主旨了，它不是在描述现象，它是在讲作者的态度，表明了作者对孩子脱离自然后果的担忧；四个选项就只有D是最合适的，表明了作者的态度，孩子们应该要成长成为大自然的保护者。
第三个误区，深究生词和难句。
高考考纲规定高考阅读中超纲词可占3％－5％，同学们背纲内词也会有盲点，在加上英语当中有很多抽象的词汇不好理解，我们在考试中遇到不理解的词的情况时有发生。有些词不影响我们对文章结构的把握，细节题也没有考到，这样的词可以勇敢的跳过，在考场上没必要花时间去仔细琢磨。句子也是一样，我们关注的只是跟主旨相关的，以及后面题目考到的那些句子。于是就有这样一种情况，这个词这个句子考到了我又不理解那怎么办。那就根据上下文来猜测即可。
第四个误区：＂选好了就不能再改，一改就会错。＂
做完一篇阅读后，必须花半分钟左右检查一下，看是否勾错选项，是否自己选的选项本身就是矛盾的，是否每个答案都能在文中找到了映射等等。
如果感觉有一道题目自己第一遍做错了，检查后想改，怎么办呢？很简单：对比两个选项间的映射，哪个选项映射的观点在文中表达得更清晰（比如，选项就是文中某一观点的另一种说法），哪个选项的结论更合乎作者的思维和推理方式，哪个选项的内容更接近主题中心而不是针对某一细节，那就应该选哪个选项。
事实上，避免不敢对已经做了的选择的答案进行修改的最有效的方法，是在第一遍做题的时候就仔细分析选项在文章中的映射。没有完全把握的题目可以放一放，等做完其它小题时你对全文已经有了全局的把握，再回头思考这个问题，可能更容易做出选择。
第五个误区：＂先读文章，然后才做题。＂
考场上分秒必争，但一篇三四百字的文章考的问题往往只有5个，很多信息是多余的，过两眼就行；而有的一个单词却牵连数个选项，就得研究上下文，找出对应的关键词，然后参考题目认真加以分析。
从经验来看，做阅读理解题时，基本要用十几秒时间迅速浏览，弄清文章的主题是什么，比如环境保护、求职、医疗等等。再找到关键词，然后用一分钟读文章后的题目，了解问题是什么。有了文章的关键词，又知道了提问的主要问题，再回过头读文章时效率就比较高了。
而在浏览完考题之后，一定要细读文章，对题目涉及到的段落、句子做简单标记，接着要仔细分析每个题目在文中的映射，再做出选择。最后，可以结合文章中心上下检查一遍，一个完整的解题顺序就完成了。
做阅读理解是慢功出细活，不要妄想有什么捷径，只要＂闯＂过这几大误区，就能取得更好的成绩。
高考阅读的基本解题思路：
第一，扫描提干，划关键项。
第二， 通读全文，抓住中心。
1. 通读全文，抓两个重点：
　　①首段（中心句、核心概念常在第一段，常在首段出题）；
　　②其他各段的段首和段尾句。（其他部分略读，有重点的读）
　　2. 抓住中心，用一分半时间思考3个问题：
　　①文章叙述的主要内容是什么？
　　②文章中有无提到核心概念？
　　③作者的大致态度是什么？
第三，仔细审题，返回原文。（仔细看题干，把每道题和原文的某处建立联系，挂起钩）
　　定位原则：
　　①通常是由题干出发，使用寻找关键词定位原则。（关键词：大写字母、地名、时间、数字等）
　　②自然段定位原则。出题的顺序与行文的顺序是基本一致的，一般每段对应一题。
　　要树立定位意识，每一题、每一选项都要回到原文中某一处定位。
第四，重叠选项，得出答案。（重叠原文=对照原文）
　　1. 通过题干返回原文：判断四个选项，抓住选项中的关键词，把选项定位到原文的某处比较，重叠选项，选出答案。
　　2.作题练习要求：要有选一个答案的理由和其余三个不选的理由
阅读理解的解题技巧
1.例证题 ：
① 例证题的标记。当题干中出现example, case, illustrate, illustration, exemplify 时。
② 返回原文，找出该例证所在的位置，既给该例子定位。
③ 搜索该例证周围的区域，90%向上，10%向下，找出该例证支持的观点。例子周围具有概括抽象性的表达通常就是它的论点。
注意：举例的目的是为了支持论点或是为了说明主题句。举例后马上问这个例子说明了什么问题？不能用例子中的话来回答这个问题。
④ 找出该论点，并与四个选项比较，得出选项中与该论点最一致的答案。
⑤ 例证题错误答案设计的干扰特征经常是：就事论事。
即用例子中的某一内容拉出来让你去选。（╳）
要求：在阅读中，遇到长的例子，立即给这个例子定位，即找出起始点，从哪开始到哪结束。
2.指代题 ：
① 返回原文，找出出题的指代词。
② 向上搜索，找最近的名词、名词性短语或句子（先从最近点开始找，找不到再找次近的，一般答案不会离得太远）。
③ 将找到的词、词组或句子的意思代入替换该指代词，看其意思是否通顺。
④ 将找到的词、词组或句子与四个选项进行比较，找出最佳答案。
3. 词汇题 ：＂搜索代入＂法
① 返回原文，找出该词汇出现的地方。
② 确定该词汇的词性
③ 从上下文（词汇的前后几句）中找到与所给词汇具有相同词性的词（如一下子找不到就再往上往下找），代入所给词汇在文章中的位置（将之替换）看语义是否合适
④ 找出选项中与代替词意思相同或相近的选相，即答案
注意：
a.如果该词汇是简单词汇，则其字面意思必然不是正确答案。
b.高考阅读不是考查字认识不认识，而是考查是否能根据上下文作出正确的判断。
c.词汇题的正确答案经常蕴藏在原文该词汇出现的附近。注意不能靠单词词义直接往下推。
d.寻找时要注意同位语、特殊标点（比如分号，分号前后两句话的逻辑关系不是形式上的并列就是语义上的并列，也就是两句话的意思相同，所以可用其中一句话的意思来推测另一句话的意思从而推出所给词汇含义）、定语从句、前后缀，特别要注意寻找时的同性原则。比如：让猜一个名词词组（动词词组）的意思，我们就向上向下搜索名词词组（动词词组）。
隐蔽型词汇题：题干与原文的某句完全重合，只有一两个词被替换掉。隐蔽型词汇题的做法跟词汇题的做法几乎一样，往上往下找。
4.句意理解题 ：
① 返回原文找到原句。
② 对原句进行语法和词义的精确分析（找主干），应该重点抓原句的字面含义。若该句的字面含义不能确定，则依据上下文进行判断。注意：局部含义是由整体决定的。
③ 一般来说，选项中的正确答案与原句意思完全相同，只不过用其他英语词汇换种表达而已。
④ 句子理解题的错误选项干扰项特征：推得过远。做题时应把握住推的度。
思路： 对句子微观分析? 不行就依据上下文? 选择时不要推得过远。
5.推理判断题 ：＂最近原则＂
① 标志： learn, infer, imply, inform
② 看是否可以通过题干返回原文或依据选项返回原文。一般要围绕文中的一两个重点进行推理。推理题无论通过题干能不能定位，我们都要把它固化到文章的一两点上。
③ 依据原文的意思进行三错一对的判断。先不要进行推理，若有一个选项跟原文的意思一模一样，则该选项必然是正确答案。推理题不是考查我们的想象力，它实际是考查我们原文中的某几个点如一个、两个点所涉及的问题我们读透了没有。因此，不推的比推的好；推的近的比推的远的要好。
④ 推理题的最近答案原则：不推的要比推的好，推的近的要比推的远的好，直接推出的要比间接推的好。(原文的某句话变个说法)
注意：做题时不能想得太多，推得过远。是否把原文读懂才是关键。
6.主旨大意题 ： ＂串线摘帽＂
即在自然段少的时候串串线，串线法解不出来时，大帽子、小帽子摘一下。
① 主旨题的标志：mainly about, mainly discuss, the best title
② 串线法：抓首段和其余各段的第一句话，把其意思连接成一个整体。要注意总结性的提示词和转折词，特别要注意中心句。（主要针对自然段少的文章；针对自然段多的文章，主旨题最好联系中心句。找一个和中心句最贴近的）
③ 小心首段陷阱。
④ 主旨题错误选项的干扰特征经常是：
⑴ 局部信息，即选项的内容小于文章的内容；
⑵ 范围过宽，即选项的内容大于文章的内容。
⑤逆向思维法、快速作文法：在两个选项看上去都十分正确无法选择时，试着从选项出发，想象一下如果自己以此选项来写文章会有那些内容，然后把它与文章的内容比较，接近的即为正确选项。
7. 作者态度题 ：
① 标志：attitude
② 应精确理解四个选项的含义。
③ 不要掺杂自己的观点。
④ 可以寻找文中一些具有感情色彩的词。如：fortunately, excessively, too many.
⑤ 举例的方式。
⑥ 抓论述的主线。把第一段读透，把其他各段的段首段尾句拉出来，看整个文章的谋篇结构。
⑦ 做作者态度题时特别注意：首先看清楚是谁对谁的态度。
8.推理 判断题 ：
①看可否通过四个选项具体化到文中一点或者根据自然段原则定位。
②每个选项都应返回原文，不能凭主观印象进行判断。
③要重点抓是＂三错一对＂还是＂三对一错＂的关系（做题是要看清题目）。
9. 细节理解题 ：
看完题目回到原文，重叠原文，得出答案
10.重点题型中的几个问题：
① 词义猜测题：字面意思不是答案，要根据上下文推测其深刻含义
② 句意理解题：一般不要求推理，只看句子本身。
③ 推理判断题：答案很大程度上是原文的重现，不一定非要经过逻辑推理从原文中得出。
11. 正确答案的特征：
① 正确答案经常与中心思想有关。
② 正确答案的位置，最常见的三个位置是：段首段尾处、转折处、因果处。
③ 正确答案经常运用的原则是：同义替换、正话反说、反话正说。
④ 从语气角度来看，正确答案中经常含有不肯定的语气词和委婉表达的用词。如：can, may, might, possible, not necessarily, some.
⑤ 正确答案经常具有概括性、深刻性，不能只见树木不见森林。
12. 错误答案的特征：
第一大层次：
① 无中生有 （未提及的概念）；
② 正反混淆 （选项的意思跟原文的意思正好相反）；
③ 所答非所问 （虽然选项的说法没有问题，符合原文，但和题干搭不上边）
第二大层次：
① 过分绝对；
② 扩大范围（注意隐蔽型的扩大范围mostly）；
③ 因果倒置；
④ 常识判断；
⑤ 推得过远；
⑥ 偏离中心；
⑦ 变换词性。
常识判断：如果一个选项仅仅符合常识，不一定是正确答案，还要看文章中类似的意思有没有出现；如果一个选项不符合常识，一定不是正答案。能够不由自主地按照正确的思路解题了，才表明我们正确掌握了这些技巧。
高考真题大放送
Passage 1（2020.山东卷.阅读理解A）
POETRY CHALLENGE
Write a poem about how courage, determination, and strength have helped you face challenges in your life.
Prizes
3 Grand Prizes:Trip to Washington, D. C. for each of three winners, a parent and one other person of the winner’s choice. Trip includes round-trip air tickets, hotel stay for two nights, and tours of the National Air and Space Museum and the office of National Geographic World.
6 First Prizes:The book Sky Pioneer:A Photobiography of Amelia Earhart signed by author Corinne Szabo and pilot Linda Finch.
50 Honorable Mentions:Judges will choose up to 50 honorable mention winners, who will each receive a T-shirt in memory of Earhart’s final flight.
Rules
Follow all rules carefully to prevent disqualification.
■Write a poem using 100 words or fewer. Your poem can be any format, any number of lines.
■Write by hand or type on a single sheet of paper. You may use both the front and back of the paper.
■On the same sheet of paper, write or type your name, address, telephone number, and birth date.
■Mail your entry to us by October 31 this year.
1. How many people can each grand prize winner take on the free trip?
A. Two. B. Three. C. Four. D. Six.
2. What will each of the honorable mention winners get?
A. A plane ticket. B. A book by Corinne Szabo.
C. A special T-shirt. D. A photo of Amelia Earhart.
3. Which of the following will result in disqualification?
A. Typing your poem out. B. Writing a poem of 120 words.
C. Using both sides of the paper. D. Mailing your entry on October 30.

Passage 2（2020.山东卷.阅读理解B）
Jenifer Mauer has needed more willpower than the typical college student to pursue her goal of earning a nursing degree. That willpower bore fruit when Jennifer graduated from University of Wisconsin-Eau Claire and became the first in her large family to earn a bachelor's degree.
Mauer, of Edgar, Wisconsin, grew up on a farm in a family of 10 children. Her dad worked at a job away from the farm, and her mother ran the farm with the kids. After high school, Jennifer attended a local technical college, working to pay her tuition(学费), because there was no extra money set aside for a college education. After graduation, she worked to help her sisters and brothers pay for their schooling.
Jennifer now is married and has three children of her own. She decided to go back to college to advance her career and to be able to better support her family while doing something she loves: nursing. She chose the UW-Eau Claire program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield because she was able to pursue her four-year degree close to home. She could drive to class and be home in the evening to help with her kids. Jenifer received great support from her family as she worked to earn her degree: Her husband worked two jobs to cover the bills, and her 68-year-old mother helped take care of the children at times.
Through it all, she remained in good academic standing and graduated with honors. Jennifer sacrificed(牺牲)to achieve her goal, giving up many nights with her kids and missing important events to study. ''Some nights my heart was breaking to have to pick between my kids and studying for exams or papers,'' she says. However, her children have learned an important lesson witnessing their mother earn her degree. Jennifer is a first-generation graduate and an inspiration to her family-and that's pretty powerful.
4. What did Jennifer do after high school?
A. She helped her dad with his work.
B. She ran the family farm on her own.
C. She supported herself through college.
D. She taught her sisters and brothers at home.
5. Why did Jennifer choose the program at Ministry Saint Joseph's Hospital in Marshfield?
A. To take care of her kids easily. B. To learn from the best nurses.
C. To save money for her parents. D. To find a well-paid job there.
6. What did Jennifer sacrifice to achieve her goal?
A. Her health. B. Her time with family.
C. Her reputation. D. Her chance of promotion.
7. What can we learn from Jenifer's story?
A. Time is money. B. Love breaks down barriers.
C. Hard work pays off. D. Education is the key to success.
Passage 3（2020.新课标Ⅰ.阅读理解C）
Race walking shares many fitness benefits with running, research shows, while most likely contributing to fewer injuries. It does, however, have its own problem.
Race walkers are conditioned athletes. The longest track and field event at the Summer Olympics is the 50-kilometer race walk, which is about five miles longer than the marathon. But the sport’s rules require that a race walker’s knees stay straight through most of the leg swing and one foot remain in contact (接触) with the ground at all times. It’s this strange form that makes race walking such an attractive activity, however, says Jaclyn Norberg, an assistant professor of exercise science at Salem State University in Salem, Mass.
Like running, race walking is physically demanding, she says, According to most calculations, race walkers moving at a pace of six miles per hour would burn about 800 calories(卡路里) per hour, which is approximately twice as many as they would burn walking, although fewer than running, which would probably burn about 1,000 or more calories per hour.
However, race walking does not pound the body as much as running does, Dr. Norberg says. According to her research, runners hit the ground with as much as four times their body weight per step, while race walkers, who do not leave the ground, create only about 1.4 times their body weight with each step.
As a result, she says, some of the injuries associated with running, such as runner’s knee, are uncommon among race walkers. But the sport’s strange form does place considerable stress on the ankles and hips, so people with a history of such injuries might want to be cautious in adopting the sport. In fact, anyone wishing to try race walking should probably first consult a coach or experienced racer to learn proper technique, she says. It takes some practice.
8. Why are race walkers conditioned athletes?
A. They must run long distances.
B. They are qualified for the marathon.
C. They have to follow special rules.
D. They are good at swinging their legs.
9. What advantage does race walking have over running?
A. It’s more popular at the Olympics.
B. It’s less challenging physically.
C. It’s more effective in body building.
D. It’s less likely to cause knee injuries.
10. What is Dr. Norberg’s suggestion for someone trying race walking?
A. Getting experts’ opinions.
B. Having a medical checkup.
C. Hiring an experienced coach.
D. Doing regular exercises.
11. Which word best describes the author’s attitude to race walking?
A. Skeptical. B. Objective.
C. Tolerant. D. Conservative.

Passage 4（2020.新课标Ⅱ.阅读理解D）
I have a special place in my heart for libraries. I have for as long as I can remember. I was always an enthusiastic reader, sometimes reading up to three books a day as a child. Stories were like air to me and while other kids played ball or went to parties, I lived out adventures through the books I checked out from the library.
My first job was working at the Ukiah Library when I was 16 years old .It was a dream job and I did everything from shelving books to reading to the children for story time.
As I grew older and became a mother, the library took on a new place and an added meaning in my life. I had several children and books were our main source(来源) of entertainment. It was a big deal for us to load up and go to the local library, where my kids could pick out books to read or books they wanted me to read to them.
I always read ,using different voices ,as though I were acting out the stories with my voice and they loved it !It was a special time to bond with my children and it filled them with the wonderment of books .
Now, I see my children taking their children to the library and I love that the excitement of going to the library lives on form generation to generation.
As a novelist, I’ve found a new relationship with libraries. I encourage readers to go to their local library when they can’t afford to purchase a book. I see libraries as a safe haven(避风港) for readers and writers, a bridge that helps put together a reader with a book. Libraries, in their own way, help fight book piracy(盗版行为) and 1 think all writers should support libraries in a significant way when they can. Encourage readers to use the library. Share library announcements on your social media. Frequent them and talk about them when you can.
12. Which word best describes the author’s relationship with books as a child?
A. Cooperative. B. Uneasy. C. Inseparable. D. Casual.
13. What does the underlined phrase “an added meaning” in paragraph 3 refer to?
A. Pleasure from working in the library.
B. Joy of reading passed on in the family.
C. Wonderment from acting out the stories.
D. A closer bond developed with the readers.
14. What does the author call on other writers to do?
A. Sponsor book fairs. B. Write for social media.
C. Support libraries. D. Purchase her novels.
15. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Reading: A Source of Knowledge
B. My Idea about writing
C. Library: A Haven for the Young
D. My Love of the Library
Passage 5（2020.新课标Ш.阅读理解B）
When “Rise of the Planet of the Apes” was first shown to the public last month, a group of excited animal activists gathered on Hollywood Boulevard. But they weren’t there to throw red paint on fur-coat-wearing film stars. Instead, one activist, dressed in a full-body monkey suit, had arrived with a sign praising the filmmakers: “Thanks for not using real apes (猿)!”
The creative team behind “Apes” used motion-capture (动作捕捉) technology to create digitalized animals, spending tens of millions of dollars on technology that records an actor’s performance and later processes it with computer graphics to create a final image (图像). In this case, one of a realistic-looking ape.
Yet “Apes” is more exception than the rule. In fact, Hollywood has been hot on live animals lately. One nonprofit organization, which monitors the treatment of animals in filmed entertainment, is keeping tabs on more than 2,000 productions this year. Already, a number of films, including “Water for Elephants,” “The Hangover Part Ⅱ” and “Zookeeper,” have drawn the anger of activists who say the creatures acting in them haven’t been treated properly.
In some cases, it’s not so much the treatment of the animals on set in the studio that has activists worried; it’s the off-set training and living conditions that are raising concerns. And there are questions about the films made outside the States, which sometimes are not monitored as closely as productions filmed in the States.
16. Why did the animal activists gather on Hollywood Boulevard?
A. To see famous film stars.
B. To oppose wearing fur coats.
C. To raise money for animal protection.
D. To express thanks to some filmmakers.
17. What does paragraph 2 mainly talk about?
A. The cost of making “Apes.”
B. The creation of digitalized apes.
C. The publicity about “Apes.”
D. The performance of real apes.
18. What does the underlined phrase “keeping tabs on” in paragraph 3 probably mean?
A. Listing completely.
B. Directing professionally.
C. Promoting successfully.
D. Watching carefully.
19. What can we infer from the last paragraph about animal actors?
A. They may be badly treated.
B. They should take further training.
C. They could be traded illegally
D. They would lose popularity.

阅读词汇大提炼


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