高考英语三轮冲刺纠错笔记专题12 七选五（2份打包，解析版+原卷版）

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专题12 千淘万漉虽辛苦，吹尽黄沙始到金
技巧1 牵线搭桥
(1)重视词汇线索——代词

Until relatively recently, the vast majority of human beings lived and died without ever seeing a city. The first city was probably founded no more than 5,500 years ago... In fact, nearly everyone lived on farms or in tiny rural (乡村的) villages. It was not until the 20th century that Great Britain became the first urban society in history — a society in which the majority of people live in cities and do not farm for a living.
Britain was only the beginning. 2 The process of urbanization — the migration (迁移) of people from the countryside to the city — was the result of modernization, which has rapidly transformed how people live and where they live.
D. Soon many other industrial nations became urban societies.

【错因分析】考生容易因忽视代词线索或者没有分析清楚代词所指代的对象而误选其他答案。
【试题解析】文章的第一段说英国是第一个城市化的国家，第二段接着说英国仅仅是个开始，不久许多别的工业国家也成为城市化的社会，这里many other这个不定代词与前面的Britain呼应，因此D为正确答案。
【正确答案】D


英语表达中，代词出现的频率极高。代词是指代名词或句子的，通过代词在句中的成分，可以判断它所指代内容的类型。
在详读文章和选项的过程中，一定要注意句子中出现的人称代词或者指示代词，特别是选项中以及空格附近句子中出现的代词。根据代词的单复数和其在句子中所作的成分，我们可以找出代词指代的名词或者句子，从而帮助我们解题。
(2)辨别词汇线索——同义词/近义词

Business management is a term used to describe the techniques of planning, direction, and control of the operations of a business. 3 One is the establishment (制定) of broad basic policies with respect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment, materials and supplies; and accounting.
G. Planning in business management has three main aspects.

【错因分析】有些学生容易忽视词汇复现而误选其他答案。
【试题解析】空格前面的一句话提到了planning，direction和control，同时根据空格后面的One的提示，可知这里G中的planning与前面提到的planning是同一词。
【正确答案】G


七选五段落前后往往有同义词、近义词、近义表达语甚至相同词汇的重复使用，这是我们解题的一个很好的判断线索。复现是保证文章前后衔接而经常使用的一种写作手段。作者在文章中会对同一个概念重复描述，从而使得同样的意思在文章不同的地方重复出现。词汇复现通常有同义词复现、近义词复现、反义词复现等。七选五中，词汇线索是一个十分重要的解题方法，所以，浏览文章过程中圈出关键词十分重要。
技巧2 善解语意

Making good choices about your own health requires reasonable evaluation. A key first step in bettering your evaluation ability is to look carefully at your sources of health information. Reasonable evaluation includes knowing where and how to find relevant information, how to separate fact from opinion, how to recognize poor reasoning, and how to analyze information and the reliability of sources…
Go to the original source. Media reports often simplify the results of medical research. Find out for yourself what a study really reported, and determine whether it was based on good science. Think about the type of study. ____2____
Watch for misleading language. Some studies will find that a behavior ＂contributes to＂ or is ＂associated with＂ an outcome; this does not mean that a certain course must lead to a certain result… Carefully read or listen to information in order to fully understand it.
Use your common sense. If a report seems too good to be true, probably it is. Be especially careful of information contained in advertisements… Evaluate ＂scientific＂ statements carefully, and be aware of quackery (江湖骗术).
G. The following suggestions can help you sort through the health information you receive from common sources.
【错因分析】学生容易因对语意理解有误而误选其他答案。
【试题解析】这个选项是一个段落的结尾句，这种选项通常起着总结上文，提示下文的功能。根据文章第二段、第三段、第四段的首句可以看出作者提供了一些建议，因此本空引出了下文的多个建议，故选择G项。
【正确答案】G


设问在段尾
所选答案应引出下一段的内容。如果在选项中找不出与前文之间的关联，此时可考虑与下一段开头是否有关联。认真阅读下一段开头几句，看是否与选项紧密相连。注意分析其与前文是转折还是对比关系。此时要注意在选项中查找表示转折、对比的关联词，同时注意选项中所讲内容是否与前文在同一主题上形成对立、对比关系。如果在第一段的段尾设题，要认真阅读，看此处是细节还是主题。通常文章第一段要提出文章的主题，如果在段尾提出主题，会用一些信号词，如转折词来引出来，正确答案中应有这样的特征词。段尾通常是结论、概括性语句。注意在选项中查找表示结果、结论、总结等的信号词，如：therefore，as a result，thus，hence，in short，to sum up，to conclude，in a word等词语，选项中也可发现前文的同义词句。
技巧3 合乎逻辑

4 As part of a healthy diet, eat more fruits and vegetables each day. Vitamins (维生素) C and E help protect eyesight and promote eye health.
A. Eat your greens.
【错因分析】本题学生容易误认为所填句子与文章逻辑结构无关而误选其他答案。
【试题解析】这是一道小标题的试题，位于整个段落的最前面，这样的选项，往往是对下面整个段落内容的概括和总结，反映整个段落的主旨和大意。这种试题往往需要从下面的整段中搜索核心词汇，找出做题的线索。空白处后文的内容是：作为健康饮食的一部分，每天要吃更多的水果和蔬菜。维生素C和E帮助保护视力，促进眼睛健康。这里根据下文的核心词汇fruits and vegetables，Vitamins可知，A项＂Eat your greens.(吃点绿色蔬菜)＂能够概括本段大意。故选A项。
【正确答案】A


1. 假如问题出现在段首，它通常是段落主题句
认真阅读后文内容，根据段落一致性原则，查找同义词或其他相关的词，推断出主题句。另外着重阅读后文第一、二句，锁定线索词，然后在选项中查找相关特征词。通常正确答案的最后一句与空白后的第一句在意思上是紧密衔接的，因此这两句间会有某种衔接手段。
2. 语篇标记语
语篇标记语是指语篇中表明各种逻辑连接关系，并对语篇连贯起指示作用的词语。语篇标记语可以是表示时间顺序的first，then，next等；表达作者组织语篇方式的for example，in other words，in short等。语篇标记语不仅能表达相邻句子之间的关系，还能表明某一特定语篇的总体走向。因此，对语篇标记语了解得越多，就越可以更好地理解文章的结构和要表达的内容。
3. 空前空后
一篇文章的句与句之间必然有一定的逻辑关联，如果我们把其中一句抽掉，必然会影响其逻辑意义的顺畅发展。比如说空前空后的两句讨论的不是同一个主题，那么空格处所在的句子一般会起转折、改变话题等作用。
(1)从行文逻辑上判断——例证关系
前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。例证的形式具有多样性，思维过程基本是归纳(从例子到观点)和推理(从观点到例子)。

Protect against UV rays (紫外线). Long-term stay in the sun creates risk to your eyes. No matter what the season is, it’s extremely important to wear sunglasses. 2
C. They can properly protect your eyes.
【解析】空白处前面的句子No matter what the season is，it’s extremely important to wear sunglasses.意为＂无论是什么季节，戴太阳镜是极其重要的＂，属于总结概括句。选项C意为＂它们可以适当地保护你的眼睛＂，本句是对上句观点的举例说明，能很好地顺接语境。故选C。
【答案】C
(2)从行文逻辑上判断——转折关系
转折关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句构成逆转的逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有however(然而)，nevertheless(然而，不过)，still(还，仍然)，though(可是，不过，然而)，yet(然而)，on the contrary(正相反)，in contrast(与此相反，相比之下)，in comparison(比较起来，与……比较)，by comparison(相比之下)等词，则表明前后两句话存在逻辑上的逆转，空格处很有可能表示转折。

Don’t forget to forgive yourself. 5 But it can rob you of your self-confidence if you don’t do it.
E. For some people, forgiving themselves is the biggest challenge.
【解析】E项中的信息forgiving themselves与本段的主题＂不要忘记原谅你自己＂意义一致，并且选项E与后面的句子之间用but连接，有转折的语气，因此构成了一种意义上的对比关系，尤其是but这个词，更加突出了对比的意义，因此选项E符合这里的意义和结构。
【答案】E
(3)从行文逻辑上判断——因果关系
做题时最重要的是要在读懂空格前后的句子的基础上，依据彼此的关系来确认答案。有时，前后的句子之间出现as a result(结果)，thus/therefore(因此)，so(such)...that(如此……以至于)等标志性词语，表明前后句有着原因和结果的关系，说明前因后果或者前果后因等情况。

Large cities were impossible until agriculture became industrialized. Even in advanced agricultural societies, it took about ninety-five people on farms to feed five people in cities. 4
A. That kept cities very small.
【解析】空格的上一句话提到了，即使在先进的农业社会，也需要大约95个农民养活5个城市人，这只有一个结果，就是使得城市很小，与A项信息呼应。
【答案】A
(4)从行文逻辑上判断——递进关系
递进关系主要指英语行文中后句对前句是一种顺承逻辑关系。如果空格前后两句话之间有also(也，而且)，further(进一步地，而且)，furthermore(而且，此外)，likewise(同样地，也)，similarly(相同地，类似地)，moreover(而且，此外)，in addition(另外，加之)，what’s more(更重要的是)，not only...but also(不但……而且……)等连接词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的递进关系，空格处很有可能是个递进的句子。

Over the past two centuries, the Industrial Revolution has broken this balance between the city and the country. _____5____ Today, instead of needing ninety-five farmers to feed five city people, one American farmer is able to feed more than a hundred non-farmers.
F. Modernization drew people to the cities and made farmers more productive.
【解析】空格前面的一句话提到，在过去的两个世纪里，工业革命打破了城乡之间的平衡。后一句话提到，现在的情况不需要95个农民养活5个城市人了，在美国一个农民就能养活一百多个非农民，与F项信息，即：＂现代化把人们吸引到城市里来，并使得农民更加多产＂一致。
【答案】F
(5)从行文逻辑上判断——并列关系
如果空格前后两句话之间有first(首先，第一)，second(第二)，third(第三)；firstly(第一，首先)，secondly(第二(点)，其次)，thirdly(第三)；first(第一)，next(其次)，then(那么，然后)；in the first place(第一，首先)，in the second place(第二，其次)；for one thing(首先，一则)，for another(其次)；to begin with(首先，第一)等词或词组，则表明前后两句是逻辑上的并列关系，空格处很有可能是个并列的句子。

One is the establishment (制定) of broad basic policies with respect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment, materials and supplies; and accounting. 4 The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments.
E. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
【解析】根据上文所提到的One和下文所提到的The third可知，这里是按照顺序排列，此处应该是第二条，与E项The second aspect...相呼应。
【答案】E

【解题步骤】
1. 通读全文
快速浏览文章，把握文章结构及主要内容，寻找主题句。
2. 定位选项
明确各备选选项的含义，抓住其关键词语，围绕文章的整体结构与具体内容，将选项填入文中，填写时尤其要注意各选项中出现的句子衔接手段及句中的衔接标志词。
3. 通读复检
将所选答案代入文中，再次通读全文，重点检查逻辑关系。
4. 确定排除
研究多余选项，确定排除理由，以防造成易混选项误选，最终确定答案。
【解题策略】
熟练利用三种衔接手段——词汇衔接、逻辑衔接、结构衔接。
1. 词汇衔接
词汇衔接可分为：
（1）代词
英语表达中代词出现的频率很高，代词的作用是指代前面提及的名词或形容词概念，利用指代关系或根据代词的单复数差异可以准确而快速地解题。
（2）同义词/近义词
英语前言后语之间常有同义词、近义词、近义表达结构甚至相同词汇的重复使用，这是解题的很好的判断线索。
（3）上下义词/同一范畴词
什么是上下义词或同一范畴词？举例说明。如：job和driver之间就是上下义词，因为前者包含了后者。driver和doctor之间则是同一范畴的关系，都属于job。
2. 逻辑衔接
逻辑衔接可分为：
（1）解释关系：前后句之间含有解释的逻辑关系，这样的逻辑关系较隐蔽。
（2）例证关系：前后句的某句是为了证明另一句而举的例子。
（3） 因果关系：前后句的逻辑是因果关系，常见的逻辑表达有：because, for, since, as, the reason is that, result in/from, due to, in response to等。
（4）顺逆关系：如果空格前后两句话之间是逻辑上的逆转，则空格处很可能是表转折意义的句子。
（5）总分结构关系：英语文章大多数都是总分结构。
3. 结构衔接
结构衔接包括：
（1）描述性结构（主要介绍事物、问题的特点或对人物进行描述，因此时间、地点往往是出题的重点）；
（2）释义性结构（解释某一理论、学科、事物，主要用举例、比喻来阐述）；
（3）比较性结构（把两个人或事物的功能、特点、优缺点进行对比）；
（4）原因性结构（这种结构主要分析事物的成因，有客观的、主观的、直接的和间接的等）；
（5）驳斥性结构（这种结构主要是先介绍一种观点，然后对其进行评论或驳斥，再分析其优点、危害性，最后阐明自己的观点）。
【特别注意】
辨别语境线索：
语境线索主要指反应上下文关系的衔接手段，如篇章结构、词语重现、逻辑、连接、指称、同构等。
词语重现是指词语的重复出现，不是指词语的简单重现，而是指某词语可能以不同词类、词性、数、格、时态、语态等形式出现，还可能是以同义词、近义词甚至反义词等形式出现。（关键词）
逻辑是事物之间内在的、必然的联系，包括时间先后关系、空间位置关系、因果关系、归纳总结关系、总分关系等。
连接是指用连接词或连接语表明上下文之间的逻辑关系，如and, however。（并列关系、转折关系）
指称是指用代词替代前文已出现的人物、事件、物品等，如he, she, they。
同构是指上下文使用了同一或类似的句式。
【答题探究】
一、选项特点
(1)主旨概括句（文章整体内容）
(2)过渡性句子（文章结构）
(3)注释性句子（上下文逻辑意义）
二、解题技巧
1. 查看有无主题句：段首或段尾
2. 看空前空后内容，分析之间的逻辑性
3. 观察语法关系：同义词或近义词的重复使用、名词单复数及动词时态的变化、动宾搭配等
4. 注意代词或定冠词：it, they, this, the…
5. 注意特殊疑问词及标点符号: why, where, when, what…
6. 注意连词: however, so, though, not only…but also, also ...
7. 灵活掌握答题顺序
8. 看选项，初步排除含有无关内容的选项。
三、七选五解题的三个切入点
1. 从语境入手
在做题时最重要的是要读懂空白前后的句子，明白这几句话的确切意思，然后根据意思的连贯性或逻辑性从选项中选取正确答案。在读懂意思的基础上，再利用线索特征词等进一步确认答案。
2. 从词汇入手
做题时很重要的一点是保持对一些线索词的敏感，最主要的线索特征词是空白前后的名词和动词，寻找答案时注意在选项中查找同义词、近义词、反义词或表示同一类事物的词语等。其次是代词、数词、表示时间/年代的词、地点/名称等专有名词等。尤其是在读不懂句子的情况下，利用这样的线索词寻找答案是很有效的方法。
3. 从逻辑关系入手
由于英语的句、段之间经常会运用关联词表示衔接和过渡，使文章逻辑更清楚和连贯，因此文章中和选项中表示各种逻辑关系的路标性信号词在选择答案时都是很重要的线索。
在做题时可将这三个层面的线索很好地结合起来。例如，在看到表示并列或递进关系的关联词时，一般表示前后句子的名词或句意具有同指性；而表示转折让步关系的词则往往表示前后句子的名词同指，但句意对立，或褒贬对立或肯否对立；而表示例证关系的词则意味着在举例之前或之后有表述概念或某一观点的句子，往往会有复数名词出现。常见的关联词主要有：
并列与递进关系：and, or, also, neither, nor, either, or, likewise, similarly, equally, in the same way, that is to say, as well as, the same as, besides, additionally, furthermore, moreover, in addition to, what’s more等。
因果关系：because, for, since, as, thus, hence, therefore, so, so that, consequently, accordingly, due to, thanks to, as a result, because of, in that, for this reason, of course等。
转折关系：but, however, yet, on the contrary, by contrast, on the other hand, unfortunately, while, whereas, unlike, rather than, instead of, it is true that, of course, although, though, even though, even if, nevertheless, despite, in spite of等。
时间关系：afterwards, at first, at last, finally, first, firstly, in the first place, to start with, in the meantime, last, later, next, second, secondly, then, third, thirdly, to begin with等。
四、解题步骤
具体答题步骤如下：
1. 通读全文，理解大意，画出关键词
先快速浏览全文，寻找主题句，快速掌握文章的主题及主要内容。在浏览完全文，对全文的大意有所了解后，我们应该顺次浏览一下所有的选项。在浏览的过程中，要特别注意选项中出现的与原文相同或者相似的词语，如果遇到这种情况，可以试着把选项代入原文，看看是否符合上下文逻辑。
2. 分析衔接手段，初步试填
文章正文部分通常分为若干小段落。详细阅读，明确各段的主旨，并找出各个小段落的关键词，为解题做好铺垫。然后再明确各选项的含义，抓住其关键词语。
一般来说，文章的行文需要通过一定的衔接手段来实现。文章的衔接手段有：重复使用某一词语或其近义词，用总称指代具体事物或用具体事物指代整体，使用代词避免重复，使用语篇标记语连接句子等，即词汇衔接、逻辑衔接、结构衔接。我们要对文章汇总出现的衔接手段保持敏感度。有时候我们在读文章时即使没有发现明显的衔接手段，也能感觉到字里行间千丝万缕的逻辑关联。
3. 做好标记，排除干扰项
一旦确定一个选项，就在该选项上做出标记(如删除符号)，以避免其干扰和分散我们的注意力。我们在选完答案后，还要注意对多余选项进行对比分析。由于多余选项可能会与某个正确选项的内容相近，所以我们要对其进行研究，确定排除理由，从而选出正确答案。
4. 代入重读，确定答案
最后，我们还需要将选项代入到文章重读，检查文章逻辑是否合理、语义是否清晰、语句是否连贯通畅，从而判断所选答案是否正确。
【特别注意】
解七选五类型的题目需注意以下几点：
1. 根据解题技巧可能发现有两处或三处与该空格有关系，此时必须要冷静分析哪一个选项与该段或整篇文章关系最紧密。
2. 对该题型大家关注的内容主要是空格前后的内容，在把握好整篇文章主题的前提下，无需对离空格太远的句子进行分析。
3. 分析选项中的时态是否与全文时态吻合，不能吻合的选项可直接排除。
【巧学妙记】
七选五解题口诀
口诀一：
七选五，重结构；
给标题，猜大意；
段首句，主题句；
空前后，靠逻辑；
陈述否定祈使句。
看标点，大小写；
冠名代，特关键；
K(=key words)F(=foretelling)C(=connection)，细品味；
主旨过渡细节类。
口诀二：
文章标题猜大意，段首段尾主题句；
空前空后逻辑性，同义举例与对比；
代词冠词大小写，标点符号关键词；
相似句式或排比，多个条款要对起。

高考真题大演练
题组一 2020年真题
Passage 1（2020·新课标全国卷I）
A Few Tips for Self-Acceptance
We all want it… to accept and love ourselves. But at times it seems too difficult and too far out of reach. 36. Here’s a handful of ways that will set you in the right direction.
●37. Do not follow the people who make you feel not-good-enough. Why do you follow them? Are you hoping that eventually you will feel empowered because your life is better than theirs? Know that your life is your own;you are the only you in this world.
●Forgive yourself for mistakes that you have made. We are often ashamed of our shortcomings, our mistakes and our failures. 38. You will make mistakes, time and time again. Rather than getting caught up in how you could have done better, why not offer yourself a compassionate (有同情心) response? ＂That didn’t go as planned. But, I tried my best.＂
●Recognize all of your strengths. Write them down in a journal. Begin to train your brain to look at strength before weakness. List all of your accomplishments and achievements. You have a job, earned your degree, and you got out of bed today. 39.
●Now that you’ve listed your strengths, list your imperfections. Turn the page in your journal. Put into words why you feel unworthy, why you don’t feel good enough. Now, read these words back to yourself. 40. Turn to a page in your journal to your list of strengths and achievements. See how awesome you are?
A. Feeling upset again?
B. Where do you start?
C. Nothing is too small to celebrate.
D. Remember, you are only human.
E.Set an intention for self-acceptance.
F.Stop comparing yourself with others.
G.When does the comparison game start?
Passage 2（2020·新课标全国卷II）
Emoji(表情符号) and Workplace Communication
In Asia, messaging platforms are growing rapidly, with users in the hundreds of millions, both at work and play. 36. . It’s been reported that 76 percent of employees in some western countries are using emojis at work.
Written communications can often read as cold and dull. Using emojis can add humor and feeling, keeping intention clear. 37. , encouraging better and more frequent communication.
In any given office, employees can range from age 22 to 70 and beyond, and finding common ground in communication style can be a challenge. 38. . While the younger generations prefer to communicate visually, for those used to working with traditional tools like email, it may feel like a learning curve(曲线). The good news is that it’s simple to learn and can be worth the effort.
There is also the matter of tone(语气). Who hasn’t received an email so annoying that it ruined an entire day? 39. . Emoji can help communication feel friendlier, and even a serious note can be softened with an encouraging smile.
40. , and emoji can contribute directly to that positive outcome. And when your employees begin adding smiling emojis to their business communication, you’ll know you have succeeded in improving your work culture.
A. Message with emojis feel more conversational
B. Even a formal email can seem cold and unfriendly
C. Sending smiling faces to colleagues may seem strange
D. The popularity of these platforms is spreading globally
E.Giving employees the tools enables them to communicate honestly
F.Studies show that friendlier communication leads to a happier workplace
G.An easy way to bring all work generations together is with a chat platform
Passage 3（2020·新课标全国卷III）
A housewarming party is a special party to be held when someone buys or moves into a new apartment or house. The person who bought the house or moved is the one who throws the party. The party is a chance for friends and family to congratulate the person on the new home. 36. And it is good time to fill the new space with love and hopeful presents.
37. Some people register a list of things they want or need for their new home at a local stores. Some common things people will put on a gift registry include kitchen tools like knives and things like curtains. Even if there isn’t a registry, a good housewarming gift is something to decorate the new house with, like a piece of art or a plant.
38. This is often appreciated since at a housewarming there isn’t a lot of food served. There are usually no planned activities like games at a housewarming party. The host or hostess of the party will, however, probably give all the guests a tour of their new home. Sometimes, because a housewarming party happens shortly after a person moves into their new home, people may be asked to help unpack boxes. 39.
Housewarming parties get their name from the fact that a long time ago people would actually bring firewood to a new home as a gift. 40. Now most homes have central heating and don’t use fires to keep warm.
A. This isn’t usual though.
B. It is traditional to bring a gift to a housewarming party.
C. You can also bring food or drinks to share with the other guests.
D. If you’re lucky enough to receive gifts, keep them in a safe place.
E.It also gives people a chance to see what the new home looks like.
F.The best housewarming parties encourage old friends to get together.
G.This was so that the person could keep their home warm for the winter.
Passage 4（2020·山东卷）
Some individuals are born with a gift for public speaking.16. Do you want to be a good public speaker? Here are some principles you must master.
People want to listen to someone who is interesting, relaxed and comfortable. Too often when you stand up to give a speech, you focus on the “public”at the expense of the”speaking. “ 17. Focus on the speaking. Talk directly to your audience, be yourself and make a connection.
Even the most successful public speaker will make mistakes. Yet, the only one who cares about any mistake is the one who is speaking. People’s attention wanders constantly. In fact,most people only absorb about 20 percent of a speaker’s message. So, don’t stop speaking when you make a mistake unless it’s a truly serious one.18.
Your goal is not to be a perfect public speaker.19. And like everything else in life, that takes practice. Remember, even world champion athletes practice their skills on a consistent basis.
20. It’s rare to hear someone say, “I wish that speaker had spoken longer. “On the other hand, you probably can’t count the times that you’ve thought, “I’m glad that talk is over. It seemed to go on forever! “So surprise your audience. Always make your presentation just a bit shorter than anticipated. It’s better to leave your listeners wishing for more than shifting restlessly in their seats waiting for your speech finally to end.
A. Do the opposite.
B. You want to be an effective public speaker.
C. You don’ t need to apologize for a minor slip.
D. When it comes to public speaking, less is usually more.
E.The objective of most speeches is to benefit the audience
F.Take the fear out of public speaking by focusing on your listeners
G.However, the majority of people are effective speakers because they train to be.
Passage 5（2020·浙江卷）
I experienced years of loneliness as a child. 31. His friends teased him about babysitting his sister and his interests were far different from mine. With no other kids of my age in the neighborhood, I had to spend hours by myself.
A bright spot for me turned out to be reading. My love of the written word began early as my mother read to me every evening. 32. I started reading books on my own before age 5 and my mother took me to the public library once a week to borrow several books. I quickly graduated from typical children’s books to ones with fewer pictures and longer chapters. Reading opened new worlds to me. 33.
My mother also encouraged me to make what I wanted. I tried making toy cars with cardboard boxes and constructing buildings from leftover cardboard and bits of wood my father gave me. When my mother saw my creations, she told me how creative my designs were. 34. I learned a lot about how to extend the life of objects and transform them into something new and useful. It was a trait(特点) others found helpful, and I soon had friends who wanted to make things with me.
35. My parents made it a point for their two kids to spend time outside, no matter the weather or season. My brother, of course, raced off to be with his friends, while I had plenty to do myself. There was making leaf houses in autumn, ice skating in winter, and so much more. They’re all memories I treasure today.
A. I wasn't alone any longer.
B. I enjoyed reading stories aloud.
C. I was invited to play with another kid.
D. I loved the colorful photographs in the books.
E.Another habit I formed early was being outdoors.
F.Thus, I began my lifelong interest in making things.
G.My older brother couldn’t be bothered to play with me.

题组一 2019年真题
Passage 1（2019·新课标全国卷I）
Is Fresh Air Really Good for You?
We all grew up people tell us to “go out and get some fresh air.” ____36____ According to recent studies，the answer is a big YES，if the air quality in your camping area is good.
___37___ If the air you’re breathing is clean-which it would be if you’re away from the smog of cities-then the air is filled with life-giving，energizing oxygen. If you exercise out of doors，your body will learn to breathe more deeply，allowing even more oxygen to get to your muscles(肌肉)and your brain.
Recently，people have begun studying the connection between the natural world and healing(治愈). _____38_____ In these places patients can go to be near nature during their recovery. It turns out that just looking at green，growing things can reduce stress，lower blood pressure，and put people into a better mood(情绪).Greenery is good for us. Hospital patients who see tree branches out their window are likely to recover at a faster rate than patients who see buildings or sky instead. ______39______ It gives us a great feeling of peace.
___40___While the sun's rays can age and harm our skin, they also give is beneficial Vitamin D. To make sure you get enough Vitamin D—but still protect your skin— put on sunscreen right as you head outside. It takes sunscreen about fifteen minutes to start working, and that's plenty of time for your skin to absorb a day's worth of Vitamin D.
A. Fresh air cleans our lungs.
B. So what are you waiting for?
C. Being in nature refreshes us.
D. Another side benefit of getting fresh air is sunlight.
E. But is fresh air really as good for you as your mother always said?
F. Just as importantly, we tend to associate air with health care.
G. All across the country, recovery centers have begun building Healing Gardens.
Passage 2（2019·新课标全国卷II）
Imagine a child standing on a diving board four feet high and asking himself the question:“Should I jump? This is what motivation or the lack of it can do. Motivation and goal setting are the two sides of same coin. ___36___Like the child on the diving board, you will stay undecided.
___37___ More than that, how should you stay motivated to achieve the goal? First, you need to evaluate yourself , your values your strengths, your weaknesses, your achievements, your desires ,etc. Only then should your you’re your goals
You also need to judge the quality and depth of your motivation. This is quite important, because it is directly related to your commitment. There are times when your heart is not in your work. ___38___ So, slow down and think what you really want to do at that moment. Clarity(清晰)of thoughts can help you move forward.
Another way of setting realistic goals is to analyze your short and long term objectives, keeping in mind your beliefs, values and strengths. Remember that goals are flexible.____39____ They also need to be measurable. You must keep these points in mind while setting your goals.
Your personal circumstances are equally important. For example, you may want to be a Pilot but can’t become one because your eyesight is not good enough.____40____You should reassess your goals, and motivate yourself to set a fresh goal.
You will surely need to overcome some difficulties, some planned, but most unplanned. You cannot overcome them without ample motivation. Make sure that you plan for these difficulties at the time of setting your goals.
A. This can affect your work.
B. So how should you motivate yourself?
C. However, this should not discourage you.
D. So why should we try to set specific goals?
E. They can change according to circumstances.
F. Motivation is what you need most to do a good job.
G. Without motivation you can neither set a goal nor reach it
Passage 3（2019·新课标全国卷III）
In an online class, developing healthy patterns of communication with professors is very important. ___36___ While I have only listed two of each, there are obviously many other situations that can arise. Students should be able to extend the logic(逻辑)of each to their particular circumstance.
Do's
• ___37___ Questions about subject content are generally welcomed. Before asking questions about the course design, read the syllabus(教学大纲)and learning management system information to be sure the answer isn't hiding in plain sight.
• Participate in discussion forums(论坛), blogs and other open-ended forums for dialogue. ___38___ Be sure to stay on topic and not offer irrelevant information. Make a point, and make it safe for others to do the same.
Don'ts
• Don't share personal information or stories. Professors are not trained nurses, financial aid experts or your best friends. If you are in need of a deadline extension, simply explain the situation to the professor. ___39___
• Don't openly express annoyance at a professor or class. ___40___ When a student attacks a professor on the social media, the language used actually says more about the student. If there is truly a concern about a professor's professionalism or ability, be sure to use online course evaluations to calmly offer your comments.
A. That's what they are for.
B. Turn to an online instructor for help.
C. If more information is needed, they will ask.
D. Remember that online professors get a lot of emails.
E. Below are some common do's and don' ts for online learners.
F. Everyone has taken a not-so-great class at one time or another.
G. Ask questions, but make sure they are good, thoughtful questions.
Passage 4（2019·北京卷）
Much of the work in today’s world is accomplished(完成)in teams. Most people believe the best way to build a great team is to gather a group of the most talented individuals._____46_____Companies spend millions hiring top business people. Is their money well spent？
___47___They focused on football，basketball and baseball. The results are mixed For football and basketball，adding talented players to a team proves a good method，but only up to the point where 70% of the players are top talent；above that level, the team’s performance begins to decline. Interestingly，this trend isn’t evident in baseball. where additional individual talent keeps improving the team’s performance.
To explain this phenomenon，the researchers explored the degree to which a good performance by a team requires its members to coordinate(协调)their actions.______48______In baseball，the performance of individual players is less dependent on teammates. They conclude that when task interdependence is high，team performance will suffer when there is too much talent，while individual talent will have positive effects on team performance when task interdependence is lower. If a basketball star is. for example，trying to gain a high personal point total，he may take a shot himself when it would be better to pass the ball to a teammate，affecting the team's performance. Young children learning to play team sports are often told，“There is no I in TEAM.”___49___
Another possibility is that when there is a lot of talent on a team，some players may make less effort. Just as in a game of tug-of-war(拔河比赛)，whenever a person is added，everyone else pulls the rope with less force.
___50___.An A-team may require a balance-not just A players，but a few generous B players as well.
A. It's not a simple matter to determine the nature of talent.
B. Sports team owners spend millions of dollars attracting top talent
C. The group interaction and its effect drew the researchers' attention.
D. Stars apparently do not follow this basic principle of sportsmanship.
E. Several recent studies examined the role of talent in the sports world.
F. Building up a dream team is more complex than simply hiring the best talent.
G. This task interdependence distinguishes baseball from football and basketball.
Passage 5（2019·浙江卷）
Rock music consists of many different styles. Even though there is a common spirit among all music groups, they make very different music. ___31___ At that time the Beatles entered the world of music from Liverpool.
After they were given an invitation to appear live on BBC, the Beatles quickly became famous in Britain with nationwide tours. By mid-1963, the Beatles had been extremely popular in England. ___32___ They held large concerts and performed at clubs. They became the hottest thing on the pop music scene in England. They began as a modestly successful musician group and ended the year as show business legends(传说). John Lennon and Paul McCartney were named composers of the year.
___33___ They were not sure how the Americans would react to the new type of music. Beatlemania hit New York on February 7, 1964. Hundreds of fans jammed the airport to greet them. ___34___ The concert was broadcast live and attracted the largest one night audience in the history of television up to that time. The Beatles were described as a British invasion(入侵)by local and nationwide newspapers at that time. Their victory in America was still remembered as a major turning point in the history of rock and roll. Thanks to the Beatles, a lot of opportunities were opened up to new faces on the market. ___35___
A. They decided on a tour to the United States in 1964.
B. Even their hairstyles became major trends at that time.
C. Rock music developed in the 1950s and the early 1960s.
D. However, their songs changed the lives of generations to come.
E. Many rock bands were able to follow in the footsteps of the Beatles.
F. They appeared in the films A Hard Day's Night(1964)and Help！(1965).
G. They performed their first concert in America at CBS television's 53rd street studio.


题组二 2018年真题
Passage 1（2018·新课标全国卷I）
Color is fundamental in home design — something you’ll always have in every room. A grasp of how to manage color in your spaces is one of the first steps to creating rooms you’ll love to live in. Do you want a room that’s full of life? Professional? Or are you just looking for a place to relax after a long day? 36 , color is the key to making a room feel the way you want it to feel.
Over the years, there have been a number of different techniques to help designers approach this important point. 37 , they can get a little complex. But good news is that there’re really only three kinds of decisions you need to make about color in your home: the small ones, the medium ones, and the large ones.
38 . They’re the little spots of color like throw pillows, mirrors and baskets that most of us use to add visual interest to our rooms. Less tiring than painting your walls and less expensive than buying a colorful sofa, small color choices bring with them the significant benefit of being easily changeable.
Medium color choices are generally furniture pieces such as sofas, dinner tables or bookshelves. 39 . They require a bigger commitment than smaller ones, and they have a more powerful effect on the feeling of a space.
The large color decisions in your rooms concern the walls, ceilings, and floors. Whether you’re looking at wallpaper or paint, the time, effort and relative expense put into it are significant. 40 .
A. While all of them are useful
B. Whatever you’re looking for
C. If you’re experimenting with a color
D. Small color choices are the ones we’re most familiar with
E. It’s not really a good idea to use too many small color pieces
F. So it pays to be sure, because you want to get it right the first time
G. Color choices in this range are a step up from the small ones in two major ways
Passage 2（2018·新课标全国卷II）
If you are already making the time to exercise, it is good indeed! With such busy lives, it can be hard to try and find the time to work out. ___36___ Working out in the morning provides additional benefits beyond being physically fit.
Your productivity is improved. Exercising makes you more awake and ready to handle whatever is ahead of you for the day.___37___
Your metabolism(新陈代谢) gets a head start. ___38___ If you work out in the mornings, then you will be getting the calorie(卡路里)burning benefits for the whole day, not in your sleep.
___39___ Studies found that people who woke up early for exercise slept better than those who exercised in the evening. Exercise energizes you, so it is more difficult to relax and have a peaceful sleep when you are very excited.
___40___ If you work out bright and early in the morning, you will be more likely to stick to healthy food choices throughout the day. Who would want to ruin their good workout by eating junk food? You will want to continue to focus on positive choices.
There are a lot of benefits to working out, especially in the mornings. Set your alarm clock an hour early and push yourself to work out! You will feel energized all day long.
A. You will stick to your diet.
B. Your quality of sleep improves.
C. You prefer healthy food to fast food.
D. There is no reason you should exercise in the morning.
E. You can keep your head clear for 4-10 hours after exercise.
F. After you exercise, you continue to burn calories throughout the day.
G. If you are planning to do exercise regularly, or you’re doing it now, then listen up!
Passage 3（2017·新课标全国卷III）
Before there was the written word, there was the language of dance. Dance expresses love and hate, joy and sorrow ,life and death, and everything else in between.
___36___We dance from Florida to Alaska, from north to south and sea to sea. We dance at weddings, birthdays , office parties and just to fill the time.
“I adore dancing,” says Lester Bridges, the owner of a dance studio in Iowa. “I can't imagine doing anything else with my life." Bridges runs dance classes for all ages. "Teaching dance is wonderful. ____37____It's great to watch them. For many of them, it's a way of meeting people and having a social life."
___38___"I can tell you about one young couple," says Bridges. “They're learning to do traditional dances. They arrive at the class in low spirits and they leave with a smile. _____39_____”
So, do we dance in order to make ourselves feel better, calmer, healthier? Andrea Hillier says,“Dance, like the pattern of a beating heart, is life. Even after all these years, I want to get better and better.____40____ I find it hard to stop! Dancing reminds me I'm alive."
A. So why do we dance?
B. Dance in the U.S.is everywhere.
C. If you like dancing outdoors, come to America.
D. My older students say it makes them feel young.
E. I keep practicing even When I'm extremely tired.
F. Dancing seems to change their feeling completely.
G. They stayed up all night long singing and dancing.
Passage 4（2018·浙江卷）
Moving into a new home in a new neighborhood is an exciting experience. Of course, you want to make sure that you become an acceptable and valuable part of your neighborhood . the easiest way to accomplish this is to make sure you conduct yourself as a good neighbor should. ___31_____
Perhaps one of the most important things you can do as a good neighbor is to keep your property(房产) neat, clean, and in good repair. _____32_ __ By choosing to keep the outside of the home in great shape, you will help to improve the look and feel of the area.
Second, take the overall appearance of the neighborhood seriously. When going for a walk，take a small garbage bag. ____33_____ This small act will let your neighbors know that you care about the area.
_____34____ If a neighbor is going to be out of town, offer to collect mail and newspapers. If a neighbor suffers an illness, offer to do the grocery shopping . Let them know you are there to help in any way that is acceptable, while still respecting the privacy of your neighbor.
_____35__ _ By following the basic rules of respecting others, taking care of what belongs to you, and taking pride in the appearance of the neighborhood in general, you will quickly become a good neighbor that everyone appreciate.
A. In general, keep an eye on their property while they are gone.
B.A good neighbor is also one who likes to help out in small ways.
C. Being a good neighbor is more or less about considerate behavior.
D. Sometimes neighbors may go to the supermarket together to do shopping.
E. Should you come across waste paper thrown out of a passing car, pick it up.
F. People tend to take pride in keeping everything in their street fresh and inviting.
G. Here are a few tips to help you win over everyone in the neighborhood quickly
题组三 2017年真题
Passage 1（2017·新课标全国卷I）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
If anyone had told me three years ago that I would be spending most of my weekends camping, I would have laughed heartily. Campers, in my eyes, were people who enjoyed insect bites, ill-cooked meals, and uncomfortable sleeping bags. They had nothing in common with me. 36
The friends who introduced me to camping thought that it meant to be a pioneer. 37 We slept in a tent, cooked over an open fire, and walked a long distance to take the shower and use the bathroom. This brief visit with Mother Nature cost me two days off from work, recovering from a bad case of sunburn and the doctor’s bill for my son’s food poisoning.
I was, nevertheless, talked into going on another fun-filled holiday in the wilderness. 38 Instead, we had a pop-up camper with comfortable beds and an air conditioner. My nature-loving friends had remembered to bring all the necessities of life.
39 We have done a lot of it since. Recently, we bought a twenty-eight-foot travel trailer complete with a bathroom and a built-in TV set. There is a separate bedroom, a modern kitchen with a refrigerator. The trailer even has matching carpet and curtains.
40 It must be true that sooner or later, everyone finds his or her way back to nature. I recommend that you find your way in style.
A. This time there was no tent.
B. Things are going to be improved.
C. The trip they took me on was a rough one.
D. I was to learn a lot about camping since then, however.
E. I must say that I have certainly come to enjoy camping.
F. After the trip, my family became quite interested in camping.
G. There was no shade as the trees were no more than 3 feet tall.
Passage 2（2017·新课标全国卷II）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Interruptions are one of the worst things to deal with while you’re trying to get work done. 36 , there are several ways to handle things. Let’s take a look at them now.
37 . Tell the person you’re sorry and explain that you have a million things to do and then ask if the two of you can talk at a different time.
When people try to interrupt you, have set hours planned and let them know to come back during that time or that you’ll find them then. 38 . It can help to eliminate(消除) future interruptions.
When you need to talk to someone, don’t do it in your own office. 39 , it’s much easier to excuse yourself to get back to your work than if you try to get someone out of your space even after explaining how busy you are.
If you have a door to your office, make good use of it. 40 . If someone knocks and it’s not an important matter, excuse yourself and let the person know you’re busy so they can get the hint(暗示) than when the door is closed, you’re not to be disturbed.
A. If you’re busy, don’t feel bad about saying no
B. When you want to avoid interruptions at work
C. Set boundaries for yourself as far as your time goes
D. If you’re in the other person’s office or in a public area
E. It’s important that you let them know when you’ll be available
F. It might seem unkind to cut people shirt when they interrupt you
G. Leave it open when you’re available to talk and close it when you’re not
Passage 3（2017·新课标全国卷III）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Lots of people find it hard to get up in the morning, and put the blame on the alarm clock. In fact, the key to easy morning wake-up lies in resting your body clock. 36 Here’s how to make one.
● 37 In order to make a change, you need to decide why it’s important. Do you want to get up in time to have breakfast with your family, get in some exercise, or just be better prepared for your day? Once you are clear about your reasons, tell your family or roommates about the change you want to make.
● Rethink mornings. Now that you know why you want to wake up, consider re-arranging your morning activities. If you want time to have breakfast with your family, save some time the night before by setting out clothes, shoes, and bags. 38 That’s a quarter-hour more you could be sleeping if you bought a coffee maker with a timer.
● Keep your sleep/wake schedule on weekends. If you’re tired out by Friday night, sleeping in on Saturday could sound wonderful. But compensating on the weekends actually feeds into your sleepiness the following week, a recent study found. 39
● Keep a record and evaluate it weekly. Keep track of your efforts and write down how you feel. After you’ve tried a new method for a week, take a look at your record. 40 If not, take another look at other methods you could try.
A. Get a sleep specialist.
B. Find the right motivation.
C. A better plan for sleep can help.
D. And consider setting a second alarm.
E. If the steps you take are working, keep it up.
F. Stick to your set bedtime and wake-up time, no matter the day.
G. Reconsider the 15 minutes you spend in line at the cafe to get coffee.
Passage 4（2017·浙江卷）
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
How to Do Man-on-the-Street Interviews
The man-on-the-street interview is an interview in which a reporter hits the streets with a cameraman to interview people on the spot. 31 But with these tips, your first man-on-the-street interview experience can be easy.
●When your boss or professor sends you out to do man-on-the-street interviews for a story, think about the topic and develop a list of about ten general questions relating to it. For example, if your topic is about environmental problems in America, you might ask, ＂Why do you think environmental protection is important in America?＂ 32
●Hit the streets with confidence. 33 Say, ＂Excuse me, I work for XYZ News, and I was wondering if you could share your opinion about this topic.＂ This is a quick way to get people to warm up to you.
●Move on to the next person if someone tells you she is not interested in talking on camera. Don’t get discouraged.
● 34 Each interview that you get on the street shouldn’t be longer than ten minutes. As soon as you get the answer you need, move on to the next person. Make sure that as you go from interview to interview, you are getting a variety of answers. If everyone is giving you the same answer, you won’t be able to use it. A safe number of interviews to conduct is about six to ten. 35
●If your news station or school requires interviewees to sign release forms to appear on the air, don’t leave work without them.
A. Limit your time.
B. As you approach people, be polite.
C. If you don’t own a camera, you can buy one.
D. For new reporters, this can seem like a challenging task.
E. To get good and useful results, ask them the same question.
F. That number of interviews should give you all the answers you need.
G. With a question like this, you will get more than a ＂Yes＂ or ＂No＂ reply.
经典演练
Passage 1
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Competition is all around us and it makes the strong stronger and the weak weaker. It can also teach us how to survive in a fast-paced and stressful world. 1 . How many of us have seen young boys weeping because their teams didn’t win inter-school tournament? How many of us have seen young teenagers cheat just to win? 2 So it’s important to develop healthy competition among children.
When it comes to encouraging healthy competition among children, the first thing to do is set goals for them to stick to. 3
Since children may be easily affected by wrong ideas from popular media and the Internet, it’s up to you to develop the right kind of spirit in them. Team spirit will help them grow into human beings who aren’t easily annoyed by small losses or too excited by victories. 4 So give them examples where family members refused to cheat to win.
5 . When they take an exam, don’t ask about how much they expect to score; instead, ask what they wrote about. If your son played a cricket match at school, don’t ask him whether his team won or lost; ask him how many runs he scored and encourage him to score higher next time instead. When you let your children know that you’re more interested in how they performed rather than whether they lost or won, they will surely try to better themselves.
A. However, you mustn’t push them too hard and burden them with too high a goal
B. We should also encourage healthy competition among children
C. These are the effects of unhealthy competition
D. In addition, they may also not want to adopt just any method to win, like cheating or lying
E. Care more about children’s performance rather than the results in a sports match
F. However, children can be hit by competition
G. Sending your children the right signals is also important
Passage 2
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
“Jane Eyre” was published in 1847. It is not just a romance novel, but an educational story. Women can learn so much from this great Victorian heroine. This is not to suggest that Jane didn’t have shortcomings. 　1　
You can overcome your past, however bad it is. Jane Eyre is made miserable as a child by her horrible relatives. 　2　He constantly reminds her that she’s an orphan(孤儿). But she learns a lot about letting go when she is sent to a boarding school and makes friends with Helen.
　3　Jane notes, “The world was a varied field of hopes and excitement waiting for those who had the courage to go forth.” If Jane hadn’t been brave, she might have returned to the cruel woman who raised her.
Don’t be afraid to speak your mind. She is not scared to voice her opinions when necessary. It is much better to talk about things than to hide unspoken anger. 　4　
Be positive. When Jane was younger, she had a tendency to feel sorry for herself. 　5　But as she gets older, she learns to be happy despite her past.
A. You can decide your life.
B. The possibilities for life are endless for those who take risks.
C. Talking also helps heal relationships as well.
D. Her cousin, John, is the worst.
E. It is weak and silly to say you can’t bear what it is your fate to be required to bear.
F. Still, there’s much to be learned from the way she chooses to live.
G. Her life was miserable.
Passage 3
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Birds are wonderful both as pets and as visitors to the garden. If you’re considering bird ownership, the care requirements include providing good housing, nutritious food and keeping an eye on the bird’s health.
Choose the bird species with care. 　1　It is very important to learn as much as you can about the species before deciding which bird you will choose. The bird must match your lifestyle, interests and ability to take good care of it.
　2　The cage size should be big enough for the bird to put its wings out straight from side to side. Since small cages tend to lead to behavior problems, space in the cage is important — the bigger the space in the cage, the better.
Feed the bird regularly at about the same time each day. This could be when you eat, or maybe earlier. 　3　So the bird knows when to expect its food. Besides, provide the bird with average temperature water and change it daily to ensure the freshness.
Keep the cage properly and regularly cleaned. A clean cage reduces the risk of your bird suffering from bacteria. Regular removal of bird droppings is very important for keeping the bird healthy. 　4　
Give the bird lots of attention. Talk to your bird as it rides around the house. This is necessary during the first couple of years. 　5　For example, some birds will perfectly mimic(模仿) the sound of you moving the cleaning cloth over the stove or table.
A. Not all bird species are appropriate as pets.
B. Anyhow, choose a time and try to stick to it.
C. Purchase the right kind of cage for housing the bird.
D. If your bird gets lots of attention, he or she will be happier as a whole.
E. Identify the exact food needed by the species of bird you’re caring for.
F. Birds are fast learners and will surprise you with their range of sound effects.
G. Moreover, a bird living in a clean environment tends to be more active and happier.
Passage 4
根据短文内容，从短文后的选项中选出能填入空白处的最佳选项。选项中有两项为多余选项。
Business is the organized approach to providing customers with the goods and services they want. The word business also refers to an organization that provides these goods and services. Most businesses seek to make a profit（利润）— that is, they aim to achieve income that is more than the costs of operating the business. _____1_____ Commonly called nonprofits, these organizations are primarily nongovernmental service providers. _____2_____
Business management is a term used to describe the techniques of planning, direction, and control of the operations of a business. 3 One is the establishment（制定）of broad basic policies with respect to production; sales; the purchase of equipment, materials and supplies; and accounting. 4 The third relates to the establishment of standards of work in all departments. Direction is concerned primarily with supervision（监管）and guidance by the management in authority. 5
A. Planning in business management has three main aspects.
B. In the theory of business management, organization has two main aspects.
C. The second aspect relates to the application of these policies by departments.
D. However, some businesses only seek to earn enough to cover their operating costs.
E. In this connection there is the difference between top management and operative management.
F. Control includes the use of records and reports to compare actual work with the set standards for work.
G. Examples of nonprofit business include such organizations as social service agencies and may hospitals.
学有所得


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