Unit 4 Friends Forever Section Ⅲ　Using language & Writing(word 教师用书 含答案解析)

Section Ⅲ　Using language & Writing

定语从句(1)


定义
1．在主从复合句中，对某一名词或代词起修饰作用的从句叫定语从句。被修饰的名词或代词叫先行词，引导定语从句的词叫关系词。
2．关系词分为关系代词(that, which, who, whom, whose, as等)和关系副词(when, where, why等)两类。

关系代词的用法
1．who指人，在定语从句中可以充当主语、宾语或表语。
◆Here comes the girl who wants to see you.
想见你的那个女孩过来了。(作主语)
◆Danny was a man who we rescued from the ruins.
丹尼是我们从废墟中救出来的一个人。(作宾语)
2．whom指人，在定语从句中作宾语，可省略，也可用who代替。
◆Rose is the person (who/whom) you should care about.
罗丝是你应该关心的人。(作宾语)
3．whose可修饰人，也可修饰物，表“所属”关系，whose在定语从句中作定语。
◆Any student whose family is too poor to go to school can get help from the government.
任何家境贫寒，上不起学的学生都可以得到政府的帮助。(whose引导定语从句作定语)
◆He lives in a room whose window faces north.
他住在一个窗子朝北的房间里。(修饰物)
4．which指事物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。
◆China is a country which has a long history.
中国是一个具有悠久历史的国家。(作主语)
◆The radio (which) he bought yesterday doesn’t work.
他昨天买的收音机坏了。(作宾语)
◆This is the house in which I once lived.
这是我曾经住过的房子。(作介词in的宾语)
5．that即可指人，也可指物，在定语从句中作主语、宾语或表语，作宾语时可省略。习惯上指人多用who，whom，指物多用that。
◆This is the novel that interests me.
这就是让我感兴趣的那本小说。(指物，作主语)
◆The magazine(that) I bought yesterday is lost.
我昨天买的那本杂志丢了。(指物，作宾语)

只能用that而不用which引导定语从句的情况
1．先行词被序数词或形容词最高级修饰时。
◆The first place that they visited in London was the Big Ben.
他们在伦敦参观的第一个地方是大本钟。
◆This is the most delicious food that I have ever had.
这是我吃过的最美味的食品。
2．先行词是不定代词，如all, little, few, much, everything, anything, nothing, none等时。
◆Have you taken down everything that Mr. Li said?
李老师讲的你都记下来了吗？
◆All that can be done has been done.
所有能做的都做了。
3．先行词被all, every, no, the only, the very, the last等修饰时。
◆I’ve read all the books that are not mine.
我已经读了所有那些不是我的书。
◆The only thing that she could do was to go to the police for help.
她唯一能做的事就是去求助警察。
I have found the very pen that I lost yesterday.
我已找到昨天丢的那支钢笔。
4．当先行词既指人，又指物时。
◆We often talk about the persons and things that we remember.
我们常常谈起我们记得的那些人和事。
5．当主句是以who, which开头的特殊疑问句时。
◆Which of the books that you bought is the most useful for my writing?
你买的书中哪一本对我的写作最有用？

用适当的关系词填空
1．The young man was very happy to get back the gold ring which/that he had lost on the train.
2．The children who/that were injured in a car accident are being treated in the hospital now.
3．The woman who/that is shaking hands with my sister is a doctor.
4．This is the most beautiful park that I have visited.
5．She took photographs of the things and people that she was interested in.
6．Look, here are some people who/whom/that I want you to meet.
7．Do you still remember the chicken farm that/which we visited three months ago?
8．The picture which/that was about the accident was terrible.
9．This is the very hotel that I stayed at when I was travelling here.
10．The child whose parents are dead is called Tom.
语法与写作
1．This is the best film that has been shown this year(今年放映过的)．
2．Wheat is a kind of plant which/that is grown in the north of China(中国北方种植的)．
3．He is the most careful boy that I have ever known(我所知道的)．
4．This is the factory which/that we visited last year(我们去年参观过的)．
5．Mr. Liu wants to talk to the student whose parents work in America(父母在美国工作的学生)．
6．Those who volunteer to go to the west(想自愿去西部的人) have signed their names.

有关人际关系、友谊的文章

文体感知
与人际关系、友谊相关的文章的体裁以议论文为主。议论文的写作是就某一方面的问题通过摆事实、讲道理的方式来发表自己的看法。一般说来，议论文由论点、论据、论证三部分构成，通常按提出问题、分析问题、解决问题的逻辑顺序来安排写作。
增分佳句
1．He is honest and always ready to help others.
2．He is very kind and talkative.
3．It goes without saying that...
4．A friend in need is a friend indeed.
5．A life without a friend is a life without the sun.
6．He is such a warm­hearted man that we all admire him very much.

写作要求
你校某研究学习小组正在开展关于“处理学生与家长、老师、同学之间的关系”的调查。请你就这一话题，按照下列要点写一篇80词左右的英语短文。
1．现状：关系处理总体情况较好，但仍存在一些问题，如与同学吵架、不听家长和老师的建议等。
2．你个人的改进意见(至少两条)。
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
审题谋篇
项目
结论
体裁
议论文
话题
处理人际关系
时态
一般现在时
人称
第一、三人称
词句推敲
1．词汇
①存在　　　　　　　　　　 exist
②焦虑 anxiety
③发脾气 lose one’s temper
④对……充耳不闻 turn a deaf ear to
⑤吵架 quarrel
⑥与某人关系不好 be on bad terms with sb.
⑦记住…… keep...in mind
⑧反过来 in return
2．完成句子
①一些学生因为焦虑和学习负担很容易发脾气。
Some students are easy to lose their temper because of anxiety and study burden.
②他们有时和别人吵架，甚至对父母和老师的意见充耳不闻，这很让人失望。
They sometimes quarrel with others.They even turn a deaf ear to their parents and teachers.It is very disappointing.
③在我看来，我建议我们高中学生应努力改善这种情况。
In my opinion，I suggest us senior school students making our efforts to improve the situation．
④我们和朋友、老师或者父母关系不好，我们可以敞开心扉地和他们聊天。
We are on bad terms with them and we can have a heart­to­heart chat with our friends，teachers or parents.
3．句式升级
⑤用并列句和非限制性定语从句升级句②
They sometimes quarrel with others, and even turn a deaf ear to their parents and teachers, which is very disappointing.
⑥用when引导的时间状语从句升级句④
When we are on bad terms with them, we can have a heart­to­heart chat with our friends, teachers or parents.
妙笔成篇
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
A survey about the relationship between students and teachers, family members and classmates is being made by a research study group of our school.
Generally speaking, we get on well with each other.However, there still exist some problems.Some students are easy to lose their temper because of anxiety and study burden.What’s worse, they sometimes quarrel with others, and even turn a deaf ear to their parents and teachers, which is very disappointing.
In my opinion, I suggest us senior school students making our efforts to improve the situation.First, we should respect our parents and teachers as well as our classmates.Second, when we are on bad terms with them, we can have a heart­to­heart chat with our friends, teachers or parents.We should keep their advantages in mind and apologise to them.In return, they will forgive us from the bottom of their hearts.


单句语法填空
1．I still remember the earthquake that/which happened in 2008 in Sichuan.
2．Have you read the book which/that was written by Anne Frank?
3．The first thing that he did after arriving home was doing his homework.
4．Is this the teacher who/that rescued several students from the burning building?
5．Do you know the lady who/that our English teacher is talking with under the big tree?
6．It is the tallest building that Daming has ever seen since he came here.
7．My father bought a new bike for me whose price added up to more than 1，000 yuan.
8．She said she would do anything that could help her mother recover from the disease.
9．Anyone who has helped to save the drowning girl is worth praising.
10．The boy and the dog that are in the picture are very lovely.
阅读理解
Dear Dani，
My friend makes up stories about things she has done all the time and other people at school believe her. What should I do?
Anna

Dani says：
Often people make things up because they’re worried that they are not interesting. So let your friend know that she doesn’t need stories to make friends or impress(给……留下深刻印象) others. Point out that when others discover the truth, they won’t be impressed at all.

Dear Dani，
I have two best friends and they’re always leaving me out! They never invite me to anything. What can I do?
Tom
Dani says：
Groups of three can be very difficult because one person often gets left out. Your friends may not realize how you feel. Talk to them about this and agree to plan the next outing together. With a bit of effort, a group of three can be a wonderful friendship!

Dear Dani，
I told my friend a secret, but then I found out she told it to somebody else. What can I do?
Daisy
Dani says：
We all make mistakes so give your friend another chance. But tell her that your secret is important to you and that she must not do this again. If your friend finds it hard to keep a secret, be careful what you tell her in future.

Dear Dani，
I’m friends with a boy, but some girls keep laughing at me about it. Can’t girls be friends with boys as well?
Mary

Dani says：
Of course girls can be friends with boys. Some girls laugh at this because they don’t really know any boys. Carry on enjoying your friendship. If the girls got to know this boy, they might stop teasing you. Why not invite one or two of them along next time you meet him?
【解题导语】　本文是一篇应用文。Dani就四个读者在交友过程中遇到的问题给予了合理的建议。
1．Whose friend has a big mouth?
A．Tom.　　　　　　　　　 B．Mary.
C．Anna. D．Daisy.
D　解析：细节理解题。根据Daisy写信的内容可知，她的朋友将她的秘密告诉了其他人，由此可知答案。
2．The underlined word“teasing”in the last paragraph probably means “________”．
A．avoiding B．hating
C．making fun of D．taking pity on
C　解析：词义猜测题。根据最后一封信中的“some girls keep laughing at me about it”和“Some girls laugh at this”可知，tease意为“嘲笑”。
3．We can infer from the text that Dani is probably a(n) ________．
A．adviser B．storyteller
C．researcher D．teacher
A　解析：推理判断题。文中的四封信都是写给Dani的，而且Dani给他们一一回复并给出了建议，由此可知，Dani很可能是某个专栏的顾问。
语法填空
Do you want to become a dancer? If so, the 1.____________(early) you start learning about and practicing dance, the better. Many professional dancers started taking dance lessons when 2.____________ were children. Earning a college degree 3.____________(suggest) if anyone wants to become a dancer, because it can help them get other work if needed. Also, dancers with a degree may have the choice of 4.____________(teach) dance.
Becoming a professional dancer is probably only a dream, 5.____________ it can happen if a talented person works hard. Those who wish 6.____________(become) dancers must be in good shape and work hard to keep 7.____________ shape.
Dancers must have creative expression, being able to express 8.____________(think) and feeling through dance. It takes practice to do this well. If you want to become a dancer, it’s usually a good idea to dance to a variety of music before choosing one to pursue.
Dancing in a small part in a local show for low or even no pay may be 9.____________ way to start a professional dance career. Experience is needed to develop your style in dance. Small dancing parts lead to bigger ones if you are quite 10.____________(energy) and hardworking.
【解题导语】　想当一名专业的舞蹈家是不容易的，但是通过努力也是能实现的。
1．earlier　解析：考查副词的比较级。此处是“the＋比较级，the＋比较级”句型。
2．they　解析：考查代词。这里用they指代前面提到的Many professional dancers。
3．is suggested　解析：考查动词的时态与语态。此处Earning a college degree与suggest之间是被动关系，且本句应为一般现在时，故要用一般现在时的被动语态。
4．teaching　解析：考查非谓语动词。of是介词，后跟动名词形式。
5．but　解析：考查连词。前后两句是转折的关系，故用but连接。
6．to become　解析：考查非谓语动词。wish后面接不定式形式的非谓语动词，构成wish to do sth.结构。
7．in　解析：考查介词。keep in shape是固定搭配，指“保持体形”。
8．thoughts　解析：考查名词。根据后面的feelings可知此处用名词形式，意为“想法”。
9．a　解析：考查冠词。way是第一次提到的单数可数名词，故用a修饰，表泛指。
10．energetic　解析：考查形容词。此处用形容词作表语，与后面的hardworking并列。
应用文写作
假设你是李华，你的英国网友Linda最近在中国学习。她写信向你诉说了她的困扰：不适应新的生活和学习环境，想家，并感到很焦虑。请你根据以下要点给她写一封回信。
要点如下：
1．表示理解并给予安慰；
2．提出建议并给出理由。
注意：词数80左右(开头和结尾已给出，但不计入总词数)。
Hi, Linda，
I’m sorry to learn that you are having such a bad time._________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Yours，
Li Hua
One possible version：
Hi,__Linda，
I’m__sorry__to__learn__that__you__are__having__such__a__bad__time. Actually, most people will feel homesick and anxious when they leave home and come to a new place, especially a foreign country. So don’t worry too much.
Here are some tips for you. First, you’d better try to change some of your habits so that you can get used to the new environment as soon as possible. Second, make more new friends, who can share their hobbies and ideas with you. You will feel less homesick with many friends around you. Third, you should take part in some social activities. It will help you learn more about the local customs and cultures.
I hope my advice will be useful.
Yours，
Li__Hua
读后续写
阅读下面短文，根据所给情节进行续写，使之构成一个完整的故事。
Many years earlier, my__mother knew that she could not send me to college and pay for it. She worked in a retail store and made just enough to pay the bills and take care of the other children at home. If I wanted to go to college, it was up to me to find out how to get there.
I found that I qualified for some grants because of the size of our family, my mom’s income and my SAT scores. There was enough to cover school and books, but not enough for room and board. I accepted a job as part of a work－study__program. While not attractive, it was one I could do. I washed dishes in the school cafeteria.
Just when I thought I was going to drop out of my college career, an angel appeared. Well, one of those that are on earth, without wings.“I heard that you need some help，”he said.“What do you mean？”I asked, trying to figure__out which area of my life he meant.“Financially, to stay in school.”“Well, I make it okay. I just have trouble working all these hours and finding no time to study.”“Well, I think I have a way to help you out.”
He went on to explain that his grandparents needed help on the weekends. All that was required of me was cooking meals and helping them get in and out of bed in the morning and evening. The job paid four hundred dollars a month, twice the money I was making washing__dishes. Now I would have time to study. I went to meet his grandparents and accepted the job.
My first discovery was his grandmother’s great love of music. She spent hours playing her old, off－key piano. One day, she told me I didn’t have enough fun in my life and took it upon herself to teach me the art. Grandma was impressed with my ability and encouraged me to continue. Weekends in their house became more than just books and cooking, they were filled with the wonderful sounds of the out－of－tune piano and two very out－of－tune singers.
注意：
1．所续写短文的词数应为150左右；
2．至少使用5个短文中标有下划线的关键词语；
3．续写部分分为两段，每段的开头语已为你写好；
4．续写完成后，请用下划线标出你所使用的关键词语。
Paragraph 1：
When Christmas break came, Grandma got a chest cold, and I was afraid to leave her.________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
Paragraph 2：
The envelope was from Grandma._____________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
________________________________________________________________________
One possible version：
Paragraph 1：
When Christmas break came, Grandma got a chest cold, and I was afraid to leave her. I hadn’t been home since Labor Day, and my mother was anxious to see me. I agreed to come home, but for two weeks instead of four, so I could return to see Grandma and Grandpa. I said my good－byes, arranged for their temporary care and returned home. As I was loading my car to go back to school, the phone rang. “Grandma died last night. I’m sorry.”I hung up the phone feeling like my world had ended. I had lost my friend, and that was far worse than knowing I would have to return to washing__dishes. I went back at the end of four weeks, asking to begin the work－study__program again. The financial aid advisor looked at me as if I had lost my mind. I explained my position, then he smiled and slid me an envelope.“This is for you，”he said.
Paragraph 2：
The envelope was from Grandma. She had known how sick she was. In the envelope was enough money to pay for the rest of my college year and a request that I take piano lessons in her memory. Moved to tears, I determined to learn piano lessons by heart and my memory of grandma motivated me to practice day and night. Now, years later, when I walk by a piano, I smile and think of Grandma. She is playing the piano smilingly in heaven, I am sure.


《远大前程》又译《孤星血泪》，是英国作家查尔斯·狄更斯晚年写成的长篇小说。故事背景为1812年圣诞节前夕至1840年冬天，主角孤儿皮普(Pip)以自传式手法，叙述从7岁开始的三个人生阶段。
[词句积累]
1．manage/ˈmænIdʒ/vi.
设法做成；运用
2．blacksmith/ˈblæksmIθ/n.铁匠；锻工
3．gravestone/ˈɡreIvstəʊn/n.墓碑，基石
4．marsh/marʃ/n.沼泽；湿地
5．He was a big man, dressed all in grey, with an iron chain on his leg .
分析：该句为简单句，形容词短语dressed all in grey修饰a big man作后置定语，with复合结构也作定语，修饰a big man。
Great Expectations(excerpt)
My first name was Philip, but when I was a small child I could only manage to say Pip.
So Pip was what everybody called me.
I lived in a small village in Essex with my sister, who was over twenty years older than me, and married to Joe Gargery, the village blacksmith.
My parents had died when I was a baby, so I could not remember them at all, but quite often I used to visit the churchyard, about a mile from the village, to look at their names on their gravestones.
My first memory is of sitting on a gravestone in that churchyard one cold, grey, December afternoon, looking out at the dark, flat, wild marshes divided by the black line of the River Thames, and listening to the rushing sound of the sea in the distance.
“Don’t say a word！” Cried a terrible voice, as a man jumped up from among the graves and caught hold of me.
“If you shout I’ll cut your throat！”
He was a big man, dressed all in grey, with an iron chain on his leg. His clothes were wet and torn. He looked exhausted, and hungry, and very fierce.
I had never been so frightened in my whole life.
“Oh！Don’t cut my throat，sir！” I begged in terror.
“Tell me your name, boy！Quick！” He said, still holding me. “And show me where you live！”
“My name’s Pip，sir. And I live in the village over there.”
He picked me up and turned me upside down.
Nothing fell out of my pocket except a piece of old bread. He ate it in two bites, like a dog, and put me back on the gravestone.
“So where are your father and mother？” He asked.
“There, sir，” I answered, pointing to their graves.
“What！” He cried, and was about to run, when he saw where I was pointing. “Oh！” He said.
《远大前程》(节选)
我的教名叫菲利普，但是在我还是个小孩子的时候，我仅会说皮普。
因此，皮普就成了大家叫我的名字。
我与姐姐住在埃森克斯的一个小村庄，姐姐比我大20多岁，她与村里的铁匠乔·葛吉瑞结了婚。
当我还是一个婴儿时，父母就离开了人间，所以我不记得他们的一切情况，但是，我常常去离村庄大约1英里的教堂墓地，瞻仰墓碑上他们的名字。
我最初的记忆是在十二月份一个寒冷的、天色阴沉的下午，坐在那个教堂墓地的一块墓石上。看到的是被那黑色泰晤士河分割成的一片黑压压的沼泽荒地，听到的是从远处大海刮来的嗖嗖的呼啸声。
“别出声！”一个凶恶的声音大喊起来，这时，从墓地里窜出一个人来，一把抓住我。
“如果你叫喊我就割断你的喉咙！”
他身材高大，穿着一身灰色衣服，腿上拴着一副脚镣。他的衣服湿漉漉的，并且破烂不堪，看上去筋疲力尽、饥寒交迫又十分凶残的样子。
我在一生中从没有如此害怕过。
“噢！先生，不要割断我的喉咙！”我害怕地乞求着。
“小子，告诉我你叫什么名字！快点！”他仍然抓着我说。“指给我看你住在哪儿！”
“先生，我叫皮普，我住在那边的村庄里。”
他抓起我，又把我按倒在地。
我的口袋里除了一块剩面包外一无所有，他狼吞虎咽地两口吃下，又把我放回墓石上。
“那么，你的爸爸妈妈在哪儿？”他问道。
“先生，在那儿，”我指着那里的坟墓回答。
当他看到我所指的地方时，“什么！”他叫起来拔腿就要跑。“噢！”他说。