2023届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解考点17说明文（A卷）作业含答案

这是一份2023届高考英语二轮复习阅读理解考点17说明文（A卷）作业含答案，共14页。
专题十二 考点17 说明文（A卷）1.    When someone damages their backbone, the injury can leave them paralyzed(瘫痪的). Now, scientists have given three paralyzed men the ability to walk again, thanks to an implanted device.    The human backbone, or the spine, doesn't just help us stand up straight. Inside is the spinal cord, which carries important information between the head and the lower part of the body. This information moves around as bursts of electricity travels between the brain and the other parts of the body. When the spinal cord is hurt, this pathway gets damaged and the patients can't move their legs.    Now scientists in Switzerland have given three paralyzed men the ability to walk again. To walk again, the men had surgery. A special device was placed directly on the lower part of their spinal cord, below their injury. This "implant" contains sixteen electrodes, which are small objects that electricity can pass through. The researchers made sure the electrodes were lined up with nerves that control the leg muscles. The scientists controlled the implant from a tablet computer.    The patients' brains aren't sending "walking" messages to their legs. Instead, the tablet tells the implant to send the walking messages. The researchers used computers to generate patterns of movement, like taking a step. The patient then used the tablet to choose the pattern and the muscles move in the chosen way. Over time, the men were able to walk using a special walker with buttons to control each leg.    The solution isn't perfect. It's very expensive, it requires difficult surgery, and the patients can't walk without the system. But the scientists are hopeful that in the future, this sort of technology will allow many paralyzed people to begin to walk again in just hours.1.What's the main function of the spinal cord?
A.It serves as a message carrier. B.It helps people stand up straight.
C.It takes control of the muscles. D.It produces signals for movements.
2.What is the implanted device expected to do?
A.Activate the damaged nerves. B.Identify the position of the injury.
C.Test the degree of the damage. D.Bridge the nerve gap made by the injury.
3.What is Paragraph 4 mainly about?
A.How the surgery is performed. B.How the device works on patients.
C.How the patients walk without aid. D.How movement patterns are designed.
4.Which can be the best title of the text?
A.Damaged nerves recover after surgery B.Tablets are used in a medical treatment
C.The implant helps the paralyzed walk again D.Scientists made a discovery on the backbone2.    Dozens of honeybees, which usually feed on wild flowers after leaving their hives(蜂房) in the campus gardens, were tricked into the cottage to feed from an artificial flower. Only one bee was allowed in at a time, and their visits to artificial flowers were videoed and timed under different fan speeds, which mimicked(模拟) calm and windy days.    But the researchers are trying to help them: it is a controlled experiment that reveals how high wind speeds significantly reduce the efficiency of their feeding.    With no wind, the bees on average took nectar(花蜜) from 5.45 flowers during their 90-second time trial. When wind speeds were increased, this fell to an average of 3.73 flowers.    Researchers also examined the indirect impact of higher winds by moving the flowers.    The findings reveal that, while flower movements did not appear to have an effect on the bees, the movement of air from the fans made them much more hesitant to take off from a flower, with time taken ranging from an initial 0.05 seconds to 54 seconds.    Georgia Hennessy, lead author of the research, said that one possible reason for the wind causing hesitancy was that small increases in wind speeds reduced the bees' body temperature, so they required longer time to warm up the flight muscles required to take off.    "With wind speeds predicted to increase in the years ahead, understanding how we can help bees in a changing climate is becoming ever more pressing. Although we can't do much to control or stop the wind, we can take steps to reduce its impact on bees, such as placing hives in sheltered locations," said Hennessy.    The Food and Agriculture Organization of the UN warned that the decline in global bee populations was a "threat to global food security and diversity".    Dave Goulson, professor of biology at the University of Sussex, said, "Bees already face many pressures in the modern world, such as loss of habitats and exposure to pesticides(杀虫剂), and a great many are in decline. Coping with increasingly windy weather under climate change may be the final straw."1.What task did the researchers set for the bees?
A.Identifying the new route. B.Surviving in extreme conditions.
C.Feeding under different wind speeds. D.Distinguishing various kinds of flowers.
2.What probably makes a bee hesitant to take off from a flower?
A.A full stomach.  B.Loss of balance.
C.Changed flower positions. D.Reduced body temperature.
3.What can we do to reduce the impact of high winds on bees?
A.Stop the wind.  B.Restore their habitats.
C.Address climate change. D.Prohibit the use of pesticides.
4.Which of the following can be a suitable title for the text?
A.Loss of bees causes failure of food crops
B.Bees are on the decline as global warming worsens
C.Bees may struggle in winds caused by global warming
D.Artificial flowers are used for threatened bee populations3.    History never stops moving. It develops and it is fluid(易变的). What history looks like today is different from what it looked like a hundred years ago, and what today's history in the making looks like now may be seen differently just 20 years from now.    When combing the past and the present for a list such as the 100 People Who Changed the World, there are criteria to consider, to be sure, but there are no hard and fast rules. There are judgments to be made, but there are no certain truths. Our list was less a hardened document than a current collection—a collection of men and women who, for better and sometimes for worse, have made a clear mark on our civilization. Such a list is by necessity subjective and open to delicious debate.    But while history may be fluid, it does tend to be clarified over time. The significance of Aristotle or Catherine the Great is easy to see from here. And certainly, the importance of some of history's great characters such as Mother Teresa and Pablo Picasso was apparent to their contemporaries. Others were largely invisible in their own time. Their contributions were realized only long after they were gone: Karl Marx died in 1883, many years before his writings would inspire powerful communist societies; Alan Turing, who died lonely and painful, is now regarded as the brilliant father of the computer.    Perhaps the most interesting part of this exercise is thinking about the final impact of present-day figures. Steve Jobs makes the list by virtue of his influence on high tech and our daily lives. But what of Mark Zuckerberg? His impact is huge, and he has made it possible for billions of people to come together. But the social media site has also made it easier to drive society apart, upsetting the news business.    Will the moment last? Only time will tell. History will move unavoidably forward; our questions today will have answers tomorrow. And lists like these will change—again and again and again.1.What do we know about the list of "the 100 People Who Changed the World"?
A.It needs to be objective. B.It is based on strict criteria.
C.It should be accepted by all. D.It keeps changing with history.
2.What can we learn from Paragraph 3?
A.Some people's contributions may be recognized much later.
B.Most people couldn't be acknowledged at their own time.
C.History will change and giants' deeds will fade away.
D.The important figures always stand out easily.
3.What can be Mark Zuckerberg's impact on the world?
A.Positive. B.Mixed. C.Negative. D.Uncertain.
4.What is the purpose of this text?
A.To educate readers.  B.To persuade readers.
C.To inform readers.  D.To describe something.4.    While psychologists have studied topics like happiness, optimism, and other human strengths for decades, positive psychology wasn't officially identified as a branch of psychology until 1998 when Martin Seligman was elected president of the American Psychological Association (APA). Seligman suggested that psychology had become too focused on mental illness. While this had brought about valuable treatments that enabled psychologists to treat a number of diseases and disorders that made people unhappy, it meant that psychology was neglecting what was good about life—and what the average person could improve.    Seligman called for research into what makes normal people's lives positive and fulfilling, and suggested that the field should develop interventions that could make people happier. He stated that psychology should be just as concerned with nurturing the good things in life as it is with healing the bad.    Seligman made positive psychology the theme of his term as APA president and used his role to popularize the word. From there the field took off. It received a great deal of attention from mainstream media outlets. Meanwhile, the first Positive Psychology Summit was held in 1999, followed by the First International Conference on Positive Psychology in 2002.    Interest in positive psychology has remained high ever since. In 2018, about a quarter of the undergraduate students at Yale University enrolled in a course devoted to the subject of happiness. In 2019, more than 1,600 delegates attended the World Congress on Positive Psychology and research in the field has generated tens of thousands of academic papers.    Psychologist Christopher Peterson pointed out that positive psychology is meant to serve as an extension of the areas of psychology that focuses on mental illness and human weaknesses. Positive psychologists don't wish to replace or abandon the study of human problems. They simply wish to add the study of what's good in life to the field.1.What should positive psychology focus on according to Seligman?
A.Solving human problems. B.Treating bad emotions.
C.Healing mental illness. D.Helping develop good things.
2.What made positive psychology become popular?
A.Seligman's efforts to spread it. B.International conferences' being held.
C.Attention from the media. D.Further research in this field.
3.What is Christopher Peterson's attitude toward positive psychology?
A.Ambiguous. B.Doubtful. C.Objective. D.Critical.
4.What can be the best title for the text?
A.The Limitation of Positive Psychology
B.Seligman, Father of Positive Psychology
C.Psychology: Past, Present and Possible Future
D.Positive Psychology: a New Subfield of Psychology5.    It can be incredibly difficult to encourage ourselves to go for a run during winter, particularly when it's wet and windy outside. But new research has found that even a super-quick run could have great health benefits. In fact, it seems just a 10-minute session will not only make us feel better, but could actually improve brain health, too. Now, we all know that exercise can improve mental and physical health in many ways.     But when it comes to mental wellbeing, there's been relatively little research done on the specific benefits of running, compared with other physical activities, such as cycling. So this was something put to the test during a recent study. Researchers from University of Tsukuba in Japan asked participants to run on a treadmill (跑步机) for just 10 minutes. They then had to take a Stroop Color and Word Test which is used to measure reaction times in brain processing. Results showed there was a highest point in self-reported pleasure and an increase in degree of activity of the brain.    In other words, runners were found to have an increase in blood flow in the part of the brain that's associated with dealing with functions and controlling mood (情绪). Researchers then compared these results to a similar study on cycling, which also showed improved cognition(认知), but no mood improvement. Therefore, it seems various types of exercise can make us feel differently.    The authors noted, "Given exercise is medicine, the effects of drugs differ depending on the type of drug, different types of exercise such as running and cycling should be observed to have different effects on mental health and brain functions as well.''    So pushing ourselves to get outside for a run really will make us feel better, potentially more than other fitness activities. And these findings show that we don't necessarily need to do a lot of exercise to feel the benefit of it.1. What did the new research find?
A. Running fast benefits all of us.  B. Running is the best exercise.
C. A short time run can be beneficial.  D. A healthy mind encourages us to run.
2. How did the researchers get the result?
A. By using different drugs.  B. By taking some word tests.
C. By collecting the former information.  D. By doing experiments and comparisons.
3. Which is related to our happiness?
A. Cycling.  B. Medicine.  C. Blood flow.  D. Colors.
4. What is the main idea of the text?
A. We should go for a run in winter. B. Running benefits us physically and mentally.
C. We don't need a lot of exercise. D. Running on a treadmill is better than running outside. 6.    Decades of research has shown that the ability to forgive is a life skill that helps the young build resilience(恢复力). A sense of purpose helps them realize schoolwork is more meaningful and more powerful. Being thankful changes the very nature of their lives, enabling them to gather their motivation to learn and find lifelong success. Humble (谦卑的) kids love learning. Learning requires curiosity, and curiosity requires them to explore what they don't know.    All of this research suggests how character can often be a powerful catalyst(催化剂) for learning. When children can feel thankfulness for their teachers, humility (谦卑) in the face of new knowledge, purpose in connecting small tasks to big goals, and forgiveness when losing attention because of being hurt, they can better open themselves to the tiring process of learning about the world. But as children learn, this can also help them to go along the way for further character development.    In our program about love, we spoke to Amy Warren, a researcher at Tuft University's Institute for Applied Research and Youth Development, who studied "great love and sympathy", the ability for people to widen their circle of care to the whole human beings. After in-depth interviews with 100 teenagers, she discovered that the bottom line that influenced young people's ability for great love and sympathy was not moral instruction or a religious education, but exposure to different experiences and knowledge—everything from playing sports and conversations with people from different communities to knowing a second language and scientific knowledge. In other words, learning.    She ended her discoveries with a sentence from the poet Ortega Y Gasset: "So many things fail to interest us, simply because they don't find in us enough surfaces on which to live, and what we have to do is to increase the number of ideas in our mind, so that a much larger number of themes can find a place in it at the same time." So, it's easy to see parents supporting their child's characters and learning as one and the same.1. What can the four characters give the young?
A. Feeling no tiredness.   B. Avoiding hurt.
C. Finding something bad.  D. Getting something unknown.
2. What does the underlined phrase "the bottom line" in Paragraph 3 mean?
A. The key factor.   B. The main mistake.
C. The useless method.   D. The possible theory.
3. Who is important to help kids according to the text?
A. Poets.  B. Parents.  C. Teachers.  D. Researchers.
4. Which can be a suitable title for the text?
A. Pour Great Characters Inspire Kids To LearnB. The Importance Of Forgiveness
C. What Should Kids Learn After SchoolD. The Most Important Characters For Kids7.    Humans have been living and working on the space station for 20 years. Their meals are packaged, though sometimes astronauts receive fresh treats from resupply missions. The longer that packaged food is stored, the more it loses nutrients like vitamin C and vitamin K.    Astronauts have successfully grown 10 different crops on the space station since 2015 and had the chance to sample each one. The International Space Station hosted a party for astronauts on Friday as they celebrated the harvest of the first Chili (辣椒) grown in space. The crew finally had a chance to taste the peppers alter initially kicking off the plant experiment on the space station in July.     Plant Habitat-04 is one of the most complex plant experiments on the orbiting laboratory to date because peppers take much longer to grow than the previous experiment plants. After growing for four months, the peppers were harvested on Friday.    Peppers provide a great source of vitamin C, as well as other key nutrients. Pepper plants self-pollinate, so they are easy to grow, and they are a pick-and-eat crop that doesn't have to be cooked. They are also safe to eat raw.    A side effect of life in zero gravity is that astronauts often lose some of their taste and smell, so spicy or well-seasoned foods are a favorite. Adding fresh greens or peppers to the menu allows astronauts to liven up their regular meals. But growing and tending to the plants can also produce other benefits.    Astronauts have described the joy from seeing—as well as smelling and caring for—leafy green plants on the space station that remind them of Earth.    "Growing colorful vegetables in space can have long-term benefits for physical and psychological health,'' said Matt Romeyn, principal investigator for the experiment. "We are discovering that growing plants and vegetables with colors and smells helps to improve astronauts' well-being.''1. What does underlined "kicking off" in the 2nd paragraph mean?
A. Launch.  B. Complete.  C. Quit.  D. Announce.
2. What makes Plant Habitat-04 one of the most complex plant experiment?
A. The technology.   B. Growing process.
C. The varieties of plants.  D. Growing time required.
3. Why are peppers added to the menu for astronauts?
A. They are delicious.   B. They restore their appetite.
C. They help kill diseases.  D. They improve their memory.
4. What is the suitable title for the passage?
A. The Fun in the Space Life B. The Common Goal in the Space Mission
C. The First Chili Peppers Grown in Space D. A Research Finding from the Space Mission8.    In Melbourne lies an 87-square-meter, three-story, two-bedroom and one-bathroom house. That may sound like a real property advertisement, but it could be the home of the future.    Made from organic materials and run on sustainable(可持续的) energy, the building, known as "The Greenhouse", is completely zero waste. It was designed by zero waste advocate Bakker, as part of his Future Food System housing experiment. "The greenhouse is inspired by nature—it's an ecosystem where nothing is wasted," Bakker says.    Organic waste is fed into a bio-digester where it ferments(发酵) and turned into gas for cooking or fertilizer for produce; rainwater is harvested and used for irrigation and a specific system, where plants grow using waste from fish; and hot steam from the shower enables a wall of mushrooms to boost. The house is designed, says Bakker, with the roof as the foundation, loaded with 35 tons of soil, which provides fertile (肥沃的) ground for produce—more than 200 plant species grow on the roof, as well as insects, snails, fish and chickens.    The site is more than just a model home; it's been a real one for Jo Barrett and Matt Stone, who were chefs al the small in-house restaurant. "To be able to grow and produce food on a tiny footprint in the city and turn it into exciting dishes is completely unique," says Stone.    Through the project, Bakker wanted to demonstrate he could feed a family with his design. "I think we've proved that it's actually more productive than even I imagined," he says. "We've harvested 35 kilos of potatoes from a square meter."    He hopes the example will offer a blueprint to future homes and an alternative to current food system, which is to blame for over a third of the world's greenhouse gas emissions. Creating a circular system could also greatly reduce food waste.    "We're the only species that generates waste. In nature, there is no waste; everything becomes a food source for something else," says Bakker. "If we transform to a circular system, we have so much potential to stop the destruction of wilderness and forest."1. What is the main idea of the 3rd paragraph?
A. The function of the greenhouse building. B. The way the greenhouse building works.
C. The advantages of the greenhouse building. D. The reason for designing the greenhouse building.
2. What do we learn about the greenhouse home?
A. It can provide a good supply of produce. B. Water is recycled for use in the house.
C. It is possessed by the designer Bakker. D. Plant growing is free of soil in the house.
3. Why are the chefs mentioned in the 4th paragraph?
A. To introduce the topic.  B. To inform people of the latest restaurant.
C. To demonstrate the future modern home.  D. To illustrate the advantage of the house.
4. What does the last paragraph suggest?
A. People have to explore nature more. B. Human relies heavily on the environment.
C. The greenhouse is a way to reduce waste. D. The greenhouse helps reduce reliance on nature.

 

答案以及解析1.答案：1-4 ADBC解析：1.根据第二段中的"Inside is the...of the body"可知, 脊髓携带着大脑和下肢之间的重要信息, 即它充当着信息载体。故选A。
2.根据第二段中的"When the spinal...move their legs"可知, 一旦脊髓受损, 传输信息的通道会被损坏, 病人就无法移动双腿; 根据第三段中的"The researchers made...the leg muscles"可知, 移植的电极会帮助连接控制腿部肌肉的神经, 据此可以推断, 植入的设备应该能够连接受伤的神经。故选D。
3.根据第四段中的"the tablet tells...the chosen way"可知, 本段主要讲了植入物如何在病人身上起作用, 帮助病人重新行走。故选B。
4.本文介绍了一项医学进步, 根据本文中心句即第一段中的"scientists have given...an implanted device"和文章大意可知, 本文主要介绍了科学家通过植入物帮助瘫痪病人重新行走。故选C。 2.答案：1-4 CDCC解析：1.根据第一段第二句"Only one bee was...calm and windy days"可知, 该项研究的内容是在不同的风扇转速下, 模拟无风和有风的天气, 且研究人员对蜜蜂造访人造花的过程进行录像和计时。故选C。
2.根据第六段中的"one possible reason...required to take off"可知, 风导致蜜蜂犹豫不决的一个可能原因是, 风速的升高降低了蜜蜂的体温, 因此它们需要更长的时间来热身起飞。据此可以推知, 体温的降低导致蜜蜂犹豫是否要起飞。故选D。.根据尾段尾句"Coping with increasingly...may be the final straw"可知, 应对气候变化下日益多风的天气可能是最后一根稻草。故选C。
4.通读全文可知, 本文尾句"Coping with increasingly...the final straw"是全文的主旨句, 又结合文章内容可知,本文主要介绍了气候变暖引起的日益多风的天气对蜜蜂采蜜的影响,及对蜜蜂的数量的影响。故选C。 3.答案：1-4 DABC解析：1.根据第二段中的"When combing the...are no hard and fast rules"可知, 关于"100位改变世界的人"虽然有一些标准, 但没有硬性规定, 故可推知它是随历史不断变化的。故选D。
2.根据第三段中的"Others were largely...they were gone"可知, 有些人的贡献可能会在很久以后才得到承认。故选A。
3.根据第四段中的"But what of...upsetting the news business"可知, Mark Zuckerberg使数十亿人聚集在一起成为可能, 但这个社交网站也使社会分裂变得更容易, 扰乱了新闻行业。由此可推知, Mark Zuckerberg的影响既有积极的, 又有消极的, 故其影响是混合的。故选B。
4.分析全文内容可知, 文章主要通过一些例子说明历史是易变的, 时间会告诉我们一切, 历史会不可避免地向前发展。所以纵观全文来看, 文章的目的就是告知读者一种历史现象。故选C。 4.答案：1-4 DACD解析：1.根据第二段中的"He stated that...with healing the bad"可知, Seligman指出, 心理学应该像关注治愈生活中的坏事物一样关注培育生活中的美好事物, 故Seligman认为积极心理学应该重点培养美好的事物。故选D。
2.根据第三段中的"Seligman made positive...mainstream media outlets"可知, Seligman把积极心理学作为他担任APA主席期间的主题, 并利用自己的职务来普及这个词, 从此积极心理学受到了主流媒体的极大关注。由此可推断, Seligman在传播积极心理学方面所做的努力使得积极心理学颇受欢迎。故选A。
3.根据最后一段的内容可知, Christopher Peterson指出, 积极心理学是心理学领域的一个扩展, 关注精神疾病和人类的弱点。积极心理学家不想更换或放弃人类问题的研究, 他们只是想把对生活中美好事物的研究添加到这个领域。由此可推断, Christopher Peterson客观地评价了积极心理学, 所以他对积极心理学的态度是客观的。故选C。
4.根据第一段中的"While psychologists have...American Psychological Association(APA)"可知, 虽然心理学家研究幸福、乐观和其他人类优势等主题已有几十年, 但积极心理学直到1998年才被正式认定为心理学的一个分支, 当时Martin Seligman当选美国心理学会主席。再结合全文内容可知, 本文主要介绍心理学的新分支—积极心理学, 并介绍了积极心理学的发展以及心理学家对积极心理学的态度等。故D项"积极心理学: 心理学的一个新分支"为最佳标题。故选D。 5.答案：1-4 CDCB解析：1.推理判断题。根据第一段第三句"In fact, it seems just a 10-minute session will not only make us feel better, but could actually improve brain health, too."可知,事实上,仅仅10分钟的锻炼时间似乎不仅能让我们感觉更好,而且居然能改善大脑健康。由此可推知,新的研究发现,短时间的跑步可能是有益的。故选C。2.细节理解题。根据第二段第三句"Researchers from University of Tsukuba in Japan asked participants to run on a treadmill(跑步机) for just 10 minutes."以及第三段第二句中的"Researchers then compared these results to a similar study on cycling"可知,日本筑波大学的研究人员做了一项实验,要求参与者们在跑步机上跑步10分钟,并与相同条件下的骑自行车(的参与者们)的结果进行比较,即研究者们通过做实验和比较得出了研究结果。故选D。3.推理判断题。根据第二段内容尤其是最后一句"Results showed there was a highest point in self-reported pleasure and an increase in degree of activity of the brain."和第三段第一句"In other words, runners were found to have an increase in blood flow in the part of the brain that's associated with dealing with functions and controlling mood(情绪)."可知,实验结果表明自我报告的快乐程度达到了最高点,大脑的活跃程度也有所增加。换句话说,跑步者大脑中的与执行功能和控制情绪相关的部分的血流量增加了。由此可推知,血流量与人们的快乐相关。故选C。4.主旨大意题。通读全文可知,文章主要介绍了一项研究,研究表明跑步对人们的身心健康有好处。B项符合文章主旨。故选B。6.答案：1-4 DABA解析：1.细节理解题。根据第一段"Decades of research has shown that the ability to forgive is a life skill that helps the young build resilience(恢复力). A sense of purpose helps them realize schoolwork is more meaningful and more powerful. Being thankful changes the very nature of their lives, enabling them to gather their motivation to learn and find lifelong success. Humble(谦卑的) kids love learning. Learning requires curiosity, and curiosity requires them to explore what they don't know."可知,宽容、有目标、感恩和谦虚都有助于孩子学习,学习需要有好奇心,好奇心让孩子们探索他们不知道的东西。即这四种品质可以让孩子们获取他们不知道的内容。故选D。2.词义猜测题。根据第三段第二句中的"that influenced young people's ability for great love and sympathy was not moral instruction or a religious education, but exposure to different experiences and knowledge"可知,影响年轻人有博爱和同情的能力的关键因素不是道德教学或宗教教育,而是接触到的不同的经历和知识。由此可推知,画线短语the bottom line应意为"关键因素",与A项意思相符。故选A。3.细节理解题。根据最后一段内容尤其是最后一句"So, it's easy to see parents supporting their child's characters and learning as one and the same."可知,我们很容易看到父母把支持他们孩子的性格和支持孩子的学习看得同样重要。由此可知,父母的支持对孩子来说很重要。故选B。4.标题概括题。根据第一段内容和第二段第一句"All of this research suggests how character can often be a powerful catalyst(催化剂) for learning."可知,所有这些研究结果都表明,对学习来说,性格往往是强大的催化剂,即文章介绍了四种性格对于儿童成长,尤其是在学习方面的好处。A项适合做本文的标题。故选A。7.答案：1-4 ADBC解析：1.词义猜测题。根据第二段倒数第二句"The International Space Station hosted a party for astronauts on Friday as they celebrated the harvest of the first Chili(辣椒) grown in space."可知,国际空间站于星期五为宇航员们举行了派对,因为他们要庆祝第一批在空间站种植的辣椒的收获。由此可推知,画线词所在句表示,于7月份开始在空间站进行植物实验后,空间站的工作人员终于有机会品尝到辣椒了。因此,画线词应意为"开始从事,发起",与A项意思相近。故选A。2.细节理解题。根据第三段第一句"Plant Habitat-04 is one of the most complex plant experiments on the orbiting laboratory to date because peppers take much longer to grow than the previous experiment plants."可知,在轨道实验室中,Plant Habitat-04是最为复杂的植物实验之一,因为辣椒的生长周期比其他之前做过实验的植物长。故选D。3.推理判断题。根据第五段第一、二句"A side effect of life in zero gravity is that astronauts often lose some of their taste and smell, so spicy or well-seasoned foods area favorite. Adding fresh greens or peppers to the menu allows astronauts to liven up their regular meals."可知,零重力环境的副作用是宇航员们经常失去一些味觉和嗅觉,因此刺激性或调料丰富的食物是宇航员们的最爱。将新鲜的绿色蔬菜或椒类添加到菜单中会丰富他们日常的菜肴。由此可推知,把辣椒添加到宇航员的菜单中可以让他们恢复食欲。故选B。4.标题概括题。通读全文可知,文章主要介绍了宇航员们在国际空间站首次种植辣椒的实验的相关情况。C项符合文章主旨,适合做本文的标题。故选C。8.答案：1-4 BADC解析：1. 段落大意题。根据第三段内容可知，第三段主要介绍了温室的各个部分是如何运作、变"废"为"能"的，即温室的运作方式。故选B。2. 细节理解题。根据第三段最后一句"The house is designed, says Bakker, with the roof as the foundation, loaded with 35 tons of soil, which provides fertile(肥沃的) ground for produce—more than 200 plant species grow on the roof, as well as insects, snails, fish and chickens."可知，房子的设计以屋顶作为基础，装载35吨土壤，土壤提供了用于生产的肥沃土地，有200多种植物在屋顶上生长，也有昆虫、蜗牛、鱼和鸡。由此可知，温室可以提供良好的农产品供应。故选A。3. 推理判断题。根据第四段第一句"The site is more than just a model home; it's been a real one for Jo Barrett and Matt Stone, who were chefs at the small in-house restaurant."和第五段第一句"Through the project, Bakker wanted to demonstrate he could feed a family with his design."可知，这个房子不只是一个模型，对于Jo Barrett和Matt Stone来说，它是一个真正的家；而通过这个项目，Barrett想要证明他的设计能够养活一个家庭。由此可推知，第四段提到Jo Barrett和Matt Stone两名厨师是为了表明这个房子的优点。故选D。4. 推理判断题。根据最后一段内容尤其是最后一句"If we transform to a circular system, we have so much potential to stop the destruction of wilderness and forest."可知，如果我们(的居住环境)转化为可循环系统，我们就很有可能停止破坏生态环境和森林。由此可推知，最后一段表明温室是一种减少浪费的方式。故选C。