2023届高考英语二轮复习写作专题25概要写作学案
展开备战2023高考书面表达
第九部分 概要写作
概要写作主要包括阅读和写作两个过程。
首先,要求考生能够读懂所给阅读材料的内容;其次,要求考生将原文的要点及所理解的内容用自己的语言准确地表达出来。本题型既考查考生快速阅读、获取信息的能力,又考查考生对所获取信息的加工与概括能力。
知识1题型介绍
选材特点
(1)所需阅读的短文词数在350以内;
(2)所选材料体裁没有限制,多以说明文、记叙文和议论文为主。
概写要求
概要写作不是抄袭文章的原句,而是对原文的内容和思想进行浓缩,用精炼的词句概括出文章的要点、次要点等内容,再现原作者的思想、观点。《考试说明》对本题型的要求是提供一篇350词以内的短文,要求考生基于该短文写出一篇60词左右的内容概要。
评分参考
(1)准确把握文章主旨及其所要表达的中心思想;
(2)对英语词汇和语法可以灵活准确地运用;
(3)文章句与句之间要有一定的连贯性;
(4)各语句间在连贯的基础上,也要具有一定的独立性。注意:词数少于40和多于80的,从总分中减去2分。
知识2概要写作的八个要点
(1)读懂原文,把握各段要点。概要写作所提供的文章,一般是结构比较清楚明晰的议论文或说明文。这样的文章,各段的段意很明确,而概括写作就是对这些段意的概括。在写概要之前,一定要认真阅读文章,确保理解文章的主旨、文章的结构以及各段的段意。在阅读文章的时候,要善于发现核心词和高频词。这些词汇是概要写作的基础和核心。
(2)以自然段为概括的基础。概要写作的特点决定了自然段的重要性,以自然段为基础概括会帮助我们不遗漏信息。大多数情况下,一个自然段自成一个要点。当然,有时几个自然段说明一个要点,有时一个自然段包含几个要点。
(3)细节信息可以略过。说明文和议论文中,为了表达观点和说明信息,文章需要提供一些具体的支持性的细节信息,如例举数字、举例、过渡句等,这些属于补充和辅助信息,在概要写作中不必一一列出。
(4)核心词不必替换。说明文和议论文,尤其是说明文,会有一些核心词;这些词是文章的核心,概要时不要替换。我们要清楚,核心词是文章的心脏,一般不宜换成其他词。
(5)使用正确的时态。概要写作的体裁一般是说明文和议论文,因此一般的概括都要用现在时、完成时或将来时,慎用过去时。
(6)写作时句式要多样化。概要写作是书面化程度比较高的考查题目,其表述句式需要多样化,因此可以酌情选择使用从句、非谓语等结构,运用合适的语法结构和丰富的词汇,将原文的要点连贯地组织起来。尽管有字数的限制,但是,作为一段文字,在组织的过程中还是要注意运用合适的连接词。在组织句子的时候,也要注意使用比较书面化的句子结构,如从句、分词词组、特殊结构等,但句子结构不可过长,也不要使用太过复杂的句子结构。
(7)努力扩充词汇量。尤其要注意积累同根词的不同形式。用不同词性的同根词替代原词是概要写作的重要手段。在概要写作中,有一条标准,即“对各要点表达的独立性情况”,也就是说,首先,各个要点要用独立的句子表述;其次,要使用自己的语言总结,不能照搬文章中的句子和结构。这对词汇的要求很高。因此,我们平时要注意词汇的积累。
(8)合理使用句式转换。有时候,概要写作中会出现主旨句。那么这种情况下,就要使用相应的句式替换方式。如主动被动的互换、反向转换(主语和宾语互换)、从句和非谓语动词的转换等。
高考原题
阅读下面短文,根据其内容写一篇60词左右的内容概要。
Parents everywhere praise their kids. Jenn Berman, author of The A to Z Guide to Raising Happy and Confident Kids,says,“We've gone to the opposite extreme of a few decades ago when parents tended to be more strict.” By giving kids a lot of praise,parents think they're building their children's confidence, when, in fact,it may be just the opposite. Too much praise can backfire and, when given in a way that's insincere, make kids afraid to try new things or take a risk for fear of not being able to stay on top where their parents' praise has put them.
Still, don't go too far in the other direction. Not giving enough praise can be just as damaging as giving too much. Kids will feel like they're not good enough or that youdon't care and, as a result, may see no point in trying hard for their accomplishments.
So what is the right amount of praise? Experts say that the quality of praise is more important than the quantity. If praise is sincere and focused on the effort not the outcome, you can give it as often as your child does something that deserves a verbal reward.“We should especially recognize our children's efforts to push themselves and work hard to achieve a goal,” says Donahue, author of Parenting Without Fear: Letting Go of Worry and Focusing on What Really Matters. “One thing to remember is that it's the process not the end product that matters.”
Your son may not be the best basketball player on his team. But if he's out there every day and playing hard, you should praise his effort regardless of whether his team wins or loses. Praising the effort and not the outcome can also mean recognizing your child when she has worked hard to clean the yard, cook dinner, or finish a book report. But whatever it is, praise should be given on a case-by-case basis and be proportionate(相称的)to the amount of effort your child has put into it.
参考范文:
Nowadays,parents tend to offer excess praise to their children,hoping to boost their confidence, but it may produce the opposite effect. However, not enough praise from parents also does harm to their self-confidence. Actually,experts claim that sincere praise should be given for the process not for the result. Meanwhile, kids do deserve praise if they strive to do their duty. Accordingly, the amount of praise you give depends on how hard they work.
同步翻译
现在,父母倾向于给予孩子过多的赞扬,希望提高他们的信心,但这可能会产生相反的效果。然而,父母没有给予足够的赞扬也会损害他们的自信心。事实上,专家声称,真诚的赞美应该是对过程而不是结果的赞美。与此同时,如果孩子们努力履行自己的职责,他们确实值得表扬。因此,你给予的表扬的多少取决于他们的努力程度。
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