高考英语二轮复习重难点03 阅读理解之说明文（解析版）

这是一份高考英语二轮复习重难点03 阅读理解之说明文（解析版），共18页。
重难点03 阅读理解之说明文


【命题趋势】
最近五年，说明文的出现变化不大，一直很稳定，选材通常是各学科的前沿问题；高科技领域的科研成果；人们比较关心的社会问题；人文方面的经典。由于阅读理解题的设置采用渐进式，即由简到难的方式，因此说明文是高考试卷中阅读理解题中相对比较难的，通常后置。阅读理解试题的中要考点之一是考查学生对词汇和句式的掌握。说明文的词汇和句式的运用较别的体裁的文章难度更大。词汇运用灵活，同一词的不同词性的用法交替出现，未列入考纲的生词较多，通常达到了4-5%。不过考生可以通过说明文的语言特点来帮助理解语篇，例如，下定义、解释、举例、同义词、反义词、上下义词以及标点符号（如破折号、冒号都有表示解释和说明）等。
【满分技巧】
高考阅读理解中，说明文为主要体裁之一。高考阅读理解题的设问主要围绕以下四方面：细节事实题、主旨大意题、推理判断题、猜测词义题。其中，说明文主要以细节事实、主旨大意和猜测词义三方面问题为主。
一、词义猜测类题型
阅读理解题中常要求学生猜测某些单词或短语的意思。历年英语高考题中均有此类题目，有的文章尽管没有专门设题，但由于文章中常常出现生词，因此，词义的猜测还是贯穿在文章的阅读理解之中。解这类题目一般是通过上下文去理解或根据构词法去猜测。判断一个单词的意思不但离不开句子，而且还需要把句子放在上下文中，根据上下文提供的线索加以猜测。运用构词法,语境等推测关键词义，可以根据以下几种方法猜测：
（一）内在逻辑关系
根据内在逻辑关系推测词义是指运用语言知识分析和判断相关信息之间存在的逻辑关系，然后根据逻辑关系推断生词词义。
1. 通过同义词和反义词的关系猜词
2. 根据因果关系猜测词义
3. 通过定义或释义关系来推测词义
4. 通过句法功能来推测词义
5. 通过描述猜词
（二）外部相关因素
外部相关因素是指篇章（句子或段落）以外的其他知识，有时仅靠分析篇章内在逻辑关系无法猜出词义。这时，就需要运用生活经验和普通常识确定词义。例如：The snakes lithered through the grass.根据有关蛇的生活习性的知识，我们可以推断出slither词义为＂爬行＂。
（三）构词法
在阅读文章时，我们总会遇上一些新词汇，有时很难根据上下文来推断其词意，而它们对文章的理解又有着举足轻重的作用，此时，如掌握了一些常用的词根,前缀,后缀,合成等构词法知识，这些问题便不难解决了。
1. 根据前缀猜测词义
2. 根据后缀猜测词义
3. 根据复合词的各部分猜测词义
二、主旨大意类题型
主旨大意类题型主要测试学生对文章全面理解和概括的能力，提问的内容可能是全文的大意，也可能是某段的段落大意，一般不易在文中直接找到答案。怎样把握主旨大意题呢？通常有以下几种方法：
（一）阅读文章的标题或副标题
文章的标题是一篇文章的题眼，通过阅读标题或副标题可以迅速把握文章的主旨大意。
（二）寻找文章的主题句
分析篇章结构，找出文章主题。在许多情况下，尤其在阅读说明文和议论文时，根据其篇章特点我们可以通过仔细阅读短文的第一句或第二句，即文章的主题句来归纳出文章的主题.若短文由若干段组成，除仔细阅读第一段的首句外，还须仔细阅读每一段的第一句，即段落中心。通常文章的中心思想包含在文章的首句，有时也在文章的末句，其他句子都是用来说明和阐述主题句。因此，在确定文章的中心思想时，要求学生重视阅读文章的首句和末句。但也有一些文章，中心思想常常贯穿在全文中，因此要求学生综观全文，对段落的内容要融会贯通，对文章透彻理解后归纳总结。主题句的特点是：1. 相对于其他句子，它表达的意思比较概括；2. 主题句一般结构简单；3. 段落中其他句子必定是用来解释，支撑或发展主题句所表达的思想的。
【热点话题】
说明文热衷话题有：科普类，环保类。
【限时检测】（建议用时：30分钟）
A
（合肥六中2020届高三冲刺最后一卷）
话题：文章主要说明了新加坡和越南的工程师们决定把所有的垃圾变成有用的东西。
难度：★★
建议用时：6分
When life gives you pineapples—and hundreds of millions of tons of pineapple waste—what do you do? Engineers in Singapore and Vietnam decided to tum all the waste into something useful—the heat barrier for their pineapple juice. Not only does their new material keep drinks cool better than many commercial coolers, but it could also offer a final resting place for the world’s pineapple waste.
To find a use for those leftovers, the researchers mixed pineapple fibers, which they cut up in an electric device, with a sticky agent as a solvent. They then treated the mix with sound waves at frequencies greater than 20 kHz and heated it in an oven at 80℃ for 2 hours. The suspension that formed was then cooled before being freeze-dried.
The result was a pale yellow aerogel (气凝胶) that is lightweight, flexible, and more than 96% porous (多孔的)—qualities that make it an ideal material against both heat and sound.
When the researchers wrapped a sheet of the pineapple aerogel around a military-style canteen bottle, they found that the aerogel could provide three times the heat exchange reduction of commercially available alternatives—they reported this month in Materials Chemistry and Physics. The gel-wrapped bottle kept -3℃ water cooled below 0℃ for 6 hours and liquid heated to 90℃ above 40℃ for 2.5 hours. What’s more, the pineapple gel also acted as a sound barrier; in another test, the gel did a better job of preventing noise from getting in or out than Basmel, a popular kind of sound barrier.
The findings provide a new, eco-friendly approach to recycling agricultural cast-offs—and a good excuse to get a better electric device for your kitchen.
8. Why do engineers come up with the idea of the heat barrier?
A. To lower the cost of heat barriers. B. To make good use of pineapple waste.
C. To find a better cooler for pineapple juice. D. To turn pineapples into something more useful.
9. What is the last step of making the pineapple aerogel?
A. Freeze-drying the suspension. B. Cooling the formed suspension.
C. Cutting up the pineapple leftovers. D. Treating the mix with sound waves.
10. What can we learn about the pineapple aerogel from paragraph 4?
A. It kept the liquid heated to 130℃ for about 2.5 hours.
B. It kept the water cooled below -3℃ for nearly 6 hours.
C. It could be three times as effective as other heat barriers.
D. It did a better job as a sound barrier than as a heat barrier.
11. What is the best title for the text?
A. A Better Way to Keep Drinks Cool. B. An Alternative Way to Recycle Waste.
C. Pineapple Waste, a Wonderful Drink Cooler. D. Pineapples, One of the Most Common Fruits.
【答案】8. B 9. A 10. C 11. C
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了新加坡和越南的工程师们决定把所有的垃圾变成有用的东西——菠萝汁的隔热层。这种新材料不仅能比许多商业冷藏器更好地冷藏饮料，还能为世界上的菠萝垃圾提供一个最后的归宿。文章主要介绍了这种菠萝冷却器的制作过程，以及与其他冷却器相比菠萝冷却的优势。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中When life gives you pineapples—and hundreds of millions of tons of pineapple waste—what do you do? Engineers in Singapore and Vietnam decided to tum all the waste into something useful—the heat barrier for their pineapple juice.可知当生活给你菠萝---数亿吨菠萝废物，你会怎么做？新加坡和越南的工程师们决定把所有的垃圾变成有用的东西——菠萝汁的隔热层。由此可知，工程师为了充分利用菠萝废料，而有了菠萝隔热层的想法。故选B。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第二段最后一句The suspension that formed was then cooled before being freeze-dried.可知形成的悬浮液在被冻干之前被冷却。由此可知，制作菠萝气凝胶的最后一步是冷冻干燥悬浮液。故选A。
【10题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中When the researchers wrapped a sheet of the pineapple aerogel around a military-style canteen bottle, they found that the aerogel could provide three times the heat exchange reduction of commercially available alternatives—they reported this month in Materials Chemistry and Physics.可知研究人员在本月的《材料化学与物理》杂志上报道，当他们将一张菠萝气凝胶包裹在一个军用水壶瓶子上时，他们发现这种气凝胶能够提供三倍于市面上现有替代品的热交换减少。由此可知，菠萝气凝胶的效率可能是其他热屏障的三倍。故选C。
【11题详解】
主旨大意题。根据第一段中Engineers in Singapore and Vietnam decided to tum all the waste into something useful—the heat barrier for their pineapple juice. Not only does their new material keep drinks cool better than many commercial coolers, but it could also offer a final resting place for the world’s pineapple waste.可知新加坡和越南的工程师们决定把所有的垃圾变成有用的东西——菠萝汁的隔热层。这种新材料不仅能比许多商业冷却器更好地冷藏饮料，还能为世界上的菠萝垃圾提供一个最后的归宿。结合文章主要介绍了这种菠萝冷却器的制作过程，以及与其他冷却器相比菠萝冷却的优势。由此可知，C选项“菠萝废料，一种很棒的饮料冷却器”最符合文章标题。故选C。
B
（长春外国语学校2020-2021学年第一学期高三年级期初考试）
话题：文章主要说明了每个人都会拖延，这是人类状态的一部分。
难度：★★
建议用时：6分
Everyone procrastinates(拖延). “It's part of the human condition, ”says procrastination researcher Tim Pychyl. “We want to feel good now. The way to do that is avoid the task.” He admits that in the short term, procrastination is powerfully rewarding. The present self-benefits, of course, but not the future self.
His research has shown that people can procrastinate on nearly anything, even enjoyable tasks such as planning a vacation. Some people procrastinate cleaning. Some people procrastinate by cleaning. The top tasks people delay are advancing their careers, taking care of their health, and planning their finances.
One big factor for them is fear of failure, of not living up to expectations. Kelli Saginak, a 57-year-old health coach from Wisconsin, procrastinated about looking for a new job for years. That inability to take action only confirmed her belief that she would never do any better. “It's totally fear of judgment,” says Saginak. “If I don't take the risk, I don't have to face the judgment. Yet it's simply me judging myself.”
Some people embrace procrastination, insisting that the white-hot pressure of a last-minute completion makes his or her work better. But researchers have proved it wrong. “I did an experiment, putting procrastinators under restrictions of time. They did worse than non-procrastinators, but they thought they did better.” says Joseph Ferrari, a psychology professor. “Non- Procrastinators focus on the task that needs to be done. They have a stronger personal identity and are less concerned about what psychologists call social esteem's how others like us.”
Procrastination is usually not going to be good for you. Just thinking about what you haven't done may cause discomfort. So if you have been procrastinating on starting an exercise routine, just put on your walking shoes. If you've been putting off a work project, reread your boss's notes about it.
8. According to Tim Pychyl, people procrastinate because .
A. it simplifies the tasks B. it offers temporary relief
C. it allows more time for planning D. it benefits one's self development
9. What did Kelli Saginak mean by “Yet it's simply me judging myself”?
A. She has false expectations. B. She makes quick judgement.
C. She regrets taking no action. D. She values her present career.
10. What does Joseph Ferrari's experiment show?
A. Procrastinators usually lack confidence.
B. Procrastinators turn pressure into motivation.
C. Non-procrastinators care much about others 'feelings.
D. Non-procrastinators perform better within a time limit.
11. What is the author's attitude towards procrastination?
A. Favorable. B. Reserved. C. Opposed. D. Objective.
【答案】8. B 9. C 10. D 11. C
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要说明了每个人都会拖延，这是人类状态的一部分。研究拖延症的Tim Pychyl的研究表明人们可以拖延几乎任何事情，甚至是愉快的任务，如计划假期。文章还分析了导致人们拖延的一些因素，以及拖延带来的不良后果。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。根据第一段中“It's part of the human condition, ”says procrastination researcher Tim Pychyl. “We want to feel good now. The way to do that is avoid the task.” He admits that in the short term, procrastination is powerfully rewarding. The present self-benefits, of course, but not the future self.可知“这是人类状态的一部分，”研究拖延症的Tim Pychyl说。“我们现在想要感觉良好。这样做的方法是避免任务。他承认，从短期来看，拖延是非常有益的。当然，现在的自我利益，而不是未来的自我利益。由此可知，Tim Pychyl认为，人们拖延是因为它能提供暂时的缓解。故选B。
【9题详解】
句意猜测题。根据第三段中Kelli Saginak, a 57-year-old health coach from Wisconsin, procrastinated about looking for a new job for years. That inability to take action only confirmed her belief that she would never do any better. “It's totally fear of judgment,” says Saginak.可知来自威斯康辛州、现年57岁的健康教练Kelli Saginak拖延了好几年才开始找新工作。无法采取行动只会让她坚信自己永远不会做得更好。“这完全是对评判的恐惧，”Saginak说。由此可知，Kelli Saginak所说的“Yet it's simply me judging myself”的意思是她后悔没有采取行动。故选C。
【10题详解】
细节理解题。根据第四段中“I did an experiment, putting procrastinators under restrictions of time. They did worse than non-procrastinators, but they thought they did better.” says Joseph Ferrari, a psychology professor. “Non- Procrastinators focus on the task that needs to be done. They have a stronger personal identity and are less concerned about what psychologists call social esteem's how others like us.”可知“我做过一个实验，将拖延者置于时间限制之下。他们比不拖拉的人做得更差，但他们认为自己做得更好。”心理学教授Joseph Ferrari说。“非拖延者会专注于需要完成的任务。他们有更强的个人认同感，不太关心心理学家所说的社会尊重，即别人如何喜欢我们。”由此可知，Joseph Ferrari的实验说明了不拖拉的人在限定的时间内表现得更好。故选D。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据最后一段中Procrastination is usually not going to be good for you. Just thinking about what you haven't done may cause discomfort.可知拖延症通常对你没有好处。仅仅想到你没有做的事情可能会让你感到不适。由此可推知，作者对拖延症的态度是反对的。故选C。
C
（哈师大附中2020年高三第四次模拟考试）
话题：文章介绍了法兰克福汽车制造商正在准备汽车展览，介绍了不同汽车的功能。
难度：★★
建议用时：6分
Fascination Auto
FRANKFURT, Germany-European automakers are preparing for the biggest European motor show, the 89th International Automobile-Ausstellung (IAA) in Frankfurt, with affordable new family coupe (小汽车) and range-topping luxury models.
Maserati Spyder GT
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Maserati’s new Spyder GT may resemble the coupe on the outer appearance, but it has a shorter wheelbase, a new engine and a new mechanical platform. The coupe won’t receive those changes until 2021. The new 4.4-liter V-8 engine gets 390 horsepower and 44 pounds lighter than the 3.2-liter biturbo power plant it replaces. The Spyder is expected to be about $138,000.
Saab 9X
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Described by Saab, the 9X is a sports coupe that combines the features of a coupe, roadster (跑车), sedan (私家轿车) and pickup truck. The two-door coupe, created by Michael Mauer, is a preview of future Saab styling signal.
BMW 9 Series
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A fourth generation of BMW’s high-dollar sedan arrives for 2021, introducing what BMW says is the world’s first six-speed automatic transmission (变速器). The V-8 engine is said to be loaded with technical advances. It develops 353 horsepower and 332 pound-feet of twisting force. The latest version of BMW’s Head Protection System adds rear-side airbags. Active Knee Protection, which contains an additional airbag to protect the knees of front passengers, is a new feature.
Porsche 911Carrera Targa
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The third model in the 911 Carrera series in the redesigned Targa, which joins the coupe. The Targa’s whole glass roof covers nearly 5 square feet and is powered by two electric motors. The rear window is now folded for a bigger cargo bay, which has increased from 7.1 to 8.1 cubic feet.
1. What does“biturbo power plant”refer to in Paragraph 2?
A. Wheelbase. B. Horsepower.
C. Platform. D. Engine.
2. Which of the following is more concentrated on safety?
A. Saab 9X. B. BMW 9 Series.
C. Maserati Spyder GT. D. Porsche 911 Carrera Targa.
3. What is special about Saab 9X?
A. It signals the style of future coupes.
B. It provides all-glass top for the owner.
C. It is a combination of various functions.
D. It resembles the other four-door coupes physically.
【答案】1. D 2. B 3. C
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了法兰克福汽车制造商正在准备汽车展览，介绍了不同汽车的功能。
【1题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段“The new 4.4-liter V-8 engine gets 390 horsepower and 44 pounds lighter than the 3.2-liter biturbo power plant it replaces.”新的4.4升V-8发动机获得390马力，比它所取代的3.2升双涡轮动力装置轻44磅。这里发动机和动力装置意思一致，所以biturbo power plant指的是发动机。故选D项。
【2题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第四段“Active Knee Protection, which contains an additional airbag to protect the knees of front passengers, is a new feature.” 主动保护膝盖这项新功能，包括一个额外的安全气囊，以保护前排乘客的膝盖。所以这里只有宝马更加注重乘客安全。故选B项。
【3题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第三段“Described by Saab, the 9X is a sports coupe that combines the features of a coupe, roadster (跑车), sedan (私家轿车) and pickup truck.” 萨博9X是一个跑车,这款车的特点是结合了双门跑车，跑车，私家轿车和皮卡。所以萨博9X的特殊之处是结合了不同车的功能，故选C项。
D
（长春外国语学校2020-2021学年第一学期高三年级期初考试）
话题：研究人员发现酒也可能成为人们饮食的一部分。
难度：★★
建议用时：6分
It has always been thought that alcohol causes people to put on weight because it contains a lot of sugar, but new research suggests a glass a day cold form part of a diet. Looking at past studies they found that, while heavy drinkers do put on weight; those who drink in moderation can actually lose weight.
A spokesman for the research team at Navarro University in Spain says, ＂Light to moderate alcohol intake, especially of wine, may be more likely to protect against, rather than promote, weight gain.＂ The International Scientific Forum on Alcohol Research reviewed the findings and agreed with most of the conclusions, particularly that data do not clearly indicate if moderate drinking increases weight.
Boston University’s Dr. Harvey Finkel found that the biologic mechanisms(生物学机制) relating alcohol to changes in body weight are not properly understood. His team pointed out the strong protective effects of moderate drinking on the risk of getting conditions like diabetes(糖尿病), which relate to increasing obesity. Some studies suggest that even very obese people may be at lower risk of diabetes if they are moderate drinkers.
The group says alcohol provides calories that are quickly absorbed into the body and are not stored in fat, and that this process could explain the differences in its effects from those of other foods. They agree that future research should be directed towards assessing the roles of different types of alcoholic drinks, taking into consideration drinking patterns and including the past tendency of participants to gain weight.
For now there is little evidence that consuming small to moderate amounts of alcohol on a regular basis increases one’s risk of becoming obese. What’s more, a study three years ago suggested that resveratrol(白藜芦醇), a compound present in grapes and red wine destroys fat cells.
12. The passage is mainly for those___________.
A. who produce wine
B. who have a drinking habit
C. who go on a diet
D. who are eager to lose weight
13. The underlined phrase＂ in moderation＂ in the first paragraph means ___________.
A. excitedly B. carefully
C. frequently D. properly
14. What can we learn from the passage?
A. Current data clearly show that moderate drinking increases weight.
B. Resveratrol is proved to increase the risk of becoming fat.
C. The research found moderate drinking has a strong protective effect.
D. The specific roles of different types of alcoholic drinks are very clear.
15. What is most likely to be discussed in the paragraph that follows?
A. How to do some easy experiments.
B. How to reduce the calories contained in wine.
C. How to prove the finding mentioned above.
D. How to make wine in a healthy way.
【答案】12. B 13. D 14. C 15. C
【解析】
【分析】
本文是说明文。研究人员发现酒也可能成为人们饮食的一部分，适当的饮酒并不会导致人们发胖，并且适量饮酒会防止人们得糖尿病。
【12题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章第一段第一句It has always been thought that alcohol causes people to put on weight because it contains a lot of sugar, but new research suggests a glass a day could form part of a diet.可知，研究发现酒也可能成为人们饮食的一部分，适当的饮酒并不会导致人们发胖。全文都在叙述与之有关的研究，所以本文应该是写给那些喝酒的人的。故选B。
【13题详解】
猜测词义题。根据第一段第二句Looking at past studies they found that, while heavy drinkers do put on weight; those who drink in moderation can actually lose weight.（尽管酗酒的确可以增加体重，但是那些适当饮酒的人实际上会减肥。），根据连词while可知，上下文存在对比关系，in moderation指适当的，有节制的，故选D。
【14题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段第二句His team pointed out the strong protective effects of moderate drinking on the risk of getting conditions like diabetes(糖尿病), which relate to increasing obesity.可知，适量饮酒对于糖尿病有防护作用，也就是说适量饮酒的人不会患上糖尿病。故选C。
【15题详解】
推理判断题。根据文章最后一句What’s more, a study three years ago suggested that resveratrol, a compound present in grapes and red wine destroys fat cells.可知，一项研究说明葡萄和红酒中存在的resveratrol实际上可以破坏肥胖细胞，那么接下来就应该证明这一理论的正确性，故选C。
【点睛】推理题的解题方法
1. 抓住特定信息进行逆向或正向推理。做此类试题要善于抓住某一段话中的关键信息，即某些关键词或短语去分析、推理、判断，利用逆向思维或正面推理，从而推断出这句话所隐含的深层含义。
2.整合全文（段）信息进行推断
做推理题时，有时需要在弄懂全文意思的基础上，整合与题目相关的有用信息，综合起来去推理判断，确定最佳结论。小题2根据第一段第二句Looking at past studies they found that, while heavy drinkers do put on weight; those who drink in moderation can actually lose weight.尽管酗酒的确可以增加体重，但是那些适当饮酒的人实际上会减肥。根据连词while可知上下文存在对比关系，故选B。
E
（江西师大附中 2020 届高三三模英语考试卷）
话题：文章主要讲述了看起来似乎是讨厌的生物，但在植物授粉方面，蜜蜂发挥着重要作用。
难度：★★★
建议用时：6分
While bees hopping from one flower to another is vivid to watch, having bees disturbing a backyard barbecue certainly isn’t. They may seem like pesky creatures to get rid of, but there are quite a few things you may not know about bees, especially the impact they have on our livelihood.
The main purpose of bees, particularly honey bees, is to help pollinate the plants around them. According to the Department of Entomology at Pennsylvania State University, pollinators (such as bees) help to fertilize plants, which results in “the formation of seeds and the fruit surrounding seeds”. Pollinators are necessary for three-quarters of our major food crops, including fruits, vegetables, and nuts. An estimated 300,000 species of plants need pollinators. That’s around 80 to 95 percent of plant species. Without pollinators, the number of crops we have will take a serious hit.
Other pollinators can help out with this process including butterflies, beetles, and flies. Even some birds and bats can be pollinators. However, bees of various species are known for being natural pollinators for plants.
Unfortunately, for years there has been an alarming decline of bees around the globe. The University of Vermont published a study stating that 23 percent of the wild bee population declined between 2008 and 2013. 139 counties in parts of California, the Pacific Northwest, the Midwest, west Texas and the Mississippi River valley have taken the worst hit in wild bee declines. Since 39 percent of U.S. croplands rely on pollinators for their crop including those beloved apple orchards and pumpkin patches in the fall, we are facing a serious threat.
By taking care of the bees, our world is able to benefit in terms of agricultural income and nutritious food supply. You may not be able to make a huge change on an industrial level, but as someone with a landscape of your own, why not help save the bees?
28. What is the best title for the passage?
A. Bees Is Disappearing?
B. How You Can Save Bees?
C. How Bees Help Pollinate the Plants?
D. Why You Shouldn’t Kill Bees in Your Yard?
29. What is the main purpose of bees?
A. To provide delicious honey.
B. To disturb backyard barbecue.
C. To get rid of some pesky creatures.
D. To help pollinate the plants around them.
30. Why does the author list the numbers in Paragraph 2?
A. To show the diversity of plant species.
B. To show how we depend on plants.
C. To prove the importance of pollinators such as bees.
D. To make a comparison between plants which need pollinators and which don’t.
31. Why does the author say “we are facing a serious threat”?
A. Because the bee population has decreased sharply.
B. Because lots of wild bees have been hit by people.
C. Because many people are attacked by wild bees.
D. Because the croplands have produced less crops in the fall.
【答案】28. D 29. D 30. C 31. A
【解析】
【分析】
这是一篇说明文。文章主要讲述了看起来似乎是讨厌的生物，但在植物授粉方面，蜜蜂发挥着重要作用，从而使人类能够在农业收入和营养食物供应方面获益。因此，作者在文章中呼吁帮助拯救数量正在急剧下降的蜜蜂。
【28题详解】
主旨大意题。文章结构为总分总结构，首尾段落相呼应。文章首段出现了“but”句，说明此句应是本文的中心话题句。分析该句“They may seem like pesky creatures to get rid of, but there are quite a few things you may not know about bees, especially the impact they have on our livelihood.( 它们看起来似乎是讨厌的生物，但你可能不知道关于蜜蜂的很多事情，尤其是它们对我们生活的影响。)”且结合文章末尾内容“By taking care of the bees, our world is able to benefit in terms of agricultural income and nutritious food supply. You may not be able to make a huge change on an industrial level, but as someone with a landscape of your own, why not help save the bees?( 通过照顾蜜蜂，我们的世界能够在农业收入和营养食物供应方面获益。你可能无法在工业层面上做出巨大的改变，但作为一个拥有自己风景的人，为什么不帮助拯救蜜蜂呢?)”可知，本文的主题是陈述蜜蜂的重要性以及呼吁我们不要杀死蜜蜂。D项“Why You Shouldn’t Kill Bees in Your Yard?( 为什么你不应该杀死你院子里的蜜蜂?)”贴合主旨要义，可作最佳标题。故选D项。
【29题详解】
细节理解题。根据文章第二段第1句内容“The main purpose of bees, particularly honey bees, is to help pollinate the plants around them.”可知蜜蜂的主要作用是帮助它们周围的植物授粉。故选D项。
【30题详解】
推理判断题。根据第二段中，列举数字之后的总结句“Without pollinators, the number of crops we have will take a serious hit.”可知，没有传粉者，我们的农作物数量将受到严重打击。因此可推知作者列举这些数字目的就是为了说明像蜜蜂这样的授粉者的重要性。故选C项。
【31题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段第1句内容“Unfortunately, for years there has been an alarming decline of bees around the globe.”可知，多年来全球蜜蜂数量急剧下降，并在后文中进行了详细的阐述，且该段末尾内容“Since 39 percent of U.S. croplands rely on pollinators for their crop including those beloved apple orchards and pumpkin patches in the fall, we are facing a serious threat.”提到39%的美国农田依靠传粉者来授粉才会有所收成，而蜜蜂是在授粉方面发挥重要作用。由此可推知作者之所以说我们正面临威胁是因为全球蜜蜂数量急剧减少，会导致许多农产品产量下降。故选A项。
【点睛】通过文章主题句来确定标题
了解文章的主要论题的关键使找到全文的主题句。主题句一般在文章首段，尤其是在首段或第二段首句出现了“but”句的时候，but句往往成为全文的主题句。比如文章的第1小题：
1. What is the best title for the passage?
A. Bees Is Disappearing?
B. How You Can Save Bees?
C. How Bees Help Pollinate the Plants?
D. Why You Shouldn’t Kill Bees in Your Yard?
一般而言，第1题为主旨大意题，即：选择最佳标题或文章大意题，说明首段提及了文章的主题。通过阅读首段，发现了but句，即主题句：They may seem like pesky creatures to get rid of, but there are quite a few things you may not know about bees, especially the impact they have on our livelihood.，可知文章的主题为陈述蜜蜂的重要性，也就回答了D项的问题：Why You Shouldn’t Kill Bees in Your Yard? 同时从标题特点角度来说，D项更能引起兴趣，且贴合主题。故选D项为最佳标题。
F
（嘉积中学2019—2020学年度第一学期月考）
话题：文章介绍了游览伦敦使用Visitor Oyster Card的好处，如何购买及如何充值。
难度：★★★
建议用时：6分
The Visitor Oyster card
A Visitor Oyster card is the cheapest way to pay for a single adult journeyin London. It’s a plastic smartcard. You can use it on the bus, tube, tram, DLR,London Overground and most National Rail services. It’s much cheaper thanbuying individual tickets, in some cases costing 50% less than the price of a regularpaper ticket.
How to get a Visitor Oyster card
You can buy a Visitor Oyster card online. Your card will be delivered by post.The card costs £5 and you choose how much money you want to add to the card.This means you can start using the card the moment you arrive in Central London.
How does the Visitor Oyster card work?
The Oyster card works on a pay-as-you-go system. You start by adding money to the card. Then you travel, the cost of the fare will automatically bededucted from your Visitor Oyster card. For example, if you add £20 to thecard and make a tube journey of £2.30, you will have £17.70 left on the card.
A few more points:
·A child under the age of 11 travels free when accompanied by an adult.
·You’ll save more money if you use the tube several times. The Visitor Oyster cardis “capped (给……定上限)” at £6.80 per day.
·You’ll pay more during peak times. Peak fares apply from Monday to Friday (6:30am—9:30 am; 4:00 pm —7:00 pm), except for public holidays.
·Reuse the Oyster card by adding credit at a tube station, Oyster ticket shop orVisitor Centre.
·Receive a discount on the Thames Clippers River Bus services.
1. What can we learn about the Visitor Oyster card?
A. You can’t use it during public holidays.
B. You can have it mailed directly to your home.
C. You can get a free Oyster card if you order online.
D. You can receive a 50% discount at any shop in London.
2. How much money will be deducted if you take the tube four times in a day witha Visitor Oyster card?
A. £2.30. B. £3.40.
C. £6.80. D. £9.20.
3. Where can you add credit to your Visitor Oyster card?
A. On the Internet. B. At a bus station.
C. At a tube station. D. In convenience stores.
【答案】1. B 2. C 3. C
【解析】
这是一篇说明文。文章介绍了游览伦敦使用Visitor Oyster Card的好处，如何购买及如何充值。
【1题详解】
细节理解题。第二段第二句Your card will be delivered by post.可知Visitor Oyster card可以直接寄到你家。故选B。
【2题详解】
细节理解题。根据A few more points部分You’ll save more money if you use the tube several times. The Visitor Oyster card is “capped (给……定上限)” at £6.80 per day.可知如果你乘几次地铁，你会节省更多的钱。Visitor Oyster卡的“上限”是每天6.8英镑。故选C。
【3题详解】
细节理解题。根据A few more points部分倒数第二段Reuse the Oyster card by adding credit at a tube station, Oyster ticket shop or Visitor Centre.可知可以在地铁站添加，故选C。
G
（黑龙江省实验中学2020高三期末英语冲刺仿真模拟训练试题六）
话题：说明了瑞典一所学校在四月份取消了学生的家庭作业和考试的原因。
难度：★★★
建议用时：6分
While an entire month free of homework or tests may sound too good to be true, that is exactly what the students at Sturenskolan School in Boden, Sweden were treated to in April. What’s more, if the results of the experiment prove encouraging, starting 2019, the middle schoolers will never have to worry about after－school work or tests, aside from the national examinations, which are compulsive for students across the country.
The school’s principal, Petronella Sirkka, who came up with the idea, said, “We are constantly receiving new reports that our children feel bad. And that’s because they have a high level of stress all the time. This is our way of trying to reduce that stress.”
The educator says that while banning homework and tests sounds radical(激进的), it makes sense given the changes in the curriculum and approaches to education. While in the past students were primarily subjected to memorizing facts, learning today is all about reflection and analysis. As a result, it is often harder for kids, especially those with little support at home, to comprehend the material by themselves.
Sirkka is not the only one who believes after－school work does not help students learn. In March 2018, another principal in Canada also decided to do away with homework. They hope parents will spend the extra time reading to their kids.
While the long－term impact of the recent decisions made by the two educators remains to be seen, the experiment has already proved successful in Finland which has done away with homework, grades, and even teaching by subjects for many years. Yet, Finnish students always rank high in the PISA(Programme for International Student Assessment) tests especially in math and science but they have the least homework! Hopefully, it will only be a matter of time before US educators follow their lead and ban after－school work as well!
8. The students at Sturenskolan School had no homework in April because ________.
A. the headmaster was experimenting with her idea
B. they needed to do some experiments during the month
C. they were busy preparing for the national examinations
D. the headmaster had to carry out the government’s policy
9. What makes children’s learning hard nowadays?
A. Children have to do more analyzing.
B. The approach to education is complex.
C. Children get no support at home and school.
D. There are more facts to memorize.
10. What does Petronella Sirkka most likely advise parents to do?
A. Help children with their homework.
B. Free children from after－school housework.
C. Spend more time reading to their children.
D. Communicate with teachers from time to time.
11. What can we infer about the students in Finland?
A. They study the hardest at school.
B. They have a more relaxing school life.
C. They enjoy great success after graduation.
D. They all have a talent for math and science.
【答案】8. A 9. A 10. C 11. B
【解析】
本文是一篇说明文。瑞典一所学校在四月份取消了学生的家庭作业和考试，这是该校校长Petronella Sirkka看到学生作业负担太重，而提出的举措，且芬兰采取的类似做法已获得成功。
【8题详解】
细节理解题。细节理解题。根据第一段中的“an entire month free of homework or tests”和“in April”可知，该学校学生在四月份没有家庭作业和考试，第二段第一句中的“The school’s principal, Petronella Sirkka, who came up with the idea”，可知，这个学校的校长提出来了这个想法，并且 “What’s more, if the results of the experiment prove encouraging, starting 2019, the middle schoolers will never have to worry about after school work or tests, aside from the national examinations, which are compulsive for students across the country.”（更重要的是，如果实验结果令人鼓舞，从2019年开始，中学生将再也不用担心放学后的作业或考试，除了全国各地的学生都被迫参加的全国性考试。）可知正在进行这项试验，所以，Sturenskolan学校的学生们在四月份没有家庭作业和考试是该校校长提出的想法，并进行试验，故选A。
【9题详解】
细节理解题。根据第三段第二、三句“While in the past students were primarily subjected to memorizing facts, learning today is all about reflection and analysis. As a result, it is often harder for kids, especially those with little support at home, to comprehend the material by themselves.”可知，在过去，学生主要是被要求记住事实，而如今学生需要的是反思和分析。因此，孩子们往往很难自己理解这些材料。据此可知，反思和分析让孩子们的学习更加困难。故选A。
【10题详解】
推理判断题。根据第四段尾句“They hope parents will spend the extra time reading to their kids.”意思为，他们希望父母花一些额外的时间为孩子阅读，可推知，Petronella Sirkka很可能会建议父母花些时间为他们的孩子们阅读，故选C。
【11题详解】
推理判断题。根据尾段第一句中的“the experiment has already proved successful in Finland which has done away with homework, grades, and even teaching by subjects for many years”可知，多年来，芬兰已经取消了家庭作业、成绩等级，甚至科目教学。据此可推知，芬兰学生的学校生活更加轻松，故选B。