人教版 (2019)选择性必修 第四册Unit 4 Sharing教学课件ppt

短语

英语的短语可分为名词短语、动词短语、形容词短语、副词短语、介词短语等。英语短语的句法功能通常与对应的单词的句法功能类似。

[观察例句]

1．So I've been here in the jungle for about a month now.

2．My secondary school is a bush school.

3．I don't think I can put up with his behaviour much longer.

4．He came over，eager to help.

5．Right now I'm feeling very excited.

[归纳用法]

1．例句1中的黑体部分为介词短语。

2．例句2中的黑体部分为名词短语。

3．例句3中的黑体部分为动词短语。

4．例句4中的黑体部分为形容词短语。

5．例句5中的黑体部分为副词短语。

一、名词短语

名词与它的修饰语一起构成名词短语。完整的名词短语由三个部分组成：限定词、修饰词、名词。名词短语可以充当句子的主语、宾语、表语等成分。

many good students许多优秀的学生

his beautiful wife他美丽的妻子

the best answer最好的答案

those sweet roses那些甜美的玫瑰

These red roses are for you.(作主语)

这些红玫瑰是送给你的。

He brought a new book with him.(作宾语)

他带来了一本新书。

He is my best friend.(作表语)

他是我最好的朋友。

名词短语的三个部分并非每一次都要同时出现，在特定场合下，这三个部分都有可能省略。修饰词是名词短语中最不重要的部分，如果不需要描述名词的状态特征则完全可以省略。比如a book同样是正确的名词短语。如果说话人确信听众知道自己在讨论什么东西，则名词也可以省略。比如Of those answers，this one is the best.这里的the best指的就是the best answer。在面对面交流的时候，修饰词和名词有时甚至可以一起省略。假设你在花店，用手指向一捧玫瑰花，对花店老板说“I want those.”，花店老板很清楚你想要什么。

[即学即练1]

找出下列句中的名词短语，并指出其作什么成分。

①I have three close friends.

three close friends作宾语

②There are some red roses on that small table.

some red roses作主语；that small table作宾语

③The cute boy wearing blue jeans is my brother.

the cute boy作主语；blue jeans作宾语；my brother作表语

二、形容词短语

形容词短语是指由几个形容词或形容词及其修饰语构成的短语。

1．两个或多个形容词可以由and，but等对等连词连接，构成形容词短语。

Your room is large and beautiful.(作表语)

你的房间又大又漂亮。

He is young but clever.(作表语)

他年轻但是聪明。

2．very等程度副词作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。

It is very hot today.(作表语)

今天很热。

The road is long enough.(作表语)

这路够长的。

3．介词及其宾语可用在形容词后修饰形容词，可与形容词构成形容词短语。

I am sure of success.(作表语)

我确信会成功的。

The bottle is full of water.(作表语)

这个瓶子里装满了水。

4．不定式在形容词后作修饰语，可与形容词构成形容词短语。

He is sure to come.(作表语)

他一定会来的。

[名师点津]

形容词短语在句中还可以作状语和后置定语。

(1)形容词短语作状语说明主语的情况，可以表示动作或状态发生的原因、方式、时间等，或对谓语作补充说明。

Afraid of difficulty，he prefers to do the easy maths problem.(作原因状语)

因为害怕困难，他宁愿做容易的数学题。

The lost boy spent three days in the forest cold and hungry.(作伴随状语)

那个迷路的男孩在森林中过了三天，又冷又饿。

Wet or fine，he got up at six and took a walk in the park.(作让步状语)

不管天晴还是下雨他总是六点起床在公园里散散步。

(2)形容词短语作后置定语

Factories，big or small，can be seen there.

在那里你可以看到大大小小的工厂。

The house worth 500，000 yuan was sold by his son.

那栋价值高达五十万人民币的房子被他儿子卖掉了。

[即学即练2]　找出下列句中的形容词短语，并指出其作什么成分。

①Glad to accept，the girl nodded her agreement.

glad to accept作原因状语

②The room was awfully dirty.

awfully dirty作表语

③He cast it a second time，and drew in an old basket full of sand.

full of sand作后置定语

三、副词短语

副词短语是指由几个副词或副词及其修饰语构成的短语。在句中主要作状语。

1．两个或多个副词可以由and，but等对等连词构成副词短语。

I tried again and again.(作状语)

我试了一遍又一遍。

2．very，extremely，clearly等程度副词作修饰语，可与其他副词构成副词短语。

He runs extremely fast.(作状语)

他跑得快极了。

The teacher speaks clearly enough.(作状语)

这位老师说得够清楚的。

3．其他类型的副词短语

I was so deeply moved by his deeds that I couldn't fall asleep deep into the night.(作状语)

他的行为深深打动了我，夜深了我都无法入睡。

We air the bedrooms every day.(作状语)

我们每天给卧室通通风。

[即学即练3]　找出下列句中的副词短语

①He can finish that much quicker.

much quicker

②She types quickly and correctly.

quickly and correctly

③That man talked too much.

too much

四、动词短语

动词短语就是有些动词可以和一些别的词构成短语(以动词为中心)，表达一个概念，其作用和一个单独动词差不多的一种固定搭配。在实际使用中，通常会把动词短语当成一个整体。动词短语的搭配可分为下列五种基本类型：

1．动词＋介词

go over复习，listen to 听，think about 考虑，look for 寻找，rely/depend on 依靠，look into 调查，play with 玩，send for 派人去请，consist of 由……构成，arrive at 到达

He wants to check with his secretary before he signs the paper.

在签署该项文件之前，他想跟他的秘书商议一下。

He has been asked to account for his absence.

他已被要求说明缺席的原因。

2．动词＋副词

eat up吃光，give up 放弃，hold up 举起，put on 穿，上演，turn on 打开，try on 试穿

They were so far away that I couldn't make out their faces clearly.

他们离得那么远，我没法把他们的脸辨认清楚。

Trains stop here in order to pick up passengers only.

火车在这里停车，只让乘客上车。

[名师点津]

“动词＋副词”这类动词短语较容易出错。这类动词短语的宾语若是名词，这个宾语可在短语的中间，亦可在短语的后面。如：Turn the light on.或 Turn on the light.宾语若是代词，这个宾语只能放在短语的中间。如：Turn it on.

3．动词＋副词＋介词

catch up with赶上，get on with 与……相处，keep up with 跟上，do away with 废除，look down upon 轻视，look forward to 期待，keep away with 脱离，go on with 继续

Have the lawyers checked up on the court proceedings very carefully?

那些律师已经把法庭的记录仔细审查了吗？

There are some things that teachers will not put up with.

有些事情教师是不会容忍的。

4．动词＋名词＋介词

catch hold of抓住，give lessons to 给……上课，make friends with 与……交朋友，take care of 照料

We must keep pace with the new development of modern scientific research.

我们必须跟上现代科学研究的新发展。

People who take part in sports must be in condition.

参加运动的人一定能保持良好的健康状态。

5．动词＋形容词＋介词

be fond of爱好，be familiar with 熟悉，be suitable for 适合于，be late for 迟到，be good at 擅长于，be afraid of 害怕

Others may be fond of titles and honors，but I am not.

人皆好名，我则不然。

You coward! What are you afraid of?

你这胆小鬼！你怕什么呢？

[即学即练4]　找出下列句中的动词短语

①I don't get on with the people at work.

get on with

②I don't much care for television.

care for

③I'm afraid I'll have to ring off.Someone is calling me.

ring off

五、介词短语

介词短语是介词和其他代词或名词或词组搭配形成的短语。在句中作状语、表语、补语、定语等。

1．常见的介词短语

(1)介词＋名词：at the door，into the bag

(2)介词＋代词：for me，of others

(3)介词＋动名词：in doing so，to my saying that

(4)介词＋连接副词/连接代词＋从句：over what he had better do

(5)介词＋连接副词/连接代词＋不定式：on how to do this

(6)介词＋介词短语：from across the street，until after dinner

(7)介词＋副词：from below

(8)介词＋复合结构：with the light on

(9)介词＋不定式(but/except)：...did nothing but sleep

2．介词短语的用法

(1)用作表语

The house is in fairly good condition.

这所房子状况尚好。

She looks like her mother.

她像她母亲。

(2)用作定语

I like the design on his tie.

我喜欢他领带上的图案。

I've decided to leave on the afternoon of the 18th.

我决定18号下午离开。

(3)用作状语

Mr. Smith was injured in the war.

史密斯先生在战争期间受过伤。

He walked by me without noticing me.

他从我身旁走过而没有注意到我。

(4)用作补语

Put your book into your school bag.(宾语补足语)

把你的书放到书包里。

He is regarded as the best doctor in town.(主语补足语)

他被认为是镇里最好的医生。

[即学即练5]　找出下列句中的介词短语

①A man stepped out from behind the wall.

from behind the wall

②Change the oil in the car every 5，000 miles.

in the car

③I saw him walking along the street.

along the street

Ⅰ.指出下列句中的黑体部分属于哪种类型的短语

1．The kids are playing on the grass rather happily. 副词短语

2．They picnicked in the woods.  介词短语

3．I won't go home until after the exam. 介词短语

4．It was no surprise when we were told that our grandfather had passed away.                                          名词短语

5．Do you know the reason why the automobile breaks down？ 动词短语

6．At last，the police found out the car full of drugs.  形容词短语

Ⅱ.完成句子

1．I can run fast enough to catch you at least.

我跑得足够快，至少能追上你。

2．I know he is slow at understanding，but you have to be patient with him．

我知道他理解力差，但你得对他耐心些。

3．Did you do this by design or by accident ?

你这样做是有意的还是无意的？

4．This is an article worthy of careful study．

这是一篇值得仔细研究的文章。

5．They need more materials relevant to the present question．

他们需要更多的和目前问题有关的资料。

Ⅲ.短文语法填空(以介词为主)

My husband and I were paying a visit to my parents 1.in Tucson.We went to a fast­food restaurant 2.for dinner together.My husband went to the counter to order dishes and I 3.stood (stand) with my parents.

My dad is 90 years old.He can hardly see very well and walks with a stick.I was scanning the restaurant，waiting 4.to sit (sit) at the first table that was more convenient than others.A woman who was sitting with her son made eye contact with me and asked me to come to her.5.With a puzzled look on my face，I pointed to 6.myself(I) and said，“Me？”She nodded and said，“Yes，you.”I walked to the table and she said，“Bring your family here.I can finish eating 7.at the counter.My son is 8.in a hurry to leave anyway.”My eyes were filled with tears as she wiped down the table and guided my dad to the seat.

I always believe that there are naturally kind people 9. in this world.This woman has set a good example 10. for her son，who is a really lucky guy.