高考英语二轮复习句子成分学案（教师版）

高中英语 人教版 高三二轮复习 句子成分

【问题查找】

一、指出下列句子划线部分是什么句子成分

1. The students got on the school bus.

2. He handed me the newspaper.

3. I shall answer your question after class.

4. What a beautiful Chinese painting!

5. They went hunting together early in the morning.

6. His job is to train swimmers.

7. He took many photos of the palaces in Beijing.

8. There is going to be an American film tonight.

9. He is to leave for Shanghai tomorrow.

10. It is our duty to keep our classroom clean and tidy.

11. He noticed a man enter the room.

12. The apples tasted sweet.

1、主语，定语；2、间接宾语，直接宾语；3、谓语，状语；4、定语，定语；

5、状语，状语；6、定语，表语；7、宾语，状语；8、谓语，主语，状语；9、谓语，状语；10、形式主语，表语，宾补；11、宾语，宾补；12、表语 

二、句子翻译

主谓结构（主语＋不及物动词） 

1、你应当努力学习。      

主谓宾结构 （主语＋及物动词＋宾语）

2、昨晚我写了一封信。

主系表结构（主语＋系动词＋表语）

3、布朗夫人看起来很健康。   

双宾语结构 （主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 ）

4、他把那本字典递给她。

复合宾语结构 （主语＋动词＋宾语＋宾语补足语 ）

5、我发现广东很漂亮。

1.You should study hard.

2.I wrote a letter last night. 

3.Mrs. Brown looks very healthy.

4.He passes her the dictionary.

5.I find Jiangmen very nice.

【要点精讲】

精讲一：基本句子成分                                   （30分钟）

句子由若干部分组成，这些组成部分叫做句子成分。根据其功能和作用，我们可以把句子成分的种类分为主语、谓语、表语、宾语、补语、定语、同位语、状语和独立成分等。实词一般都能作句子成分，虚词在句子中只能起辅助或连接等作用，不作句子成分。

一、主语

概念 主语是一个句子所叙述的主体，表示句子说的是“什么人”或“什么事物”。

句中位置 陈述句中放在句首或谓语之前，但在there be结构、疑问句和倒装句中，位于谓语、助动词或情态动词后面。

表现形式 名词(短语)、代词、数词、动词不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、the＋形容词以及从句。

典型例句 During the 1990s，American_country_music has become more and more popular.(名词)

We often speak English in class.(代词)

One­third of the students in this class are girls.(数词)

To_swim_in_the_river is a great pleasure.(不定式)

Smoking does harm to the health.(动名词)

The_rich should help the poor.(名词化的形容词)

When_we_are_going_to_have_an_English_test has not been decided.(主语从句)

It is necessary to_master_a_foreign_language.(it作形式主语，真正的主语为后面的不定式)

操练1： 请指出下列句中的主语。

1. The teacher with two of her students is walking into the classroom.

2. There is a bird flying in the sky.

3. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

操练1： 请指出下列句中的主语。

1. The teacher with two of her students is walking into the classroom.

2. There is a bird flying in the sky.

3. The useful dictionary was given by my mother last year.

二、谓语

概念 谓语说明主语的动作，特征或状态等。一般由动词担任，其人称和数必须与主语一致，有时态、语态和语气变化。

句中位置 一般在主语后(疑问句、倒装句除外)。

表现形式 动词(短语)、情态动词＋动词原形、某些动词＋不定式(如happen，would like，seem等)、系动词＋表语。

典型例句 He has_caught a cold.(动词)

You may_keep the book for two weeks.(情态动词＋动词原形)

I would_like_to_invite all my friends here.(其他动词＋不定式)

We are_students.(系动词＋表语)

操练2：  请选出下列句中的谓语。

1. I don't like the picture on the wall.

2. Do you usually go to school by bus?

3. What I want to tell you is this.     

操练2：  请选出下列句中的谓语。

1. I don't like the picture on the wall.

2. Do you usually go to school by bus?

3. What I want to tell you is this.     

三、表语

基本概念 与系动词连用，构成复合谓语，说明主语的性质、特征、身份、类别、状态等。

句中位置 一般位于系动词(如be，become，get，look，seem，turn等)之后。

表现形式 名词、代词、数词、形容词、副词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、分词、介词短语、从句。

典型例句 Our teacher of English is an_American.(名词)

Is it yours？(代词)

The weather has turned cold.(形容词)

The speech is exciting.(分词)

Three times seven is twenty_one？(数词)

His job is to_teach_English.(不定式)

His hobby(爱好)is playing_football.(动名词)

The machine must be out_of_order.(介词短语)

Time is up.The class is over.(副词)

The truth is that_has_never_been_abroad.(表语从句)

操练3：请划出下列句中的表语。

1.The leaves have turned yellow.

2. She was the first to learn about it.

3. The old man is feeling better now.

4. The kids are really interested in joining the chess club. 

操练3：请划出下列句中的表语。

1.The leaves have turned yellow.

2. She was the first to learn about it.

3. The old man is feeling better now.

4. The kids are really interested in joining the chess club. 

四、宾语

基本概念 表示动作、行为的对象或承受者；

句中位置 一般在动词或介词后；

表现形式 名词、代词、数词、the＋形容词、不定式(短语)、动名词(短语)、从句

典型例句 You can leave your pet with me while travelling.(名词)

He gave me some good advice.(代词，名词)

Please take them to the waiting room.(代词)

They only bought three.(数词)

He's always helping the_poor.(the＋形容词)

He refused to_do_it.(不定式短语)

Tom likes playing_football.(动名词短语)

I don't know if_the_plane_will_arrive_on_time.(从句)

【特别提示】　

①双宾语由间接宾语加直接宾语构成，间接宾语表示动作的方向或目的，常指人且须与直接宾语并存；

②复合宾语由宾语加宾语补足语构成，补足语是对宾语的补充说明，宾语与补足语间有逻辑上的主谓关系。

操练4： 请挑出下列句中的宾语。

1.My brother hasn't done his homework.

2. People all over the world speak English.

3. How many new words did you learn last class?

4. Please tell us a story.

5. My father bought a new computer for me last week.

6. Mr. Brown is going to teach us chemistry next term.

操练4： 请挑出下列句中的宾语。

1.My brother hasn't done his homework.

2. People all over the world speak English.

3. How many new words did you learn last class?

4. Please tell us a story.

5. My father bought a new computer for me last week.

6. Mr. Brown is going to teach us chemistry next term.

五、补语

基本概念 补充说明宾语或主语的意义、状态等，分别叫做宾语补足语和主语补足语。

句中位置 宾语补足语通常置于宾语之后，主语补足语通常置于主语和谓语之后。

表现形式 名词(短语)、形容词、副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)

典型例句 We made him our_monitor.(宾补，名词)

I found it difficult to learn maths.(宾补，形容词)

We showed him around.(宾补，副词)

The machine was found in_a_bad_state.(主补，介词短语)

The factory was ordered to_be_closed.(主补，不定式短语)

He was seen opening_the_window.(主补，现在分词短语)

He has just had his hair_cut.(宾补，过去分词)

操练5： 请找出下列句中的补足语。

1.We call her Lily sometimes.

2.I saw Jerry get on the bus.

操练5： 请找出下列句中的宾语补足语。

1. We call her Lily sometimes.                 

2. I saw Jerry get on the bus.

六、定语

基本概念 定语是对名词或代词起修饰、限定作用的句子成分，它说明人或物的状态、品质、数量及所属关系等。

句中位置 单个的词常放在被修饰的名词前，短语和从句放在所修饰的名词之后；副词常放在被修饰的名词后；不定代词的定语常放在其后。

表现形式 名词、形容词、代词、数词、副词、名词所有格、不定式(短语)、动名词、分词(短语)、介词短语、从句

典型例句 Guilin is a beautiful city.(形容词)

 China is a developing country；America is a developed country.(分词)

 There are thirty_women teachers in our school.(数词、名词)

 Women there were living a terrible life.(副词)

 Our monitor is always the first to_enter_the_classroom.(代词、不定式短语)

 The teaching plan for next term has been worked out.(动名词)

 He is reading an article about_how_to_learn_English.(介词短语)

 This is the book that_he_bought_yesterday.(从句)

操练6：请划出下列句中的定语。

1. What is your family name?

2. The boy in blue is Tom.

3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.

4. There are five boys who will play the game.

操练6：请划出下列句中的定语。

1. What is your family name?

2. The boy in blue is Tom.

3. The man downstairs was trying to sleep.

4. There are five boys who will play the game.

七、同位语

基本概念 对句子中某一成分作进一步解释、说明，与前面的成分在语法上处于同等地位。

句中位置 常常置于被说明的词之后。

表现形式 名词、代词、数词、从句

典型例句 Mr.Smith，our_new_teacher，is very kind to us.(名词)

 Have you ever been to Beijing，capital_of_China？(名词)

 They both went to the cinema.(代词)

 Is this room for us two？(数词)

 I heard the news that_our_team_had_won.(从句)

 I have no idea when_he_will_be_back.(从句)

【特别提示】　

that引导的同位语从句与that引导的定语从句的区别：

引导同位语从句的that是连词，在从句中不充当任何成分，而引导定语从句的that是关系代词，除起连接作用外，还在从句中充当主语、宾语或表语等。

The news that I have passed the exam is true.  我通过了考试这一消息是真的。

(同位语从句，即从句所表达的意思就是前面名词的内容。)

The news that he told me just now is true.  他刚才告诉我的消息是真的。

(定语从句，从句对前面名词起修饰限制作用，即“他告诉我的”那个消息，而不是别的消息。)

八、状语

基本概念 修饰动词、形容词、副词以及句子，表示动作发生的时间、地点、目的、方式等。句中位置比较灵活。

状语分类 时间、原因、地点、目的、让步、程度、条件、结果、方式、比较、伴随状语等。

表现形式 副词、介词短语、不定式(短语)、分词(短语)、形容词(短语)、名词(短语)、独立结构、从句等

典型例句 The old man sat in the chair，motionless_and_speechless.(形容词，方式)

 The meeting lasted an_hour.(名词，时间)

 Dinner_being_ready，mother called us to the table.(独立结构，时间)

 There are many kinds of living things in_the_sea.(介词短语，地点)

 The old buildings were pulled down because_a_new_road_will_be_built_here.(从句，原因)

 He went to Australia in_order_to_find_a_better_job.(不定式短语，目的)

 He spoke so fast that_I_couldn't_follow_him.(从句，结果)

 If_it_rains，we will not go hiking.(从句，条件)

 In_spite_of_my_great_efforts，I failed.(介词短语，让步)

 He was deeply moved.(副词，程度)

 She went upstairs，singing_and_smiling.(分词，伴随)

 The weather was worse than_I_had_expected.(从句，比较)

【特别提示】　

①一些表示频度的副词，如always，usually，often，sometimes，seldom等除特别强调放在句首外，通常置于句中；

②同一句中如果有多个状语出现，一般方式状语在前，然后依次是地点、时间、原因、结果、目的状语等。同一状语有多个出现时，一般小的在前，大的在后。

He was doing his homework attentively_at_home_from_7∶00～9∶00_yesterday_evening

操练8：请划出下列句中的状语。

1. Every night he practices playing the piano.

2. We must work hard to pass the exam.

3. She loves the library because she loves books.

操练8：请划出下列句中的状语。

1. Every night he practices playing the piano.

2. We must work hard to pass the exam.

3. She loves the library because she loves books.

精讲二：五种基本句型                                   （20分钟）

英语句子有长有短，有简有繁，从现象看，似乎千变万化，难以捉摸，但从实质看，可以发现其内在联系，找出其共同规律。英语句子的基本结构可以归纳成五种基本句型及其扩大、组合、省略或倒装。掌握这五种基本句型，是掌握各种英语句子结构的基础，其他如定语、状语等均是句子的次要或附加部分。只要掌握了这五种基本句式，当遇到较复杂的句子时，运用这些基本句式进行分析，对句子的理解也就变得容易多了。在写作中，必须写好这些最基本的句型。

英语五种基本句型列式如下：

基本句型一 SV (主＋谓)

基本句型二 SVP (主＋系＋表)

基本句型三 SVO (主＋谓＋宾)

基本句型四 SVOiOd (主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)

基本句型五 SVOC (主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)

一、SV (主语＋谓语)

此句型的句子有一个共同特点，即句子的谓语动词都能表达完整的意思。 这类动词叫做不及物动词，后面可以跟副词、介词短语、状语从句等。

(1)这些动词常见的有：take place，happen，break out，appear，disappear，apologize，arrive，come，die，exist，fall，rise，hang(可作及物动词或不及物动词)等。

(2)有些动词如wash，sell，burn，write，clean，draw，cook，read等可以在后面加副词表示主语的性质。

1. The sun was shining.

2. We all breathe, eat, and drink.

3. Who cares?

4. What he said does not matter.

5. They talked for half an hour.

6. The pen writes smoothly.

二、SVP (主语＋系动词＋表语)

在该句型中，句子的谓语动词不能表达一个完整的意思，必须加上一个表明主语身份或状态的表语构成复合谓语，才能表达完整的意思。这类动词叫做连系动词。连系动词分两类：

(1)表示状态的连系动词。这些词有：be，look，seem，appear，smell，taste，sound，sit，stand，lie，keep，remain，stay等。

(2)表示转变或结果的系动词。这些词有：become，get，grow，turn，go，come，prove等。

1．This is an English­Chinese dictionary.

2．The dinner smells good.

3．He fell in love.

4．Everything looks different.

5．He is growing tall and strong.

6．The trouble is that they are short of money.

7．Our well has gone dry.

8．His face turned red.

三、SVO (主语＋谓语＋宾语)

这种句型中的动词为及物动词或者可以后接宾语的动词短语。谓语动词都具有实义，都是主语产生的动作，但不能表达完整的意思，必须跟一个宾语，即动作的承受者，才能使意思完整。同时，句子中有时含有与宾语有关的状语。另外，动词或动词短语跟非谓语动词作宾语时，有些只跟不定式，而有些只跟动名词。

跟不定式做宾语的动词有：afford，agree，choose，decide，demand，desire，determine，fail，hope，manage，offer，plan，prepare，pretend，promise，refuse，seek，threaten，wish，arrange，learn，etc.

跟动名词做宾语的动词和短语有：acknowledge(承认)，admit，appreciate(感激)，avoid，consider，delay，deny，dislike，prevent，enjoy，escape，finish，imagine，keep，mind，practice，quit(放弃)，risk，(can't)stand，suggest，advise等；动词短语有：give up，put off，feel like，set about，insist on等。

1．Who knows the answer?

2．She smiled her thanks.

3．He has refused to help them.

4．He enjoys reading.

5．They ate what was left over.

6．He said “Good morning.”

7．I want to have a cup of tea.

8．He admits that he was mistaken.

四、SVOiOd(主语＋谓语＋间接宾语＋直接宾语)

此句型谓语动词须跟两个宾语才能表达完整的意思。这两个宾语一个是动作的直接承受者，另一个是动作的间接承受者，即直接宾语和间接宾语。

这种句型中间接宾语常常指“人”，直接宾语常常指“物”。跟双宾语的动词有：award，give，offer，bring，buy，show，bring，leave，lend，pass，pay，promise，send，take，tell，get，book，fetch，find，make，order等。该句型还可转换为其他两种句型：

(1)动词＋宾语＋for sb.(buy，provide)。

(2)动词＋宾语＋to sb.(give，offer，show，lend)。

1．She ordered herself a new dress.

2．She cooked her husband a delicious meal.

3．He bought you a dictionary./He bought a dictionary for you.

4．I showed him my pictures./I showed my pictures to him.

5．I gave my car a wash.

6．I told him that the bus was late.

7．He showed me how to run the machine.

五、SVOC(主语＋谓语＋宾语＋宾语补足语)

在英语中，有些动词接了一个宾语后句子意思仍不完整，还需要再加上一个词或短语放在宾语之后来补充说明其身份、特征、状态或所做的动作，这种“宾语＋宾语补足语”结构称为复合宾语。宾语和补足语之间有逻辑上的主谓关系，这是与双宾语的不同之处。

一些动词后面常跟复合宾语，这类动词有：let，see，watch，hear，help，feel，keep，call，make，find，tell，ask，think，want等。

1．They appointed him manager.

2．They painted the door green.

3．This set them thinking.

4．They found the house deserted.

5．What makes him think so?

6．We saw him out.

7．He asked me to come back soon.

8．I saw them getting on the bus.

【查漏补缺】

一、分析下列句子成分

1. Our school is not far from my home. 

2. It is a great pleasure to talk with you

3. All of us considered him honest.   

4. My grandfather bought me a pair of sports shoes.

5. He broke a piece of glass.       

6. He made it clear that he would leave the city．

7. ---I love you more than her，child ．

8. Tees turn green when spring comes.

9. They pushed the door open.     

10. Grandma told me an interesting story last night.

11. He wrote carefully some letters to his friends.

12.All the students think highly of his teaching

13. We need a place twice larger than this one. 

14. He asked us to sing an English song.

15. Don't get nervous，help yourself to what you like．

分析下列句子成分

1. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语     2. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语

3. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语  4. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语   

5. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语    6. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 形式宾语 it＋ 宾语补足语+宾语

7. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语     8. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语  

9. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语  10. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语   

11. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语  12 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语

13. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语     14. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语  

15. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语   

二、翻译练习：

主谓结构  （ 主语 ＋ 不及物动词 ）

1、会议将持续两个小时。

2、在过去的十年里，我的家乡已经发生了巨大的变化。 

3、这种事情全世界各地每天都在发生。

主谓宾结构 （主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语  ）

1、他们成功地完成了计划。

2、你们必须在两周内看完这些书。  

3、那位先生能流利地说三种语言。

主系表结构 （主语 ＋系动词＋表语 ）

1、十五岁他就成为有名的钢琴家了。   

2、孩子们，请保持安静。   

3、这本书是有关美国历史的书。

双宾语结构 （主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语 ）

1、Johnson 先生去年教我们德语。  

2、奶奶昨晚给我们讲了一个有趣的故事。

3、Mary把钱包交给校长了。

复合宾语结构 （主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语 ）

1、他们把门推开了。

2、他们把小偷释放了。 

3、我们要使学校变得更美丽。

主谓结构  （ 主语 ＋ 不及物动词 ）

4The meeting will last two hours.

5Great changes have taken place in my home town in the past ten years.

6Things of that sort are happening all over the world every day.

主谓宾结构 （主语 ＋ 及物动词 ＋宾语  ）

4.They have carried out the plan successfully.

5.You must finish reading these books in two weeks.

6.That gentlemen can speak three languages fluently.

主系表结构 （主语 ＋ 系动词   ＋主语补语 ）

4At the age of fifteen he became a famous pianist.

5 Children, keep quiet please.

6 This book is about the history of the United States.

双宾语结构 （主语 ＋ 双宾动词 ＋间接宾语 ＋直接宾语 ）

1Mr Johnson taught us German last year.

2Grandma told me an interesting story last night.

3Mary handed the wallet to the schoolmaster.

复合宾语结构 （主语 ＋ 宾补动词  ＋  宾语  ＋  宾语补语 ）

4They pushed the door open.

5They have set the thief free.   

6We will make our school more beautiful.

【梳理优化】

基本句型一 SV (主＋谓)

基本句型二 SVP (主＋系＋表)

基本句型三 SVO (主＋谓＋宾)

基本句型四 SVOiOd (主＋谓＋间宾＋直宾)

基本句型五 SVOC (主＋谓＋宾＋宾补)

【强化巩固】

语法填空

    In 1863the first underground passenger railway in the world opened in London. It ran for just under seven kilometers and allowed people to avoid terrible __1__(crowd) on the roads above as they travelled to and ___2__ word. It took three years to complete and was built using an interesting method. This included digging up the road, ____3___(lay) the track and then building a strong roof over___4___ top. When all those had been done, the road surface was replaced.

    Steam engines ___5__(use) to pull the carriages and it must have been___6__(fair)unpleasant for the passengers, with all the smoke and noise. However, the railway quickly proved to be a great success and within six months, more than 25,000 people were using___7__ every day.

    Later, engineers ____8___(manage) to construct railways in a system of deep tunnels (隧道）, which became known to the tube. This development was only possible with the ___9___ (introduce) of electric-powered engines and lifts. The central London Railway was one of the most ___10___(success) of these new lines, and was opened in 1900. It had white-painted tunnels and bright red carriages, and proved extremely popular with the public.

Keys: 1. crowds 2. From 3. Laying  4. The  5. were used

6. fairly   7. It   8. managed  9. introduction   10. successful

【课后练习】

分析以下句子成分

1. The cars made in Japan are better than those in Germany．

2. There are so many people in the hall that it's hard for me to find him．

3. No matter how difficult the task may be, we must fulfil it this month.

4. Go back where you came from.      

5. We must do whatever the people want us to do.

6. At last he got home, tired and hungry.     

7. Would you please pass me the cup?

8 Mary handed her homework to the teacher.  

9. Do you know the latest news about him?

10. I’ll get my hair cut tomorrow.

1. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语     2. 主语 ＋ 系动词 ＋ 表语   

3. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语     4. 主语 ＋ 不及物动词

5. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语     6. 主语 ＋ 不及物动词   

7. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语  8. 主语＋双宾动词＋间接宾语＋直接宾语    

9. 主语 ＋及物动词 ＋宾语     10. 主语 ＋动词 ＋ 宾语 ＋ 宾语补足语