第十五章句子的成分（思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼）2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳

这是一份第十五章句子的成分（思维导图+知识梳理+好题精炼）2022-2023初中英语中考语法归纳，共11页。学案主要包含了句子成分概说，句子成分，独立成分等内容，欢迎下载使用。

知识梳理
一、句子成分概说
句子的各个组成部分,叫做句子成分.英语的句子成分有:主语、谓语、表语、宾语、定语、状语、宾语补足语等.此外有些句子还带有呼唤语、感叹语、插入语,它们在句法上与句子的其他成分不发生关系,叫做独立成分.
句子的成分一般由实词担任.实词有名词、代词、形容词、数词、动词和副词.虚词在句子中只起辅助和联系作用,不能做句子成分.虚词有冠词、介词、连词、助动词等.
二、句子成分
(一)主语
主语是一句话的主题,是说话人要说明的对象,表示所谈的是“谁”或是“什么”.主语一般在谓语之前.英语里可担任主语的有名词、代词、数词、名词化的形容词、不定式(短语)、－ing分词(短语)、从句等.
Beijing is the capital f China.北京是中国的首都.(名词作主语)
They have lived in Beijing since 2019.自2019年以来,他们就住在北京.(代词作主语)
Ten is a very imprtant number.10是一个重要数字.(数词作主语)
The rich are getting richer and the pr are getting prer. 富者愈富,贫者愈贫.(名词化的形容词作主语)
T read in the sun is bad fr yur eyes.太阳下看书对你的眼睛不好.(不定式“短语”作主语)
Smking is bad fr yu.吸烟对你有害.(-ing分词作主语)
Whenever yu are ready will be fine.你不论什么时候准备好都行.(从句作主语)
(二)谓语
1.概说
谓语是说明主语“做什么”“是什么”或者“怎么样”.谓语(谓语部分里主要的词)用动词.
动词常分为实义动词、连系动词、情态动词以及助动词.情态动词和助动词不能单独充当谓语,它们必须和实义动词或系动词一起构成谓语.实义动词包括及物动词和不及物动词,及物动词后面要带宾语.通常情况下,谓语位于主语之后.谓语和主语在“人称”和“数”两方面必须一致.谓语有简单谓语和复合谓语之分.
(1)简单谓语.
简单谓语由一个动词或短语动词构成.它有时态、语态、语气等.
She likes drawing.她喜欢画画.
I had finished my hmewrk befre 9 'clck.在9点前我已完成我的家庭作业.
(2)复合谓语.
①由“连系动词＋表语”构成复合谓语.
The game is very bring.这场比赛真没劲.
②由“情态动词＋动词原形”构成复合谓语.
She can swim very fast.她游泳游得很快.
2.谓语和主语的一致
一个句子的谓语动词与主语必须在人称和数上保持一致,规则如下:
(1)主语是单数必须跟单数形式的动词,主语是复数必须跟复数形式的动词.
He is a friend f mine.他是我的一个朋友.
(2)两个或两个以上的单数名词由and连接起来作并列主语时,谓语动词用复数.
Yu,he and I arr all students.我、你和他都是学生.
He and I like green tea.我和他都喜欢绿茶.点拨
(1)用and连接的两个名词如果表示一个整体,谓语动词仍用单数形式.
Bacn and eggs was served.火腿和蛋端了上来.
Frk and knife was used instead f chpsticks.用刀叉而不是用筷子.
(2)有every或each修饰的单数名词并列时,谓语动词用单数形式.第二个every或each可省略.
Every hur and(every)minute is imprtant.每一小时,每一分钟都很重要.
Each man and(each)wman has a seat.每位男士和女士都就座了.
(3)主语是单数,后面有其他干扰的成分如with,tgether with,alng with,as
well as,n less than,like,but,except等短语时,仍和单数形式的谓语动词连用.
The teacher,as well as the pupils,is ding mrning exercises.老师和学生在做早操.
A wman with a baby is cming t the hspital.一个妇女抱着一个婴儿正向医院走来.
(4)当两个主语由r,,或nt als等连接时,谓语动词应和最邻近的主语一致.
His parents r his sister ften helps him.要么是他父母要么是他姐姐(妹妹)常帮助他.
Either Tim r hs brthers have t tidy the rm.不是蒂姆,就得是他的兄弟们去打扫房间.
Neither the teacher nr the students knw the answer.老师和学生都不知道答案.
Nt nly the pupils but als the teacher is ging t the cinema.不但学生们,而且连老师也要去看电影.
(5)有些集体名词,如:peple,plice,yuth,cattle等用作主语时,谓语动词用复数形式.
The plice are lking fr the missing child.警察在寻找失踪的儿童.
Peple standing there are talking abut the bad news.站在那边的人正在议论那个坏消息.
Catle arr als kept.还养牛.
点拨
但peple作“民族”解时,作单数用.
The Chinese peple is a great peple.中华民族是一个伟大的民族.
(6)有些名词以“s”结尾,但却是单数.如:news,physics,maths,plitics等.所以谓语动词应用单数形式.
What's the news?这消息是什么?
Physics is nt very easy t learn.物理不很容易学.
Maths is nt easy t learn.数学不容易学.
(7)在由here和there引起的句子中,如有两个或两个以上的主语,谓语动词通常和最邻近be的那个名词一致.
Here are sme envelpes and paper fr yu.这儿有几个信封和纸给你.
There is a pen and three bks n the desk.书桌上有一支钢笔,三本书.
(8)集体名词作主语时,如作为整体看待,谓语动词用单数;如作为个体看待,则用复数.这类集体名词有audience(观众,听众),class(班级),cmmittee(委员会),cuple(夫妇),family(家庭),gvernment(政府),grup(小组),team(队),army(部队)等.
My family is a small ne.我的家庭是个小家庭.
My family are listening t the radi.我家里人正在听广播.
(9)each和由sme,any,n,every构成的复合代词,在意义上属于单数.它们作主语时,谓语动词用单数形式.
Each day is better than the ne befre.一天比一天好.
Every student must be here n time.每个学生必须按时到这里来.
(10)Chinese,French,English,Japanese等名词作主语表示语言时,用单数动词;表示人时,用复数动词.
English is spken in many cuntries.许许多国家讲英语.
The Chinese are very friendly.中国人很友好.
(11)表示时间、重量、价值、长度、距离等的复数名词作主语时,把它视作一个整体,谓语动词用单数形式.
Fifty years is nt a shrt perid.50年并不是一个短时期.
Twenty miles is a lng way t walk.走二十英里路可是很长的一段路程.
(12)a number f与 the number f作主语.
“a number f+复数可数名词”表示“一些”“许多”的意思,谓语动词用复数;
“the number f+复数可数名词”表示“······的数目、数量”,谓语动词用单数.
A number f bks are missing frm the library.图书馆丢了许多书.
The number f wrkers in this factry is increasing.这家工厂的工人数目正在增加.
(三)表语
是指跟在连系动词be,seem,lk,sund,feel,get,smell,becme等词后面的词语或从句,用以说明主语的身份、特征和状态.由名词、代词、形容词、数词、副词、动词不定式、介词短语、-ing分词、过去分词(短语)、从句等充当.
Yu are a student.I am a student,t.你是学生,我也是学生.(名词作表语)
-Wh is it?是谁呀?
-It's me/I.是我.(代词作表语)
当人称代词作表语时,在口语中常用宾格,在正式文体中用主格.
The girl is quite pretty.这个姑娘长得相当漂亮.(形容词作表语)
Five plus seven is twelve.5加7是12.(数词作表语)
The meeting is ver.会议结束了.(副词作表语)
My bks are n the desk.我的书在书桌上.(介词短语作表语)
My wish is t be an artist.我的愿望是成为一名艺术家.(动词不定式短语作表语)
What he likes is reading nvels.他的喜好是读小说.(-ing分词短语作表语)
Are yu excited abut yur new jb?你对你的新工作感到高兴吗?(过去分词作表语)
The questin is what we shuld d first.问题是我们先干什么.(从句作表语)
(四)宾语
1.直接宾语
宾语表示动作的对象或行为的承受者,用在及物动词或相当于及物动词的短语动词之后.可以作宾语的有名词、代词、数词、不定式(短语)、名词化的形容词、-ing分词(短语)、从句等.
(1)名词作宾语.
She is playing the pian nw.她正在弹钢琴.
Please pen the dr.请把门打开.
(2)代词作宾语.
She ften helps us with ur study.她常常帮助我们学习.
We shuld keep these in mind.我们应该记住这些.
(3)数词作宾语.
I can give tw.我可以给两个.
I like the first.我喜欢第一个.
(4)不定式(短语)作宾语.
He tried t catch up with his dassmates.他设法赶上他的同学.
I hate t sing.我不喜欢唱歌.
(5)名词化的形容词作宾语.
We shuld respect the ld.我们应尊敬老人.
The scientists may find ut the unknwn.科学家们可以发现未知的事物.
(6)-ing分词(短语)作宾语.
Return the bk t the library as sn as yu finish reading it.你一看完这本书就还回图书馆.
He enjys wvatching TV plays.他喜欢看电视剧.
(7)从句作宾语.
She said that she was busy.她说她很忙.
The mther asked hw her daughter was.母亲问她的女儿身体如何.
2.间接宾语
在英语中,有些及物动词,如bring,give,send,shw,tell,teach,lend,pass等,可以有两个宾语,一个指人,一个指物,指人的叫做间接宾语,指物的叫做直接宾语,间接宾语一般放在直接宾语之前.
Can yu give me any infrmatin n this matter?你能给我提供这些事的任何信息吗?
Write me a letter every mnth,please.请每月给我写封信.
Please make her a mdel plane.请给她做个飞机模型.
有时,也可以在间接宾语之前加介词t或fr,构成介词短语,并把这个短语放在直接宾语之后.
Mther bught the handkerchieffr yu, nt fr me.母亲是给你,而不是给我买的手帕.
I tk it t the pliceman n duty.我把它交给了值勤的警察.
(五)定语
定语是修饰名词或代词的.定语有前置定语和后置定语之分.一般来说,形容词、代词、数词、名词或名词所有格等作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之前作前置定语;而副词、介词短语、不定式短语、-ing分词短语、-ed分词短语、从句作定语时通常放在被修饰的词之后作后置定语.
He said he had an imprtant meeting t attend.他说他有一个重要会议要出席.(形容词作前置定语)
This is my friend,Li Da.这是我的朋友,李达.(代词作前置定语)
When I sat dwn, a furth man rse t speak.我坐下后第4个人又起来发言.(数词作前置定语)
We shuld fllw the dctr's advice.我们应该听医生的嘱咐.(名词所有格作前置定语)
Wh is the man ver there?那边的男人是谁?(副词作后置定语)
A cllege in Lndn had agreed t take me.最后伦敦的一所院校同意接受我.(介词短语作后置定语)
Can yu give me sme wrk t d?你能给我些活儿干吗?(不定式短语作后置定语)
Wh is the by dancing ver there?在那儿跳舞的少年是谁呀?(-ing分词短语作后置定语)
There is a little difference between written English and spken English.
书面英语和口头英语有些不同.(过去分词词组作后置定语)
I hate t see letters written in pencil.我讨厌看用铅笔写的信.(-ed分词短语作后置定语)
The car that's parked utside is mine.停在外面的汽车是我的.(限制性从句作后置定语)
Yur car, which I nticed utside, has been hit by anther ne.
我在外面看见你的汽车了,它被另一辆车撞了.(非限制性从句作后置定语)
(六)状语
1.状语的表现形式
状语是修饰动词、形容词、副词以及全句的句子成分.可用作状语的有副词、名词、介词短语、不定式、-ing分词、从句等.
This is even better than that.这个比那个更好.(副词作状语)
The cat csts 40 dllars.这件上衣值40美元.(名词作状语)
She will arrive n Mnday.她将于星期一到达.(介词短语作状语)
T kill bugs,spray the area regularly.为了杀死臭虫,这地方要经常喷洒.(不定式作状语)
They entered the rm,talking and laughing.他们又说又笑地走进房间.(-ing分词作状语)
She has lived alne since her husband died.自丈夫去世后她一直独自生活.(从句作状语)
2.状语的分类
状语按照内容可以分为时间状语、地点状语、原因状语、目的状语、结果状语、条件状语、让步状语、方式状语、程度状语、频度状语、伴随状语.
What were yu ding at ten last night?昨晚十点钟你在干什么?(时间状语)
I met Prfessr Wu at the library.我在图书馆遇见了吴教授.(地点状语)
Having n mney,he culd nt buy the TV set.因为没有钱,他不能买电视机.(原因状语)
In rder t get int a gd schl, he studies hard day and night.
为了考入一个好的学校,他夜以继日地苦读.(目的状语)
The wind blew with such frce that peple culd harly stand up against it.
风很大,人们几乎站不住.(结果状语)
I can't d it withut yur help.没有你的帮助,我做不成这件事.(条件状语)
Whatever/N matter what I said,he refused t g.不论我说什么他都不愿走.(让步状语)
He knew the cuntry arund as he knewv his wn huse.
他了解那儿的乡村一如他了解自己的房舍.(方式状语)
They are nw at breakfast, talking abut the plan fr their trip.他们正在吃早餐,谈论着旅行计划.(伴随状语)
We are very busy.我们很忙.(程度状语)
作频度状语的副词always,ften,usually,seldm,ever,never等一般放在实义动词之前,连系动词之后.
They can hardly stay at hme alne.他们几乎不单独在家.(频度状语)
They are always late fr schl.他们总是上学迟到.(频度状语)
(七)宾语补足语
英语中有些及物动词,除了要有一个直接宾语外,还要带上宾语补足语,句子的意思才能完整.宾语和宾语补足语(简称宾补)一起构成复合宾语,二者之间有逻辑上的主谓关系.可以作宾补的有形容词、副词、名词、不定式(短语)、-ing分词(短语)、-ed分词(短语)、介词短语等.
I made the rm beautiful.我把房子拾掇得漂漂亮亮的.(形容词作宾语补足语)
Keep the lights n while yu are ut.你不在家时,请让灯开着.(副词作宾语补足语)
They named the child Jhn.他们给孩子取名约翰.(名词作宾语补足语)
What d yu want me t d?你希望我为你做些什么事?(不定式短语作宾语补足语)
I saw him cming last night.我昨天晚上看见他来了.(-ing分词“短语”作宾语补足语)
I had my watch mended in twn.我在城里修的表.(叫别人修的表)(-ed分词“短语”作宾语补足语)
Yu shuld put yur things in rder.你应该把你的东西摆整齐.(介词短语作宾语补足语)
三、独立成分
(一)呼唤语
称呼人的用语,称为呼语.它可位于句首,也可位于句末或句中.
Hurry up,children! r we'll be late.赶快吧,孩子们！否则我们要迟到了.
Shylck,hw can yu hpe fr mercy yurself when yu shw nne?
夏洛克,如果你不宽恕别人,你自己怎能希望得到别人的宽恕呢?
(二)感叹语
感叹语表示喜怒哀乐等感情.它多位于句首,也可放在句中或句末.常用作感叹语的感叹词有:hell,h,well,why,alas,ch等.
Here!Dn'tcry!好了！别哭了！
Oh,what a beautiful garden this is!啊！这是多么美丽的花园！
Well,well.Here's Jack.啊唷,杰克来了.
Why,it is past nn.哎呀,已经过中午了.
Ah!I have never heard f such things befre!啊！我以前从未听说过这种事情！
点拨
(1)其他词类的词也可用作感叹词,表示突然的情绪.
Fire! Fire! Water! Quick! The huse is n fire.着火了！着火了！水！快！房子着火了！
(2)yes和n在句子里也是一种独立成分.
-D y knw Tm?你认识汤姆吗?
-Yes,I d是的,我认识.
(三)插入语
在叙事中途往往插入一些词语,对一句话作一些附加的解释.这类词语称为插入语.它可位于句首,句中或句尾.常用的插入语有:Ithink我想,I believe我相信,I suppse 我猜想,I must admit我必须承认,in my pinin 依我看,as far as I knw 据我所知, cncerned 就······来说,t tell yu the truth 说真的,t be frank 坦率地说,in ther wrds 换句话说,after all毕竟,f curse 当然,if yu dn't mind 如果你不介意的话,if I may say s 如果我可以这样说的话,等.
By the way,d yu knw the yung man's name?顺便问一下,你知道那个年轻人的名字吗?
That's the cheapest suit we have,I'm afraid.恐怕那是我们最便宜的西服了.
I say,let's g ut fr a drive next Sunday.我说,咱们下星期天开车出去兜兜风吧.
T be frank, I dn't think yu are right.坦率地说,我认为你是错的.
The crss-talk,I think,was bth interesting and instructive.那个相声,我觉得既有趣又能教育人.
Hnestly,that is all the mney I have.老实说,我所有的钱就是这些.
好题精练
一、从下列对话中划出独立成分
1.Wife:First,we need mney; secnd,we need anther baby.
Husband: Sad t say,I can't trust a wman any mre.
2.Tm:Fire!Be quick!
Bb:Nnsense(胡说)！Tm,yu are dreaming!
Father:Silence! Mther is sleeping. Tm: N,mther is fighting the fire!
Father: Oh, my pr Tm,what a dream yu've gt!
答案:
1.First;secnd; Sad t say
2.Fire; Nnsense; Silence; N;Oh
二、用动词的适当形式填空
1.His family_________ (is,are) a happy ne.
2.The United States_________ (are,is) t the suth f Canada.
3.Fifty miles_________ (is,are)a lng way t walk.
4.Everyne_________ (think,thinks) they are right.
5.Here_________ (is,are) the news.
6.Jhn andI_________ (wrk,wrks)tgether.
7.There_________ (is,are) five pupils in the rm.
8.My class_________ (are,is)ging t the park.
9.French_________ (are,is) spken in many cuntries.
10.Neither James nr Tm_________ (was,were)at hme.
答案:
1.is 2.is 3.is 4.thinks 5.is
6.wrk 7.are 8.are 9.is 10.was
三、翻译下列句子
1.我母亲是一位医生.
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2.天空变得越来越暗了.
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3.我们要使学校变得更美丽.
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4.我发觉那本书很有趣.
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5.别再弄出噪音了.
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6.你吃过午饭了吗?
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7.她给我买了一本词典.
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8.请递给我那张纸.
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答案:
1.My mther is a dctr.
2.The sky is becming darker and darker.
3.We'll make ur schl mre beautiful.
4.I find the bk very interesting.
5.Stp making a nise.
6.Have yu had lunch yet?
7.She bught me a dictinary/ She bught a dictinary fr me.
8.Please pass me the paper.