译林版八年级下册 Unit 1 Past and Present 知识点梳理学案（无答案）
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Unit 1 Past and Present
【1】used to
used to意为“过去常常”，表示的习惯或状态，但如今已不存在，其中to 是动词不定式的符号。
- 肯定句：主语 + used to + 动词原形…
Eg:He used to go to school on foot. But now he goes to school by bus.
他过去步行去上学，但现在他乘公共汽车上学。
- 否定句：主语 + usedn’t not (to + 动词原形…
或 主语 + didn’t use to + 动词原形…
Eg:He used not (usedn’t) to go to school on foot. = He didn’t use to go to school on foot.他过去不是步行去上学的。
- 一般疑问句：used+主语+ to + 动词原形…?
Yes, 主语 + used. /No, 主语 + usedn’t
或 Did + 主语 + use to + 动词原形…?
Yes, 主语 + did. /No, 主语 + didn’t.
Eg:Used he to walk to school?Yes, he used. / No, he usedn’t.
=Did he use to walk to school?Yes, he did．/No, he didn’t.
- be/get used to doing…现在习惯于做……
- 练习：用括号内所给词的适当形式填空：
①Dr. Ma is used to ________ (work) on the ORBIS plane.
②He used to ________ (spend) much money on books.
③He is used to noodles for breakfast. (have)
【2】get married to sb.
- get married to sb. 意为“与某人结婚”，属于短暂性动作，其延续性动作
是be married(to sb).
A marry B A嫁（娶）B
A be/get married to B A与B结婚
- married ad.已婚的 a married woman已婚妇女
Eg:They have been married for five years.他们结婚已经5年了。
【3】现在完成时的结构与变形
- 现在完成时的结构：have / has + 动词的过去分词。
其中 have / has 为助动词，它的否定和疑问句形式全部由 have / has进行变化。
Eg:1.He has finished his homework. 他已经做完了家庭作业。
否定句：He hasn’t finished his homework.
一般疑问句：Has he finished his homework?
- 练习：My family have travelled to Hangzhou twice.
否定句：____________________________________________________.
一般疑问句：________________________________________________?
对划线部分提问_____________________________________________?
【4】现在完成时的"完成用法"
- 定义：现在完成时的"完成用法"指的是动作发生在过去某一时刻并已结束，但该对现
产生了影响，与现在情况具有因果关系。
Eg：He has turned off the light. 他已把灯关了。
( 动作结束于过去，但说明的是现在的情况--灯现在不亮了。)
- 特点：现在完成时"完成用法"的特点是动作不延续，因此，该时态只能与表示不定的过
去时间状语(如：already，yet，before，recently等)、频度时间状语(如：never，ever，once等)。
Eg:I have already finished my task. 我已经完成了我的任务。
- 练习：动词填空
① --- _______ he ________(finish) his work today ? ---Not yet .
②Mary _____ already _______ (have) her supper.
③---_______ you ever ________(eat ) chocolate sundaes ? ---No, never.
④My father ____ just ________ (come) back from work. He is tired now.
⑤ --- ____ Wei Hua_______(come) yet?
---Yes. She_________(come) already. She ______ (come) just now.
【5】 现在完成时的"未完成用法"
- 定义：现在完成时的"未完成用法"指的是动作开始于过去某一时刻，一直延续到现在，
或可能还要继续下去。
Eg：My aunt has lived in Wuxin since 1978. 自从1978年以来，我阿姨一直住在无锡。
(动作起始于1978年，一直住到现在，可能还要继续住下去。)
- 特点：此种用法的句中常需一个表示一段时间的状语(由since或for引导)，或表示与现
在时刻相连的时间状语(如：up to now，so far到目前为止)等。
Eg：I have heard nothing from him up to now. 到目前为止我没有他的任何消息。
- 注意：现在完成时的未完成用法只适用于延续性动词，不可用于终止性动词，即
瞬间完成或延续时间很短的动词。如：come，go，arrive，leave，join，become，die等。
- 练习：动词填空
①So far I ______________(make) quite a few friends here.
②---______ you ________ (see) the film last night?
---No, I ___________ (see) it for several times.
③She ____________ (be) ill for three days.
④---How long _____you __________(learn) English?
---For more than two years.
⑤They _______________ (live) in China since they _____ (move) to China.
【6】since与for的用法区别
- since短语或从句表示过去的动作延续至今
Since+一般过去时的句子；since+过去时间点
Tom has worked here since 3 years ago. 自3年前年以来，Tom一直在这工作。
Joe has made many friends since he went to college. Joe上大学以来交了好多好友。
- 特殊句型：It is/has been+时间段+since.….表示“从…起已经有多长时间了"。
Eg: It is/has been three years since he began to smoke.自从他开始吸烟已经有三年了.
- for短语表示动作延续多长时间，for+一段时间。 如：
I have kept the dog as a pet for 4 years. 这只宠物狗我养了4年了。
- 对since和for相应的结构提问用how long.
- 练习：
①Miss Li has been in Ireland __________three days. (since/for)
②India has been an independent country________1974.(since/for)
③The bus is late. We've been waiting________20 minutes. (since/for)
④Minmin has studies in this school _______ his family moved here.(since/for)
⑤He has learned English for 5 years.（就划线部分提问）
______ ______ _______ _______ learned English?
⑥He has lived here since 1999.（就划线部分提问）
_____ _____ _____ he_______ here?
【7】pollute-pollution
- pollute 动词，污染
pollution 不可数名词，污染
水污染 water pollution 噪音污染 noise pollution
减少污染 reduce the pollution
【8】waste
Vt＆V.浪费
Eg:Don't waste the money.There isn't much left.不要浪费那些钱。没有多少了.
Adj.无用的；废弃的 waste paper 废纸
n.浪费；废品，废料
- It’s a waste of sth. 浪费某物
- it's a waste to do sth. 做某事是种浪费。
Eg:It's a waste of time.这是浪费时间。
It is a waste to throw away good food.把好的食物扔掉是浪费。
【9】happen 和take place
happen与take place两者都作“发生”讲，都不能用于被动语态，但它们之间也有差别。
- happen指“碰巧发生”，强调偶然性，常指事情在人们无意识、无准备的情况下发生。
Eg:The accident happened yesterday.这起事故发生在昨天。
- take place 是不及物动词词组，意为“发生”，指事情按照计划发生。
Eg:Many great changes took place in our village last year.去年我们村发生了许多巨大变化。
- take place还可作“举行”讲，相当于hold,但 take place没有被动语态，而hold 有被
动语态。Eg:The Olympic Games take place every four years.奥运会每四年举行一次。
【10】辨析: too many, too much与much too
- too many 太多 中心词是many,太多的 +可数名词复数
There are too many students in the play-ground.操场上有太多的学生。
- too much 太多的 中心词是much +不可数名词
There is too much food in the fridge.冰箱里有太多的食物。
- too much 太多 常修饰动词，在句中作状语
She talked too much. 她话说得太多。
- much too 太... 中心词是too, +形容词或副词
These watches are.Much too dear.这些手表太贵了。
【11】way的相关短语
在某种程度上__________________ 在某人回家的路上_______________________
顺便问一下________________ 做某事的方式_______________________
妨碍,挡道in the/one’s way 绝不，无论如何都不in no way
迷路lose one'sway 从很多方面来说in many ways
- 练习：
①__________, life here is better now than before.
A. On the way B. By the way C. All the way D. In some ways
②He likes playing tricks on others, but ______, he is a good boy because he is willing to help others.
A. on the way B. in the way C. in some ways D. by the way
③–The new street is so clean. __________ the way, do you enjoy living here?
–Of course I do. Life has become much better __________ many ways.
A. By; in B. On, by C. By; on D.On; in
【12】 time
1)[C]时代 at different times在不同的时代
2)[C]次数,倍数 some times 几次
3)[U]时间 some time 一些时间
区分: sometime 某时(将来或过去)； sometimes 有时= from time to time = at times
归纳: at a time依次 in time及时 on time按时 at any time随时 in no time立刻，马上 all the time 一直 at the same time同时 at times有时 for the first time 第一次
- 练习：Now I am living far from my hometown. I feel good here but I miss my old friends .
- at a time B. from time to time
- C. at all times D. at any time
随堂练习
1．—What have you done _______ the past two hours, Jack?
—I have finished my report.
A．with B．among C．over D．From
2. The famous writer ________ one new book in the past two years.
A. is writing B.was writing C.wrote D.has written
3．Mary used to _______ much time ______ TV at night.
A．spend; watching B．spend; watch
C．took; watching D．took; watch
4. Ann _______ Tom when they were both twenty years old.
A. get married B. married C. married with D. married to
5．I’m very happy to see Jack again. We _______ each other for almost two years.
A．didn’t see B．wouldn’t see
C．hasn’t seen D．haven’t seen
6. The old man 1ives__________ in a__________ house，but he doesn’t feel__________．
A．alone；alone；lonely B．lonely；lonely；alone
C．alone；lonely；lonely D．alone；lonely；alone
7．— has Jack lived in China?—For about 10 years.
A．How often B．How soon
C．How far D．How long
8． the way, my hometown is quite different from what it was some ways.
A．In; in B．By; by C．In; by D．By; in
9. Lily’s grandpa has lived here____________.
A.10 years ago B. almost 10 year
C. since 1994 D. for long time
10．My parents _______ for twenty years till now.
A．have been married B．has been married
C．have got married D．has got married
11. We got here____________ half an hour ago.
A. since B.／ C. for D. in
12．Great changes in our country since 1990.
A．were taken place B．took place
C．have taken place D．have been taken place
13．—Have you finished your homework?
—__________. Just half of it. How about you?
A．Not at all B．Not likely
C．Not a bit D．Not yet
14．---It has been much easier for me to go to work________ shared bikes appeared.
---But they also caused plenty of problems.
A．since B．before C．unless D．though
15.There _______a big river in front of the house but now it has turned into farmlands.
A. used to have B. used to be
C. is used to having D. is used to be
